[Chapter 1 is Word Processing with: MS Word]

Practical exam done.

Chapter-2
Software and Its Types
Software’s
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks.

Example: Games in our Computer, MS Word, PowerPoint.

Types of Software
• There are two types of Software:
1. System Software
2. Application Software

Broad Classification of Software

Software can be broadly classified into the following broad categories:

System Software
• System software controls a computer’s hardware devices such as monitors, printers, and
storage devices. They are mostly pre-installed on computers.
• Two Types of System Software:

1. Operating System
2. Utility Software
Operating System
• An Operating System (OS) is the most important software without which we cannot work
on a computer system.
• It is a software that lets us communicate with the computer.

Utility Software
• Utility software performs specific tasks related to managing a computer, its devices or its
programs, such as taking backup, recovering data and preventing virus attacks.
• The following are some utilities: Backup utility, Antivirus utility, Disk compression utility
and Disk cleaner utility
Application Software
• An application software is a set of programs designed to help users perform specific tasks.
• There are two types of Application Software:
• General purpose
• Application specific
General Purpose
• General purpose application software are developed keeping in mind the general needs
of a large number of people.
• Some examples of such software are:
• MS Word
• Power Point

Application Specific

• Software designed specially to achieve specific tasks are known as Application specific
software.
• Examples of this type of software are
• food panda
• Games

Answer the following Questions

1. What is a Software?
2. How many types of Software are there? What are they?
3. Name any two desktop operating systems.
4. Name any two mobile operating systems.
5. Describe System Software with examples.
6. Describe Application Software with examples.
7. Name any three application software.
8. Write two differences between system software and application software.

Fill in the blanks

Utility Software Antivirus application software

General purpose application specific Operating System

1) A ______________ takes backup and prevents virus attacks.

2) _____________ is an example of utility software.
3) An ____________ is a set of programs designed to help users perform specific tasks.
4) _____________ software is a type of Application Software.
5) A customised software is also called an _______________ software.
6) _______________ lets us communicate with the computer.
True/False
1. There are 4 types of software's.
2. Operating System is a System Software.
3. Windows, MacOS, Android and iOS are examples of Operating System.
4. System software's are mostly pre-installed in computers.
5. Google chrome is recovers data and prevents virus attacks.

Chapter 2
Networks and Digital Communication

Computer Network
A computer network is a group of connected devices, such as computers, printers,
smartphones, routers and hard drives. They link together to ‘communicate’ with each other
and share information.

Computer networks can be large or small and can have lots of devices connected to them.
Data, applications or files can be shared using these networks. Networks are also used to
communicate
For example, most schools have a computer network that allows staff and pupils to access
and share information and resources. Some devices they might use are printers, computers,
tablets and photocopiers.
Therefore, we can say that a computer network is like a digital community where computers
and other devices are connected to share information and resources.

How Computer Network Works?

A network works by allowing users to share information and communicate through their
computers or digital devices.
A network has hardware that connect together, such as router, server, switch and cables.
Wireless devices can also connect to a network via a wireless connection.

Components of a Computer Network

A Computer Network has several components. Some of them are: devices, clients, router,
server and switch. We are going to learn about devices and clients today.
Devices: These could be laptops, desktop computers, tablets or mobile phones. They could
be wired or wireless.
Clients: A computer system (a desktop computer, laptop, smartphone, tablet and other
devices) which is connected via a network to communicate with a server.
Workstations: Workstations are laptops and PCs that quickly perform complex, technical
tasks such as digital content creation and detailed analysis.
Router: It moves data between computer networks. Routers communicate between the
Internet and devices that connect to the Internet. They keep the data in a network moving to
their destination as smoothly and as quickly as possible. If you have Internet, a router will
send the data to your computer.
Server: A server is a piece of hardware that has a large memory drive where lots of files and
resources are stored. It also responds to requests across a computer network.
Switch: It connects to the server, it is a piece of hardware with lots of connection ports for
other devices and cables to link up to.

Types of Computer Network

The most common network types are LAN (local area network), MAN (metropolitan area
network) and WAN (wide area network).
LAN: A small wired or wireless network. Connects computers that are close together. It
connects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university
campus or office building.
MAN: A network that covers a city.
Uses fibre-optic cable connections between buildings.
Made up of several networks, or LANs, linked together.
They are connected with each other using the Internet.
WAN: A network that covers more than 48km (30 miles). WAN networks are connected using
copper wires, fibre-optic cables or satellites. WAN connects countries.

Cloud Computing
 Cloud computing is like having a virtual storage space where you can keep all your files,
photos, videos, and more.
 Instead of storing them on your own computer or device, you store them on the internet,
in a place called the cloud.
How Does Cloud Computing Work?
 Cloud computing works by using remote servers, which are powerful computers located
in data centres around the world.
 When you upload a file to the cloud, it gets sent to one of these servers, where it's stored
safely until you need it again.
Examples of Cloud Services
 Google Drive
 Microsoft One Drive
 Dropbox
Importance of Computer Network
Network and communication systems play a crucial role in many areas of modern life, and
they have a wide range of uses, including:
Data Sharing: The sharing of data, such as files, images, and video, between computers and
other devices. Sharing resources such as printers, scanners, and storage devices among
multiple computers and users.
Remote access: Enabling us to access educational resources, such as books courses, from
remote locations.
Social networking: Connecting people through social media platforms, such as Facebook and
Twitter.

Answer the following questions

1. Define Computer Networks.
2. Explain the components of a computer network.
3. Write about the types of computer network.

Fill in the blanks

Memory school Server

Cloud Router residence

1. __________ computing is like having a virtual storage space where you can keep all your
files, photos, videos, and more.
2. A network has hardware that connect together such as ________, ________, switch, and
cables.
3. A server is a piece of hardware that has a large ________ drive where lots of files and
resources are stored.
4. LAN is a small wired or wireless network that connects computers within a limited area such as a
________, or ________.

Chapter-3
Exploring the Internet
All about the Internet

 The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices that allows
people to share: information communicate and access resources worldwide.

How the Web Works

• The internet works through a system of protocols and technologies that enable
communication between devices.
• At the heart of the internet are data packets, which are tiny bundles of information that
travel across networks.

Internet Protocols
• Protocols are rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted and received over
the internet.
• Some common internet protocols include:
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• DNS (Domain Name System)
Webpage and Website
• Webpage: A web page is a document written in hypertext (also known as HTML) that you
can see online, using a web browser. Most web pages include text, photos or videos, and
links to other web pages.
• Website: A group of many web pages managed by one person or company is a website.
URL, Link
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier
used to locate a resource on the Internet. It is also referred to as a web address.
• Link: In computing, a hyperlink, or simply a link, is a digital reference to data that the user
can follow or be guided to by clicking or tapping.
Parts of URL

Answer the following questions

1. What is the internet?
2. What are data packets in the context of the internet?
3. What is the difference between a webpage and a website?
4. What is a URL and what does it stand for?

True/False
1. A URL is also known as a web address.
2. FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol and is used to secure websites.
3. The internet is a network limited to local or regional connections.
4. Web pages can only include text and links, but not photos or videos.
5. HTTP and HTTPS are protocols that govern how data is transmitted over the internet.

Chapter-4
Exploring Programming

Computer Programming
• Programming is the process of creating instructions for a computer to follow. These
instructions tell the computer what to do, step by step.
• It involves designing and implementing algorithms, step-by-step specifications of
procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages.
• These instructions are written using programming languages. Like: Python, Java, C, C++,
Ruby etc.
Types of Programming
• Programming can be categorized in various ways depending on different criteria. Here are
some of the common types of programming:
Based on Level
• Low-Level Programming: Close to machine code, provides high control over hardware.
• High-Level Programming: More abstract, easier for humans to understand.
Based on Application Domain
• System Programming: Developing system software like operating systems, compilers.
• Application Programming: Creating software applications for end-users.
• Web Programming: Building web applications and websites.
• Mobile Programming: Developing applications for mobile devices.
• Game Programming: Creating video games.
Thinking in a computational way
• Computational thinking (CT) is a problem-solving technique that imitates the process
computer programmers go through when writing computer programmes and algorithms.
• Computational thinking allows us to take a complex problem, understand what the
problem is and develop possible solutions.
• We can then present these solutions in a way that a computer, a human, or both, can
understand.
Code
• Code is a set of instructions written in a programming language that tells a computer what
to do. For example, code can make a game, create a website, or solve math problems.
Algorithm
• An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions or rules designed to solve a problem or
complete a task. Algorithms can be written instructions, spoken instructions, or even
diagrams
• This is an example of an algorithm that we can use to shop for food
An algorithm to solve a simple math problem:
Find the sum of two numbers.
Step 1: Input:
• Ask the user to enter the first number (Number1).
• Ask the user to enter the second number (Number2).
Step 2: Calculate Sum:
• Add Number1 and Number2 together. Store the result in a variable called Sum.
Step 3: Output:
• Display the value of Sum as the final result.
Writing a Pseudo Code
• Pseudo code is like writing out the steps of a program in plain language before translating
them into a programming language. It helps programmers plan out their algorithms and
logic before writing actual code.
Designing a Flow chart
• A flowchart is a visual representation of the steps in a process or algorithm. It uses
different shapes and arrows to show the flow of logic from one step to the next.
Flowcharts are helpful for planning and organizing code before writing it.
Following table describes the symbols used in designing a Flow chart:

The following Flow chart shows the average of two numbers:

 Answer the following questions
1. Draw a flow chart showing the multiplication of 2 numbers. For example 4x3.
2. Explain algorithms with examples.
3. What are pseudo code?
4. Write an algorithm to draw a Triangle.
5. Write an algorithm to draw a Rectangle.
6. Define types of programming.
7. What is computational thinking?

Answers

4.
1.
Step 1: Gather pen and paper
Step 2: Draw the base.

Step 3: Draw a tilted line from one point of the base

points.
Step 4: Draw another tilted line and match its end
point with the previous one

5.

Step 1: Gather pen and paper

Step 2: Draw the base.
Step 3: Draw a straight line from one point of the
base.
Step 4: Draw another straight line from another
point of the base.
Step 5: Connect the straight lines end points.