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OSI Model

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9 views

OSI Model

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lancerf61
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OSI Model

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What Is the OSI Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven
layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network.
It was the first standard model for network communications,
adopted by all major computer and telecommunication companies in
the early 1980s

The modern Internet is not based on OSI, but on the simpler TCP/IP
model. However, the OSI 7-layer model is still widely used, as it
helps visualize and communicate how networks operate, and helps
isolate and troubleshoot networking problems.

OSI was introduced in 1983 by representatives of the major


computer and telecom companies, and was adopted by ISO as an
international standard in 1984.

OSI Model Explained: The OSI 7 Layers


We’ll describe OSI layers “top down” from the application layer that
directly serves the end user, down to the physical layer.

7. Application Layer

The application layer is used by end-user software such as web


browsers and email clients. It provides protocols that allow software
to send and receive information and present meaningful data to
users. A few examples of application layer protocols are
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Post Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and
Domain Name System (DNS).

6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It
defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and compress data
so it is received correctly on the other end. The presentation layer
takes any data transmitted by the application layer and prepares it
for transmission over the session layer.

5. Session Layer

The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions,


between devices. It is responsible for opening sessions, ensuring
they remain open and functional while data is being transferred, and
closing them when communication ends. The session layer can also
set checkpoints during a data transfer—if the session is interrupted,
devices can resume data transfer from the last checkpoint.

4. Transport Layer

The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and
breaks it into “segments” on the transmitting end. It is responsible
for reassembling the segments on the receiving end, turning it back
into data that can be used by the session layer. The transport layer
carries out flow control, sending data at a rate that matches the
connection speed of the receiving device, and error control,
checking if data was received incorrectly and if not, requesting it
again.

3. Network Layer

The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up


segments into network packets, and reassembling the packets on
the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering the
best path across a physical network. The network layer uses
network addresses (typically Internet Protocol addresses) to route
packets to a destination node.

2. Data Link Layer


The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between
two physically-connected nodes on a network. It breaks up packets
into frames and sends them from source to destination. This layer is
composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies
network protocols, performs error checking and synchronizes
frames, and Media Access Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses
to connect devices and define permissions to transmit and receive
data.

1. Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless


connection between network nodes. It defines the connector, the
electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices, and
is responsible for transmission of the raw data, which is simply a
series of 0s and 1s, while taking care of bit rate control.

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