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1-7 (a) Since energy can be converted from one type to another, a broad definition of exothermic is that the
reaction releases energy. Since light is a form of energy, the production of light from a fluorescent
light is a release of energy.
(b) In a similar manner, the production of light by a glow-in-the-dark object also releases light a form
of energy.

1-9 (a) Exothermic. The gasoline gives off heat and light during combustion or burning.
(b) Exothermic. The ice cream is changing from a liquid to a solid. Heat must be lost for the
particles to slow down and to freeze. This is the opposite of melting.
(c) Endothermic. The chocolate absorbs heat as it melts or changes from a solid to a liquid.
(d) Exothermic. As the temperature of the water drops, the heat energy is leaving the water and
moving into the surroundings.
(e) Exothermic. Water vapor gives off heat as it condenses. The particles must cool to change from a
gas to a liquid

1-2
 (f) Exothermic. The match gives off heat as it burns. This heat can be used to light the wick of a
candle.

1-11 (a) Law of Conservation of Matter: There is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an
ordinary chemical reaction or during a physical change. Examples—(i) when magnesium metal
burns in oxygen, the mass of the product (magnesium oxide) is equal to the sum of the masses of
the magnesium and oxygen that combine; (ii) when ice melts, its mass does not change.
(b) Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction or
in a physical change; it can only be converted from one form to another. Example—in a
hydroelectric plant, the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the falling water is converted into
electrical energy; some of the energy is converted into heat.
(c) Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy: The combined amount of matter and energy
available in the universe is fixed. Example—the energy released in a nuclear reaction comes from
the conversion of matter into energy.
1-13 An incandescent light bulb converts electrical energy into light energy. A considerable portion of the
electrical energy used is converted into heat energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy is observed
since the sum of the heat energy and light energy produced is equal to the electrical energy consumed.

1-15 A homogeneous mixture has uniform composition and properties throughout. Among the examples
given in this exercise, carbon dioxide (f) is the only pure substance. All samples of carbon dioxide would
always contain the same ratio of carbon and oxygen. Examples (a), and (e) are homogeneous mixtures;
examples (b), (c), (d), and (g) are heterogeneous mixtures. The heterogeneous mixtures have large
particles that are suspended (mud, noodles, onion), floating (ice), or that are at the bottom of the container
(chocolate chips, chunks of chicken); therefore, they are not homogeneous mixtures.

1-17 (a) A gaseous element is shown in box (i). The substance contains only one element because only
blue spheres are shown, even though the element is diatomic. The substance is a gas because the
particles have the maximum separation.
(b) A gaseous compound is shown in box (v). The substance is a compound because each particle
contains two elements (two blue atoms and one red atom bonded together). The substance is a gas
because the particles have the maximum separation.
(c) A homogeneous gaseous mixture is shown in box (iv). A mixture is shown because there are two
different types of particles (diatomic blue and a compound made of two blue and one red atom).
The substance is a gas because the particles have the maximum separation.
(d) A liquid solution is shown in box (vi). A solution is a homogeneous liquid mixture. A mixture is
shown because there are two different types of particles (a compound made of one red and two
white atoms, with a second compound made of one red, one blue, and four white atoms). The
substance is a liquid because the particles are much closer than in a gas, but the particles are not
as close as a solid or in a regular repeating pattern as a solid.
(e) A solid is shown in box (ii). A solid is shown because the particles are shown very close together
and are in a regular repeating pattern. A crystalline solid is depicted.
(f) A pure liquid is shown in box (iii). The substance is a liquid because the particles are all the same
(maroon), are much closer than in a gas, but the particles are not as close as a solid or in a regular
repeating pattern as a solid. The liquid happens to be diatomic. The liquid is pure because there is
only one type of particle.

1-3
1-19 (a) Salt and water will form a homogeneous mixture, so to separate the salt from the water, you
would need to evaporate or boil away the water to leave the salt behind.
(b) Iron filings and lead can be separated be using a magnet. Iron is attracted to a magnet, while lead
is not.
(c) Elemental sulfur can be separated from sugar by using solubility properties. Sugar is soluble in
water, while sulfur is not. Adding water to the mixture and pouring off the solution, sulfur will be
left.

1-21 (a) Chemical properties are exhibited as matter undergoes changes in composition, whereas physical
properties can be observed in the absence of any such change in composition.
Examples of chemical properties—(i) magnesium can combine with oxygen; (ii) gasoline is
flammable.
Examples of physical properties—(i) water is a colorless liquid at room temperature; (ii) oxygen
is a gas at room temperature and ordinary pressures; (iii) the melting point of bromine is –7.1˚C.
(b) Intensive properties are those properties that are independent of the amount of material examined,
while extensive properties depend on the amount of material examined.
Examples of intensive properties—(i) magnesium can combine with oxygen; (ii) the melting
point of bromine is –7.1˚C.
Examples of extensive properties—(i) the mass of a sample; (ii) the volume of a sample at
specified conditions.
(c) Chemical changes occur when one or more substances react resulting in the formation of one or
more new substances. Physical changes most often involve changes in physical state brought
about by the absorption or release of energy
Example of chemical change—(i) alcohol reacting (burning) in oxygen to form carbon dioxide
and water.
Examples of physical change—(i) ice melting to water with the absorption of heat; (ii) steam
condensing to liquid water with the release of heat.
(d) Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, while weight is a measure of gravitational
attraction of the earth for an object.
An object having a mass of 454 g has a weight of one pound on Earth and the same object having
a mass of 454 g would have zero weight in a zero gravitational field.
1-23 (a) Chemical process. Iron is combining with oxygen in the presence of water to form a new
substance (rust).
(b) Physical process. Water as a solid (ice) is changing to liquid water. Melting does not change the
composition.
(c) Chemical process. The wood is changed by the combustion or burning into ash, which is a new
substance with none of the properties of the wood.
(d) Chemical process. The components of the potato are broken down into substances that can be
absorbed by the digestive tract.
(e) Physical process. Dissolving sugar in water does not change the composition. If the water in the
solution were allowed to evaporate, the sugar would be left behind.
1-25 (a) Kinetic energy (b) Potential energy
(c) Potential energy (d) Kinetic energy
(e) Kinetic energy (f) Potential energy
1-4
1-27 Both physical and chemical changes have taken place. The outer edge of the sugar cube melted (a
physical change), then the sugar began to burn or oxidize (a chemical change). The heated portion has
a different color and odor. The brown portion contains carbon left as the sugar decomposes.
1-29 (a) 6.50 x 102 (b) 6.30 x 10–2 (c) 8.60 x 103
(d) 8.600 x 103 (e) 1.6 x 104 (f) 1.0010 x 10–1
1-31 (a) Exact (the result of counting)
(b) Exact (the result of counting)
(c) Exact (counted to the nearest penny)
(d) Not exact (obtained by measurement)
(e) Not exact (obtained by measurement)
(f) Exact (the result of counting)

1-33 Circumference = πd = (3.141593)(7.41 cm) = 23.3 cm

1-35 (a) 106 (b) 10-3 (c) 10-2 (d) 10-1 (e) 103 (f) 10-9

1-37 5.31 cm = 5.31 x 10-2 m, 53.1 mm, 5.31 x 10-5 km, and 5.31 x 104 micrometers
4 qt 1L $0.861
1-39 ? $ = 14 gal x 1 gal x 1.056 qt x = $45.66
1L

2.54 cm 2.54 cm
1-41 ? cm = 8.25 in x 1 in = 20.955 cm ? cm = 6.25 in x 1 in = 15.875 cm

21.0 cm x 15.9 cm = screen size

1-43 ? g = 10.25g + 5.5654g x 105.4g = 121.2 g

8.92 g
1-45 ? g = cm3 x 24.4 cm x 11.4 cm x 7.9 cm = 19601g = 2.0 x 10 4g

1000 cm3 1.0056 g

1-47 ? g = 3.00 L x x = 3.02 x 10 3 g (if three L has 3 sig. figs.)
1L 1 cm3

1-49 (a) mass of water = 92.44 g – 78.91 g = 13.53 g water

1 cm3
volume of water = 13.53 g x 1.0000 g = 13.53 cm 3

(b) mass of unknown liquid = 88.42 g – 78.91 g = 9.51 g

M 9.51g 3
density of unknown liquid = V = 3
= 0.703 g/cm
13.53cm

1.049 g soln. 40.0 g acetic acid

1-51 ? g = 250.0 mL x x = 104.9 ⇒ 105 g acetic acid
mL 100 g soln.
1-5
1-53 (a) ? K = 245°C + 273.15° = 518 K

1-6
 (b) ? °C = 25.2 K – 273.15°C = -247.95°C = −248.0˚C
! 1.8°F $
(c) ? °F = –42°C x + 32˚F = -43.6 = –44°F
# &
" 1.0°C %
(d) First convert °F to °C, then °C to K.
1. 0° C
? °C = x (110.0°F – 32˚F) = 43.3°C with only 2 sig figs
1.8°F

? K = (43°C + 273.15°) = 316K

" 1.8˚F %
1-55 (a) ? °F = $ 20˚C x so 20˚C or 68°F is higher than 20°F
' + 32°F = 68°F
# 1.0˚C &
" 1.8˚F %
(b) ? °F = $100˚C x ' + 32°F = 212°F so 100˚C or 212°F is higher than 180°F

# 1.0˚C&
1. 0° C
(c) ? °C = x (100°F – 32°F) = 23.6°C so 60°C is higher than 100°F or 23.6°C
1.8°F

# 1.8˚F &
(d) ? °F = % −12˚C x ( + 32°F = 10.4°F so 20˚F is higher than –12°C or 10.4°F
$ 1.0˚C '

1-57 He: ? °C = 4.2 K – 273.15°C = −269.0˚C

# 1.8°F &
? °F = % x (− 269.0˚C)( + 32°F = 452.2°F
$1.0°C '

N2: ? °C = 77.4 K – 273.15°C = −195.8°C

 1.8°
? °F = x + 32°F = −320.4°F
F 
 (195.8˚C)

1.0°C

1-59 If °F = 2x and °C = x, Then 2x = 1.8 x + 32 0.2x = 32 x = 160

to check to see what °F are if °C = 160
"1.8°F %
? °F = $ x 160˚C ' + 32°F = 320°F
#1.0°C &

1-61 Temperature change = 32.0°C – 10.0°C = 22.0°C

? J = mass of substance x specific heat x temperature change
4.184 J
= 78.2 g x x 22.0°C = 7.20 x 103 J
g • °C
1-7
1-63 ? J = mass of substance x specific heat x temperature change
4.184 J
= 15.5 g x x (38.2°C – 90.0°C) = −3.36 x 10 3 J or 3.36 x 10 3 J must be removed
g • °C

1-8
 0.997 g
1-65 ? g H2O = 245 mL x 1 mL = 244 g H2O

4.184 J x (85.°C – 25.°C) = 6.1 x 104 J

? J = 244 g x
g•°C

? 6.1 x 10 4 J 1 kJ
kJ/min = x 1000 J = 30.5 = 31 kJ/min
2.00 min

25.8g calcium carbonate

1-67 (a) ? g calcium carbonate = 75.45 g sample x = 19.5 g calcium carbonate
100g sample
100g sample
(b) ? g sample = 18.8 g calcium carbonate x = 72.9 g sample
25.8g calcium carbonate
103 m
1-69 Radius of earth’s orbit (m) = 1.5 x 108 km x 1 km = 1.5 x 1011 m

10-10 m
Radius of hydrogen atom (m) = 0.37 Å x 1 Å = 3.7 x 10-11 m

1.5 x 1011 m 21
Ratio = −11
= 4.1 x 10
3.7 x 10 m

? km 65 mi 1.609 km "104.6 km % 2
1-71 = x =$ ' = 1.0 x 10 km/h
h h mi # h &

1.00 mi 60 min 1.609 km

1-73 (a) x x = 19.7 km/h
4.90 min h mi
19.7 km 1h 1 min 1000 m 100 cm
(b) x x x x = 547 cm/s
h 60 min 60 s 1 km 1m

1h 1 km 60 min 60 s
(c) 1500. m x x x x = 274 s ⇒ 4 min 34s
19.7 km 1000 m 1h 1 min

1-75 If you wanted the pot or pan to heat up quickly, you would select material that has a small specific
heat value. If you wanted the pot or pan to retain its temperature once it is hot, then you would select
material that would have a higher specific heat. Most individuals desire some of both of these traits but
feel that the first is the more important.

1-77 The density of newly-minted penny, g/cm3 :

= 0.027)(8.72 g/cm3) + (1.000 – 0.027)(7.14 g/cm3)
= 0.24 g/cm3 + 6.95 g/cm3 = 7.18 g/cm3

1-79 We know that water must be more dense, because ice floats in water.

1-9
1-81 The correct answer is (a). The particles would be the same size but closer together at the lower
temperature.

1-
10
1-83 (a) Let x = the reading on the Celsius thermometer = the reading on the Fahrenheit thermometer
 1.8° F
x °F = x°C + 32°F or, without units,

x
 1.0°C 


1.8
x = 1.0 x + 32 ; 0.8x = -32 ; x = −40° C , x = −40°F

1.8
(b) 2x = 1.0 x + 32 ; 2x = 1.8x + 32 ; 0.2x = 32; x = 160°C , 2x = 320°F

1.8
(c) –x = 1.0 x + 32 ; 2.8x = –32; x = −11.4°C , -x = +11.4°F

1-85 The balloons filled with substances that are lighter than air will float. Assuming that the balloons are
all the same volume, the He and Ne balloons should float, while the Ar and Kr balloons will sink.

1-87 Students know many chemical terms before they begin to read this textbook. A few of the terms that
they are likely to know are: compound, distillation, and chemical reaction.

1-89 (a) A gas is shown in boxes (iii), (iv), (vii), and (ix). The particles are in the gas phase because the
particles have the maximum separation and are in a random arrangement.
(b) A liquid is shown in boxes (v -the blue particles in the top right of the diagram) and (viii). These
are liquids because the particles are much closer than in a gas, but the particles are not as close as
a solid or in a regular repeating pattern as a solid.
(c) A solid is shown in boxes (i), (ii), (v- the brown particles in the bottom left of the diagram), and
(vi). A solid is shown because the particles shown very close together and are in a regular
repeating pattern.
(d) An element is shown in boxes (i), (iv), and (vi). The particles are all the same color (blue), even
though the blue atoms in box (vi) are shown as diatomic particles.
(e) A compound is shown in box (iii). The compound depicted here is composed of one blue atom
and one brown atom, since one blue is attached to one brown throughout. The arrangement of the
compound shows that it happens to be in the gaseous state.
(f) A mixture is shown in boxes (ii), (vii), and (ix). Mixtures contain two or more different types of
particles. Boxes (ii) and (vii) contain both blue and brown particles. Box (ix) contains diatomic
blue particles and single brown particles. Boxes (v) and (viii) show two types of particles, but
these particles are not yet mixed.
(g) A pure substance is shown in boxes (i), (iii), (iv), and (vi). A pure substance contains particles
that are identical.
1-91 Chlorine is an element. The atom of chlorine could be represented by a single sphere or 1 Cl. The
diatomic molecule of chlorine would be represented by two adjoining spheres, to depict 2 atoms of
chlorine in the molecule. These two differ in that the molecule has 2 atoms.

1-
11
It is impossible to draw an atom of methane. Methane is a compound. A single methane molecule is
made up of 1 atom of carbon and 4 atoms of hydrogen. One could draw a carbon or hydrogen atom
from the molecule, but there is no atom of methane; the molecule is the smallest unit.
Methane is a compound, while chlorine is an element.

1-
12
1-93 The change from solid, black carbon and colorless oxygen gas to colorless carbon dioxide gas is a
chemical change because a new substance is formed (carbon dioxide). The colors and states of matter
of these substances are physical properties.

1-95 To say the length of an animal is 51 doesn't give any units, so the understanding is very limited. An
animal of 51 meters is very different from an animal of 51 millimeters. One must use units that others
understand. It is also a problem to give a measurement with a unit that has no understanding. To know
the width of a room is 7.36 bleams is also no understanding, since there is no understanding of the unit
'bleams'.

1-97 ? K = 5500°C + 273.15 = 5773K

" 1.8°F % 3
? °F = $ 5500°C x ' + 32˚F = 9932 °F or 9.9 x 10 °F in 2 significant digits
# 1.0°C &
The astronomer is referring to degrees Fahrenheit, but is confused about the significant numbers if he/she
is referring to 5500° C. The astronomer could be the larger number, which does give 10,000 degrees
Fahrenheit.
" 1.8°F % 4
? °F = $ 6000°C x ' + 32˚F = 10,832 °F or 1 x 10 °F in 1 significant digit
# 1.0°C &

1-
13
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ixcoh; Dk. winyan, tawicu; DD. eyuné.
Mujer que se entierra viva con su marido.—Atebeane nequén.
 N
Nada.—Mayaní; Kg. nalakí.
No.—Uá; Ci. uá; Gl. uá; Kg. nalajá.
Nosotros.—Guakía; Ci, guakía; Ar. guakia.
 Ñ
Ñame morado.—Mapiiey.
 O
Ojo.—Cáku; Ci. acú; Kg. úba.
Ojos zarcos.—Buticáku.
Ojos negros.—Xeitícáku.
Oro.—Caona; Ci. caonau; Cn. kurí; Kg. niúba.
Otro.—Abo; Ar. aba; Ci. amoin.
Oye.—Osama.
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Padre.—Baba; Ci. baba; Cn. ucuchili; Gl. baba; Ar. ababa; Gní.
tuba; Ru. papa; Chb. paba; My. Ntl. tatli; Qé. ahau; Qchú. táita; Kg.
hatei; Dk. ate.
Palma real.—Manaca; Ar. maunaka; Kg. alunká.
Paletilla de madera para voltear la torta de casabe puesto el burén
al fuego.—Cuisa.
Palo ahumado para cavar la tierra.—Coa.
Pan.—Casabí; Ci. aleiba; Cn. ereba; Gl. alepa; Ar. kalí; Ru. uzú;
Chb. fun; My. omal, pecuah. De la palabra indo-antillana procede la
voz provincial casabe; y de la galibi la venezolana arepa.
Pan delgado.—Xau-xau.
Pantano.—Itabó.
Papagayo.—Higuaca.
Paloma torcaz.—Biajaní.
Pato silvestre.—Yaguasa.
Pato de la florida.— Guanana.
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Pecho (la mama).—Manatí; Gl. manatí.
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Pelota.—Batú.
Pequeño.—Bi.
Pez de agua dulce.—Guabina.—Biajara.
Pez para ayudar á pescar.—Guavrán.
Pez con muchas espinas.—Macabí.
Pez chiquito.—Setí; Cuba, tetí.
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ita; los indios Baré de la región del Orinoco, tiba; los indios Baniba
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cec; Ntl. tell; Qé. abuh; Kg. hágui; Dk. inyan.
Piedra grande.—Bosiba.
Piedras muchas.—Sibanacán.
Pimienta.—Ají; Ci. pomú, pomi; Cn. pomú, achí; Gl. pomí; Ar.
atchí; Ru. achí; Apalai, aichí; Carijona, ají; los indios del río
Guaviare, azichí; los del Caura, achí; Chb. quibsa; My. champotú; Kg.
mucua.
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mabuiro; Kg. biguija; Qchú. achupalla.
Piñón purgativo.—Tau-túa.
Piso alto para granero.—Barbacoa.
Plaza.—Batey.
Pitirre.—Guatibirí.
Planta de cuyas raices se hace el casabe.—Yucubía.
Planta que da la batata.—Yucaba.
Planta fétida.—Anamú.
¿Por qué?—Anaque.
¿Por qué yo?—Naneque.
¿Por qué tú?—Baneque.
¿Por qué él?—Laneque.
¿Por qué nosotros?-Guaneque.
¿Por qué vosotros?—Janeque.
¿Por qué ellos?—Najaneque.
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Pueblo de indios.—Yucayeque.
Provisión de viaje.—Guacabina.
 Q
¿Qué me importa?—Macabuca.
Quebrada de agua dulce.—Calichi; Ar. kalitchi.
Quieto.—Tey.
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Rallo.—Guayo; Ci. chimali; Cn. chinari; Ru arúa; Carijona, taruati;
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Raíz comestible.—Guávaru.
Raíz para hacer el pan.—Yuca.
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Rapé para la ceremonia religiosa.—Cojoba.
Resplandeciente.—Tureyguá.
Remo.—Naje.
Romance histórico.—Areyto.
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ukum; Ntl. atoyatl; Qé. ha, ya; Dk. wakpa.
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Roñoso (por enfermedad de la piel).—Caracaracol.
 S
Sacerdote médico.—Bohique; Ci. boy-ez; Cn. piache.
Saco para exprimir la yuca rallada.—Sibucán; Ru. kinkin.
Saco de algodón, en forma de canasta.—Jaba.
Sandía.—Jibiría.
Señor.—Bajarí, guajerí, guamí, bo; Ci. ubutú.
Si.—Jan-ián; Ci. han-han; Gl. ya, teré; Ru. yo; los Piapocas,
haahaata; los Cauris, ahahauta; los Baniba, ché; los Carianacos,
taarú; Chb. o, cam; My. hika, bayxan; Kg. azéin, uñá.
Señor de tierra y agua.—Guamíkení.
Sirviente.—Naborí.
Sitio.—Yara. Como sufijos abo y coa.
Sitio de guayo.—Jayuya.
Sitio de agua.—Guainabo.
Sitio de yuca.—Yabucoa.
Sitio pedregoso.—Arasibo.
Sitio grande.—Habana.
Sol.—Giiey; Ci. huei; Kg. nüi.
Sol grande.—Agiieybana.
Sub-jefe.—Nitayno.
Solitario.—Baracutey.
 T
Tabaco.—Cojibá; Ci, tamán; Gl. tamuí; los Cumanagotos, tam; Ru.
tamuí; los Apalai, tamuí; los Carijonas, tamuinto; los Oyampi,
pétum; los Otomacas, guí; los Cariniacos, tamuí; My. kutz; Chb.
hosca; Kg. nóai.
Tambor de madera.—Magiiey.
Tea para alumbrar.—Guaconax.
Tea de yagua y resina.—Tabanuku.
Templo.—Ku; Qchú, puaca.
Tierra.—Ké: Ci. nonum; Cn. monha, nonum; Gl. nono; Gní. ibi; los
Baniba, yatsipé; los Apalai, pulolo; los Carijonas, nono; los Oyampi,
issing; los Piapocos, carí; los Cumanagotos, nono; Chb. hicha; My.
ma, lum; Ntl. tlalli; Qé. uleu; Kg. guinuí; Dk. maka; D. D. né. (Chino,
tién.)
Tiburón.—Cajaya.
Tinte colorado, para tatuaje y tintorería.—Bija.
Tinte negro, para tatuaje y tintorería.—Jagua; Ru. yenupa. De
donde procede el nombre jenipa dado á este fruto en la América
meridional.
Tinte azul para tintorería.—Jikileti.
Tres.—Yamokún; Ru. helé-uan.
Tortuga de mar.—Carey.
Tortuga de agua dulce.—Jicotea; Ru. gamí.
Tú.—Uara; Ci. amanle, bu.
Trompeta hecha de un caracol.—Guamo.
 V
Vasija de barro para agua.—Canarí; Gl. tuma; Ru. carana.
Vasija de higüera.—Guataca.—De donde se deriva nuestra voz
provincial jataca.
Vasija de higüera con agua. Baberoní.
Vaca marina.—Manatí.
Vagina de cada penca de palma real.—Yagua.
Vagina de cada racimo de palma real.—Tirigiiibi.
Vara flexido.—Cuje.
Verdolaga.—Manibari.
Véte (imperativo).—Guaibá.
Viejo.—Guatucán; Ar. uadukán.
Vega.—Magua.
Ven.—Guarico.
 U
Uno.—Jeketí; Ci. ábana; Ru. anirú.
Uvero de playa.—Guiabara.
 Y
Yautía.—Yajutía.
Yuca dulce.—Boniata.
Yuca dulce (Parecida á la).—Ymocona.
Yuca brava.—Yuka.
Yerba de sabana.—Y.
Yerba para cubrir chozas.—Bijao.
Yo.—Daca; Ci. ao, na; Gl. au; Ar. dama. Kg. nás.
Yerba comestible.—Yraca.
 Z
Zarzillo.—Tatagua.
 CAPITULO XI.

Estudio de la oración dominical en el lenguaje de algunas tribus

indígenas.—Pérdida de la traducción en el lenguaje indo-
antillano.—El padre nuestro en caribe continental,
conservado por el venezolano Figuera Montes de Oca.—La
misma oración conservada en caribe insular por el padre
Raymond Breton.—Recopilación de la traducción del padre
nuestro en lenguas indo-venezolanas por Arístides Rojas.—
La oración dominical en tupí-guaraní.—La misma, en el
lenguaje actual de los arhuacos de la Sierra Nevada de
Santa Marta, de Colombia, recogida por el presbítero
Celedón.—Un esfuerzo de construcción de una plegaria
religiosa en lenguaje indo-antillano, para que se note la
harmonía y suavidad del idioma de los indios de las
Antillas.

Sabemos que el padre nuestro fué puesto en lenguas indígenas por

los misioneros de las órdenes religiosas que vinieron á América.
Indudablemente, que en el lenguaje indo-antillano fué trasladado
también; supuesto que había la orden terminante de los Reyes, de
adoctrinar á los indios en la religión cristiana. Desde luego, que la
traducción sería adaptándola á la imaginación pueril del indígena,
para poderle dar una idea positiva de las nuevas creencias y poder
dominar por completo su inteligencia. Este interesante trabajo, tal
vez fué el primero en llevarlo á cabo fray Román Pane, ó alguno de
sus dos acompañantes, el Bermejo ó Tisím. Nada hemos podido
hallar sobre estas materias. No es de extrañar, cuando los cuadernos
originales de los viajes del gran Almirante están perdidos ó
traspapelados: y así mismo muchísimos documentos referentes á los
primeros tiempos del Descubrimiento.
 ⁂
El erudito venezolano Figuera Montes de Oca ha conservado la
traducción del padre nuestro en el idioma caribe del Continente. Lo
tomamos de Arístides Rojas.[253] En este trabajo nos llama la atención
que Montes de Oca traduce padre, adaptando la palabra á la
pronunciación fuerte del caribe continental, poniendo en lugar de la
d dos t; pero conservando el mismo vocablo español. No vemos la
razón de no traducir padre con la propia palabra caribe umú. El
padre fray Matías Ruíz Blanco no titubea en trasladar en
cumanagoto la idea de padre por la indígena papue[254]; y el padre
Breton en caribe insular traduce nuestro padre por ki-umue.[255]
Nosotros, siguiendo á Lucien Adam[256], traduciríamos en caribe
continental nuestro padre por ki-umú-e. He aquí el trabajo del señor
Figuera Montes de Oca:

Pattre kiur hóima cap, saónte otuara adetunu, osconi nágno á

nonor; íschanco íro-potomo. Póereta nagnoi cupaco coye, kíseme-
péme nagnoi, yeberúlo kíseme-morate; moro-camapcú boni-
mencaro-yabo. Capanosco-moro onozco-pásparo-yabo. Ameni.
 TRADUCCIÓN.

Pattre kiur, Padre mío,

hóima kap que estás cielo
saónte otuara santo es tu
adetunu; nombre;
osconí venga
nagno á nosotros
á nonor; tu heredad;
íschanco haz tu voluntad
íro-pomotomo. en todas partes.
Póereta Pan
nagnoi nuestro
cupaco-coye; danos hoy;
kíseme-péme perdona deuda
nagnoi, nuestra,
yeberúlo para
kíseme-morate; perdonar nosotros;
moro-camapcú no nos dejes caer
boni en
mencaro-yabo. pensamientos malos.
Capanosco-moro Sálvanos
onosco de
pásparo-yabo. todo mal.
Ameni. Amen.

⁂
En el primer fascículo de nuestro Repertorio Histórico de Puerto
Rico[257] dimos á conocer la traducción de la oración dominical en
caribe de las Antillas menores, tomada del Petit Catechisme del
padre Raymond Breton. Este célebre misionero fué sub-prior del
convento de hermanos predicadores de Blainville. En 1664 publicó el
padre Breton, en Auxerre, este interesante trabajo, con otras
oraciones, en lengua caribe insular, para el uso de los reverendos
padres, que se dedicaban en las islas de Barlovento á la conversión
de los indios. Esta labor lenguística fué llevada á cabo por el activo
misionero en la isla Domínica. El entendido catequista tuvo que
adaptar la pronunciación caribe al sistema ortográfico francés. Para
la pronunciación de la u, tal como la pronunciamos en español,
escribe ou. Para el sonido de nuestra e abierta, pone eu. La ll vale por
l. La h debe ser aspirada. Es de notar, comparando el idioma caribe
continental con el insular, que donde aquellos usaban p y r los de las
islas cambiaban en b y l. Vamos á procurar adaptar la traducción del
padre Breton á nuestra fonética, despojándola de la ortografía
francesa.
Kiumúe titanyem ubécuyum, santiket ála eyéti; nembuila
biubutúmali-bátali; maingaté-catú-thoatica ayéula tibuic mon ba
cachi tibuic bali ubécu. Huerébali imébue bimále luágo lica huéyu
coigne; royacatú-kia-bánum huénocaten hui-uine cachi roya-uábali
nhiuine innocatitium uáone; aca ménepetonuahatica toróman
tachauonnete buironi; irheu chibacaiketabáua tuária tulíbani. Han-
han-catu.
 TRADUCCIÓN.

1.— Ki-umú-e titanyem ubécuyum, santiket ála eyéti.—Nuestro

padre, que estás en los cielos, vuestro nombre sea
santificado.
2.— Nembuila biubutúmali-bátali.—Vuestro reino nos venga.
3.— Maingaté-catú-thoatica ayéula tibuic monba cachi tibuic bali
ubécu.—Vuestra voluntad sea hecha en la tierra como en el
cielo.
4.— Huerébali im-ébue bimále luágo lica huéyu coigne.—Danos
hoy nuestro pan cuotidiano.
5.— Roya-catú-kia-bánum hué-nocaten huí-uíne cachi roya-
uábali nhi-uine innocatitium uáone. Y perdónanos nuestras
ofensas, como nosotros las perdonamos á aquellos que nos
han ofendido.
6.— Aca menépeton-uahatica toróman tachauonnete buironi.—Y
no nos dejes caer en tentación.
7.— Yrheu chibapaíketa-báua tuária tulíbani. Han-han-catú.—
Mas, líbranos del mal. Así sea.
⁂
El señor Arístides Rojas, ilustrado venezolano,[258] ha recopilado
algunas traducciones en lenguas de los indígenas de Venezuela,
tomadas de varios autores. De esta compilación, tomamos la oración
dominical en tupí-guaraní, sometiéndola á algunas modificaciones
en la anotación fonética. Héla aquí:
Orerúba ibapa ereibae, imboyerobiá ripiramó nederéra toycó;
tunderecomabán gatúorébe; nederemínbotára tiyayé ibipe ibape y-
yayeyabé; orerembiú ara naboguara emée coára pipeorebe; nedéng-
iró orey-gangai pabaipé orebe maraharupé oregn-gir onungá
haeorepo eyarimé; toremboá iméganoaipá orepithiró epecatú mebae
pochi guí. Amen.
 TRADUCCIÓN.

1.— Orerúba ibape ereibae.—Nuestro padre en cielo tú eres quien.

2.— Imboyerobiá ripiramó nederéra toycó.—Honrado tu nombre
sea.
3.— Tunderecomabán gatúorébe.—Venga tu ser bueno á nosotros
también.
4.— Nederemínbotára tiyayé ibipe ibape y-yayéyabé.—Tu
voluntad esta sea en tierra, en cielo hecha sea también.
5.— Orerembiú ara naboguara emée coára pipeorebe.—Nuestro
sustento diario á cada necesitado da este día sobre nosotros.
6.— Nedéng iró orey-gangai pabaipé orebe marahá-rupé oregn-
gír onungá haeoropo eyarimé.—Perdona nuestras deudas á
nosotros; nosotros perdonamos.
7.— Toremboa imégan oiapá orepithiró epecatú mebae pochiguí.
Amén.—Nos libra siempre sea de cosa mala. Amén.
⁂
Del presbítero Rafael Celedón[259] tomamos el padre nuestro en el
lenguaje de los arhuacos que habitan en la Sierra nevada de Santa
Marta, de la república de Colombia. Indudablemente, que estos
indígenas son descendientes de las grandes tribus aruacas, de las
cuales hacemos descender nosotros á los indo-antillanos. La acción
del tiempo, como es natural, les ha dado idioma propio. Hé aquí
dicha oración:
Nauijí játei nauiendi cuéin nialáu; jankiyeile mijí acanijoca; nacua
násan mijí jugucuí; mijí aluna jankibein gauanguá eikiga niguinuí
narjlao nauiendi; naují gacuei nuijín nuijín ijecáuanásan kaij-ga;
ainkí ijcabéita násan naují gajacuéin, eikiga narjlao násan ijcabeiki
niguancalau nauijí masacacuéin, ainkí masjabalali ipeinane násan
tainé; guajalicó acalegauá násan shanei. Asein.