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Computernetworks: Application Layer

Dns

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13 views25 pages

Computernetworks: Application Layer

Dns

Uploaded by

sivanarendra7618
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ComputerNetworks

APPLICATION LAYER
INTRODUCTION
• A user of an e‐mail program may know the e‐
mail address of the recipient; however, the IP
protocol needs the IP address.
• The DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM client program
sends a request to a DNS server to map the e‐
mail address to the corresponding IP address.
To identify an entity the internet uses the IP
addresswhichidentifiestheconnectionofahost to
the internet.

But people prefer to use names instead of


numeric addresses hence we need a system
whichcanmapanametoanaddressoraddress to a
name . we use the DNS.
NAMESPACE

To be unambiguous, the names assigned to machines


must be carefully selected from a name space with
complete control over the binding between the names
and IP addresses.

Topicsdiscussedinthissection:
Flat Name Space
Hierarchical NameSpace
FLATNAMESPACE
• Anameisassignedtoanaddress.
• A name in this space is a sequence of
characters without structure.
• The main disadvantage of a fiat name space is
that it cannot be used in a large system such
as the Internet because it must be centrally
controlled to avoid ambiguity and duplication.
HIERARCHICALNAMESPACE
• Each name ismade ofseveral parts.
• The first part can define the nature of the organization,
• the second part can define the name of an
organization,
• the third part can define departments in the
organization, and so on .
• Ex challenger.jhda.edu, challenger.berkeley.edu, and
challenger.smart.com.
• To have a hierarchical namespace ,a domain name
space was designed.
DOMAINNAMESPACE

To have a hierarchical name space, a domain name


space was designed. In this design the names are
defined in an inverted-tree structure with the root at the
top. The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0 (root) to
level 127.

Label
DomainName
Domain
Domainnamespace
A portion of the Internet domain name space.
Domainnamesandlabels
Label
Eachnodeinthetreehasalabel, whichisastringwithamaximumof63
characters . The root label is aempty string. DNS requires that children of a
nodehave different labels, which guarantees the uniqueness of the domain
names.

Domain Name
Each node in the tree has a domain name. A full domain name is a sequence of
labels separated by dots (.). The domain names are always read from the node
up to the root. The last label is the label of the root (null). This means that a full
domain name always ends in a null label, which means the last character is adot
because the null string is nothing.

Domain
A domain is a sub tree of the domain namespace. The name of the domain is
the domain name of the node at the top of the sub tree. Note that a domain
may itself be divided into domains.
Domains
DISTRIBUTIONOFNAME SPACE

The information contained in the domain name space


must be stored. However, it is very inefficient and also
unreliable to have just one computer store such a huge
amount of information. In this section, we discuss the
distribution of the domain name space.

Topicsdiscussedinthissection:
Hierarchy of Name Servers
Zone
Root Server
Primary and secondary Servers
HierarchyofNameServers
The solution to these problems is to distribute the information among many
computers called DNS servers. One way to do this is to divide the whole space into
many domains based on the first level.DNS allows domains to be divided further into
smaller domains( subdomains). Each server can be responsible(authoritative)for either
a large or a small domain.
Zone
Since the complete domainnamehierarchycannotbestoredonasingleserver, it is
divided among many servers. What a server is responsible for or has
authorityoveriscalledazone.Wecandefineazoneasacontiguouspartofthe entire
tree.
Root Server
A root server is a server whose zone consists of the whole tree. A root server
usually does not store any information about domains but delegatesits authority
to other servers, keeping references to those servers. There are several root
servers, each covering the whole domain name space. The servers are
distributed all around the world.

Primaryand Secondary Servers


DNS defines two types of serve s: primary and secondary.

A primary server is a server that stores a file about the zone for which it is an
authority. It is responsible for creating, maintaining, and updating the zone file. It
stores the zone file on a local disk.

A secondary server is a server that transfers the complete information about a


zone from another server (primary or secondary) and stores the file on its local
disk.Thesecondaryserverneithercreatesnorupdatesthezonefiles.Ifupdating is
required, it must be done by the primary server, which sends the updated
version to the secondary.
DNSINTHEINTERNET

DNS is a protocol that can be used in different


platforms. In the Internet, the domain name space (tree)
is divided into three different sections: generic domains,
countrY domains, and the invers domain..

Topics discussed in thissection:


Generic Domains
CountryDomains
Inverse Domain
DNSintheInternet
GenericDomains
The generic domains define
registeredhostsaccordingtotheir
generic behavior.
CountryDomains

The country domains section


uses two‐character country
abbreviations (e.g., us for
United States). Second labels
can be organizational ,or
they can be more specific,
national designations.
Inverse Domain

The inverse domain is used to map


an address to a name

To handle a pointer query, the


inverse domain is added to the
domain name space with the
first‐level node called arpa (for
historical reasons). The second
level is also one single node
named in‐addr (for inverse
address). The rest of the
domain defines IP addresses
APPLICATION
• Address Resolution
• Easy identification of nodes in the networks
• Standard for specifying domain names
to nodes and applications
Assignment
• Explain the Hierarchical name spaces in
Domain Name System

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