Contents

1 Chapter..............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Solar Dryer...........................................................................................................................4
1.3 Working of Solar dryer.............................................................................................................5
1.4 Types of solar dryers :...............................................................................................................6
1.4.1 Cabinet Dryer or Hot Box Dryer:......................................................................................6
1.4.2 Indirect Solar Cabinet Dryer:............................................................................................6
1.4.3 Forced Convection Solar Dryer:........................................................................................7
1.6 PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL:..............................................................................................8
1.6.1 PCM :...................................................................................................................................8
1.6.2 PCM Types........................................................................................................................10
1.7 SPINACH.................................................................................................................................10
1.7.1 NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF SPINACH...................................................................11
1.7.2 Economic benefits of dried spinach :..............................................................................11
2 Literature Review...........................................................................................................................12
3 Research Gap..................................................................................................................................31
3.1 Research Gap.....................................................................................................................31
4 Objectives...................................................................................................................................32
4.1 Objectives...........................................................................................................................32
5 Methodology....................................................................................................................................33
5.1 Methodology Adopted.............................................................................................................33
.............................................................................................................................................................33
6 Experimental Setup and details of components............................................................................34
6.1 Experimental Setup Design.....................................................................................................34
6.2 Central panel............................................................................................................................35
6.2.1 Arduino board...................................................................................................................35
6.2.2 Temperature Sensors:.......................................................................................................36
6.2.3 Buzzer:...............................................................................................................................36
6.2.4 Wires..................................................................................................................................37
6.2.5 SD Card module :.............................................................................................................38
6.2.6 DC fans:.............................................................................................................................38
6.2.7 Solar cell:...........................................................................................................................39
6.2.8 Battery:..............................................................................................................................40
 6.2.9 Load cell:...........................................................................................................................40
6.2.10 LCD:................................................................................................................................41
6.2.11 Solar charge controller...................................................................................................42
6.2.12 paraffin wax....................................................................................................................43
6.2.13 Glazing sheet...................................................................................................................43
6.2.14 Trays................................................................................................................................44
6.3 Calculations Required for Design of Setup............................................................................44
6.3.1 Estimation of Solar radiation...........................................................................................44
6.3.2 Calculation for paraffin wax............................................................................................45
6.3.2 Calculation for PCM Container.......................................................................................45
7 Results and Discussion...................................................................................................................46
8 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................46
9 Future Scope...................................................................................................................................47
10 References.....................................................................................................................................48
11 Appendix........................................................................................................................................49
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 cabinet dryer............................................................................................................................6

Figure 2 Indirect dryer...........................................................................................................................7
Figure 3 Forced solar dryer....................................................................................................................7
Figure 4 Types of PCM flow chart........................................................................................................10
Figure 5 construction of the solar dryer..............................................................................................34
Figure 6 side view of solar dryer Figure 7 opening for airflow (top view).........34
Figure 8 Mega2560 Arduino board......................................................................................................35
Figure 9 Uno Arduino board...............................................................................................................35
Figure 10 DHT11 Temperature & Humidity sensor.............................................................................36
Figure 11 Alarm buzzer.......................................................................................................................37
Figure 12 10band wire Figure 13 Arduino SMD uno USB cable...............37
Figure 14 Male to Female Dupont Cable Jumper Wire........................................................................37
Figure 15 SD card module...................................................................................................................38
Figure 16 Dc fans................................................................................................................................38
Figure 17 solar cell..............................................................................................................................39
Figure 18 battery.................................................................................................................................40
Figure 19 load cell...............................................................................................................................40
Figure 20 LCD.......................................................................................................................................41
Figure 21 Solar charge controller.........................................................................................................42
Figure 22 paraffin wax.........................................................................................................................43
Figure 23 Polycarbonate sheet............................................................................................................43
Figure 24 trays.....................................................................................................................................44
1 Chapter
1.1 Introduction

1.2 Solar Dryer

The solar dryer concept is simple and straightforward. A key component of the solar dryer is
the size of the solar collectors. The drying chamber receives enough hot air from the
collectors to allow the products to dry. If the quantity of food is greater than the limited
proportion collectors can handle, the food may end up ruined.

A solar dryer operates on the following fundamental principles:

• Solar radiation: To heat the drying chamber and speed up the drying process, solar dryers
use solar radiation as its energy source.

• Transparent cover: To let light in and retain heat within, the drying chamber is coated with
a transparent material (like glass or plastic).

• Absorption: The materials in the dryer take up solar radiation, which raises their
temperature and quickens the moisture's evaporation.

• Convection: The rising air in the chamber causes a natural convection current that aids in
spreading the heated air over the items.

• Proper ventilation is necessary to help with the drying process by removing the damp air
from the chamber and replacing it with dry air.

• Insulation: To retain heat and keep the inside at a constant temperature, particularly in the
evenings and on cloudy days, dryers are frequently insulated.

• Orientation: For optimal drying, the dryer should be positioned to receive as much
sunshine as possible throughout the day.

• Airflow control: Adjusting the dryer's airflow helps to regulate the drying environment and
guarantee that the materials dry uniformly.

• Moisture removal: In order to avoid reabsorption, the moisture that evaporated from the
materials must be efficiently removed from the chamber
.
• Temperature control: It's essential to keep an eye on and regulate the dryer's interior
temperature to avoid overheating or under drying the textiles.

• Material arrangement: Optimal sunshine exposure and effective drying are ensured by
properly arranging the items within the dryer.

• Shade: On really hot or sunny days, providing shade or coverings with adjustable
temperatures will assist control the dryer's interior temperature.
• Drying time: The amount of time needed to dry a material will depend on a number of
variables, including humidity, sunshine intensity, and kind of material.

• Monitoring: To make sure the materials are drying correctly and to make any necessary
modifications, regular monitoring of the drying process is required.

• Safety: For effective and risk-free drying, make sure the dryer is safe to operate and free of
any potential risks.

• Maintenance: Cleaning, inspecting for leaks, and fixing any damage are all part of routine
maintenance that helps the solar dryer last longer.

• Size and capacity: The solar dryer's size and capacity should be appropriate for the
quantity and kind of materials being dried.

• Energy efficiency: By designing the solar dryer with the best possible energy efficiency,
drying output may be increased while energy usage is decreased.

• Adaptability: Solar dryers may be made to fit various materials, climates, and drying
needs.

• Sustainability: Solar dryers are a sustainable substitute for traditional drying techniques by
lowering energy expenses and their environmental effect.

1.3 Working of Solar dryer

The principle of the solar drying technique is to collect solar energy by heating the air volume
in solar collectors and to lead the warm air from the collector to the drying chamber. The
drying chamber is filled with the items that need to dry.The fundamental ideas behind a solar
dryer are as follows:

1. Converting light to heat: Due to their superior ability to absorb solar radiation compared
to other colors, black surfaces within solar dryers have an advantage. The energy that a black
character collects is converted to heat when it absorbs light rather than reflecting it. Light
energy may be absorbed by the black inside surfaces of the solar dryer, raising the
temperature and producing more effective

2. Trapping heat: Heat is efficiently retained within the sun dryer by using sturdy materials
as a canopy, such as plastic bags or glass covers. Despite allowing sunlight to pass through
and reach the drying chamber, where it is converted to heat, these materials have a high
infrared reflectivity. This keeps the heat within the dryer because it makes it more unlikely
for the light energy to escape through the transparent cover once it has been converted to
heat. On frigid, windy days when there would be significant external heat loss, this is quite
beneficial.

3. Moving the heat to the food: Efficient transmission of heat generated inside the dryer to
the material being dried is critical for successful material drying in a solar dryer. The concept
of convection is used by both forced and natural convection dryers to accomplish this.
Because of its decreased density, the heated air inside the chamber of a natural convection
drier rises and transfers heat to the item being dried. A constant convection cycle is produced
when rising heated air is replaced by cooler, moister air from the surroundings.

To improve heat transmission to the fabrics and provide more uniform and speedy drying,
forced convection dryers use fans or blowers to aggressively circulate hot air within the
drying chamber. When using this technology instead of natural convection dryers, drying
times can be greatly shortened. Solar dryers may efficiently and successfully dry a variety of
items while employing sustainable solar energy by applying the principles of converting light
to heat, holding the heat, and properly transferring it to the object being dried.

1.4 Types of solar dryers :

There are two types of solar dryers: direct and indirect. An indirect solar dryer circulates hot
air over the material without exposing it to the sun directly, whereas a direct solar drier
exposes the material to the sun directly. The kind and amount of material being dried
determines how effective a sun dryer is. A wind-driven fan may occasionally be included in a
passive system to facilitate air circulation.
1.4.1 Cabinet Dryer or Hot Box Dryer:
For small-scale dehydration of fruit, vegetables, or other materials, the dryer doubles as an
effective hot box. It is made of inexpensive, readily available materials like concrete, brick,
plywood, galvanized iron, or aluminum sheets. It has an insulated foundation and, ideally,
insulated sides. A single or double-layered transparent roof covers the whole structure. The
darkened interior surfaces absorb solar energy that enters via the roof, raising the inside
temperature. Holes are drilled through the base to allow fresh air to enter the cabinet, aiding
in ventilation. The cabinet's sides, back panels, and upper sections all have well-placed outlet
ports. Warm air naturally convects out of these top apertures as the temperature rises,
generating a little vacuum and bringing in fresh air via the base. This arrangement guarantees
a steady airflow over the drying material, which is placed on perforated trays, the base's floor,
and the inside cabinet base.

Figure 1 cabinet dryer

1.4.2 Indirect Solar Cabinet Dryer:
A simple, low-cost solar dryer comprises a conventional solar air heater collector connected
to a drying chamber. The collector is designed with air passages and insulated at the bottom
and sides for enhanced performance. Additionally, it can be covered with a glass sheet. Solar
radiation heats up the air inside the collector, causing it to rise and circulate into the drying
chamber through natural convection. The drying chamber features a vertical stack of trays for
placing the material to be dried. For improved air circulation, a wind-operated ventilator can
be installed on top of the chamber. This type of dryer is well-suited for small-scale use.

Figure 2 Indirect dryer

1.4.3 Forced Convection Solar Dryer:

In this setup, There is a constant and widespread use of solar dryers. As the drying chamber's
roof, the solar heat-absorbing panel takes up the whole roof space. An electrically driven
drying fan helps to circulate air. Air that is not heated by solar radiation is taken in from one
end of the solar inlet, passes through the absorber, and is then released into the drying
chamber. You can place the material to be dried on trays or in bottom-perforated containers.
In addition, to raise the temperature of the air, another heater might be fitted.

Figure 3 Forced solar dryer

Advantages of a forced solar dryer include:

- Prevention of caramelization
- Protection against heat damage
- Acceleration of the drying rate due to forced air circulation
Disadvantages of a forced solar dryer can include:
- Potential for inferior product appearance if immature fruit is dehydrated, as shading inhibits
the breakdown of chlorophyll

1.5 Utilization of solar dryer:

The technology offers several socio- profitable benefits and addresses a significant challenge
in developing countries, videlicet food security. The solar food teetotaler plays a pivotal part
in perfecting food security by enabling longer storehouse of dried food compared tonon-dried
food.

• By replacing teetotaler variations dependent on external energy sources similar as electricity

or reactionary energies, the solar teetotaler not only conserves energy and electricity but also
reduces drying times in comparison to sun drying styles. While electrically or reactionary
energy- powered dryers offer advantages similar as harmonious air inflow and advanced
temperatures, the fiscal walls associated with these technologies may prove prohibitive for
borderline growers due to factors similar as attainability or high costs of electricity and
substantial original and handling charges for reactionary energy- powered drying.

• Produce dried in a solar teetotaler , including fruits, vegetables, and meat, exhibits superior
quality and hygiene compared to those dried in sun- drying conditions. The unrestricted
system design minimizes or prevents food impurity and securities the yield from rain and
dust, as opposed to the open system design of sun- drying.

• In pastoral areas lacking proper food drying installations, growers are impelled to fleetly
vend their yield in the request after harvesting to help value loss due to corruption.
Accordingly, the solar food teetotaler has the implicit to alleviate fiscal losses faced by
growers in these circumstances. Dried food can be stored for longer ages while maintaining
quality, and discerned products similar as dried meat kinds can enhance request value.

• Drying food reduces its volume, easing easier transportation and potentially opening up
fresh requests for the patron. likewise, the advanced temperature, air movement, and lower
moisture in the solar teetotaler accelerate the drying rate.

• The enclosed nature of the teetotaler protects food from dust, insects, catcalls, and creatures.
The advanced temperature deters insects, and the briskly drying rate reduces the threat of
corruption by microorganisms. also, the advanced drying rate enables a lesser outturn of food
using a lower drying area( roughly one- third).

• The leakproof nature of the dryers eliminates the need to dislocate food during
downfall. These dryers can be constructed from locally available accoutrements at a fairly
low cost.1.6 Phase change material
1.6 PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL:
1.6.1 PCM :
A phase change material can be used as a storage medium in solar dryers. These materials
absorb, store, and release heat energy during a phase transition either from solid to liquid or
liquid to solid at a constant temperature. When the PCM is heated, it melts by absorbing the
heat energy and it solidifies at specified temperature by releasing the stored heat energy. An
LHS system with a PCM as a storage medium possesses a medium level of storage capacity.
Agricultural produce dried at a constant temperature produces high-quality products.
Therefore, integrating a PCM with a solar dryer and drying the food product gives high-
quality products. Using a PCM allows latent heat storage that stores 5–10 times additional
heat in contrast to that stored with the use of a sensible heat storage medium. Phase change
materials (PCMs) are widely used as a storage medium as they offer the benefits of
isothermal characteristics and allow for use during non-sunshine hours
Advantages
•Thermal energy storage: PCMs have a significant capacity to store and release the
thermal energy over time. When compared to traditional thermal storage materials,
they are able to store more energy per unit volume.
• Climate change: By moving energy usage from peak hours to off-peak hours, PCMs
can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Compatibility: Conventional building materials and organic PCMs are compatible.
• Safety: Organic particulate matter is non-reactive, safe, and stable chemically.
Disadvantages
• Performance: In repeated thermal-cool cycles, PCMs can exhibit poor thermal
behavior and be unreliable.
• Thermal conductivity: PCMs' low thermal conductivities might impede temperature
uniformity and cooling speeds.
• Modification: To be utilized for extended periods of time, many PCMs require
modification.

• Flammability: PCMs that are organic are combustible.

• Environmental impact: When paraffin, a form of PCM, is disposed of in a landfill, it
may cause environmental issues.

Applications

•Buildings: PCMs can minimize heating/cooling loads and interior temperature

variations. They can also enhance the building materials' mechanical, thermal, and
durability qualities.
•PCMs can be utilized in solar panels and solar collectors for solar energy storage.
Electronics cooling: The temperature of electronics may be controlled with PCMs.
•Textiles that control temperature: Textiles that control temperature can be made with
PCMs.
•Windshield washer fluid: It is possible to lower the freezing point of windshield
washer fluid below 0° by mixing alcohol and water.
 •Transporting vaccines: Without dry ice, PCMs can be utilized for vaccine
transportation.
•Food: To save cooking time, PCMs can be utilized to round the cooking vessel in
solar cookers.

1.6.2 PCM Types

Figure 4 Types of PCM flow chart

1.7 SPINACH
An essential green vegetable, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., 2n = 12) is eaten raw or cooked,
both the leaves and the delicate shoots. Central Asia is where spinach originated, most likely
in Persia. The family Chenopodiaceae includes spinach. For its leaves, spinach is an annual;
for its seeds, it is a biannual. It has fleshy, smooth, or wrinkled rosettes of leaves during the
vegetative phase. Later, in the reproductive phase, the stem elongates and develops flower
stalks with thin, pointed leaves. The cytology and genetics of spinach are covered in this
chapter. There are 2n = 12 chromosomes in Spinacia oleracea L. One set of sex chromosomes
(XY) governs the expression of sex in spinach. High yield and high-quality green leaf are the
primary goals of spinach enhancement.

1.7.1 NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF SPINACH

The extraordinary nutritional benefits of spinach, a leafy green vegetable, has long been
acknowledged. Rich in minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants, it has a host of health
advantages.
Nutritional Analysis:
• Vitamins: A, C, K, and folate are all abundant in spinach. Skin health, immunological
response, and eyesight are all supported by vitamin A. Iron absorption, immune system
performance, and collagen synthesis all depend on vitamin C. Blood clotting is critically
dependent on vitamin K. Folate is crucial for the formation and proliferation of cells,
particularly during pregnancy.
• Minerals: Potassium, magnesium, iron, and calcium are all present in substantial
proportions in spinach. While magnesium is involved in many body processes, such as the
creation of energy and the function of muscles, potassium aids in the regulation of blood
pressure. For the blood to carry oxygen, iron is necessary. It need calcium to maintain healthy
bones.
• Antioxidants: Age-related macular degeneration and cataracts are prevented in the eyes by
the abundance of antioxidants found in spinach, including lutein and zeaxanthin.
Advantages for Health:
Heart Health: Spinach contains potassium, which lowers the risk of heart disease and stroke
by regulating blood pressure.
Boost Immunity: The vitamins and antioxidants in spinach fortify the immune system,
assisting the body in warding off illnesses.
Eye Health: Spinach contains lutein and zeaxanthin, which shield the eyes from age-related
eye disorders.
Digestive Health: The fiber in spinach helps regulate weight, supports a healthy digestive
system, and wards off constipation.
Weight management: A balanced diet that includes spinach can help with weight reduction or
maintenance since it is high in fiber and low in calories.
1.7.2 Economic benefits of dried spinach :
• Extended Shelf Life: Reduced Spoilage: Drying greatly increases spinach's shelf life and
reduces losses from deterioration and spoiling.
Improved Storage: Since dried spinach doesn't require refrigeration, it may be kept for
extended periods of time with less expenses and logistical difficulties.
• Versatility and Convenience: A Wide Range of Food items: Dried spinach may be used in a
variety of food items, such as packaged snacks, stews, soups, and sauces. Its commercial
potential is increased by its adaptability.
Convenience: Since dried spinach doesn't need to be washed or prepared ahead of time, it's a
convenient ingredient for both customers and food makers.
• Nutritional content: Nutrient Retention: With careful drying methods, spinach's nutritional
content may be largely retained, giving it a useful
• Nutritional Value: Nutrient Retention: Spinach is a desirable dietary item since it can retain
a large part of its nutrients with appropriate drying methods.
Health Benefits: Dried spinach contributes to a healthy diet by providing vitamins, minerals,
nd antioxidants to customers.
• International Trade: Export Possibilities: Dried spinach may be exported to a number of
nations, therefore extending markets and earning foreign currency.
Import Substitution: In some areas, it is possible to make dried spinach locally in place of
imports, hence lowering reliance on outside resources.
• Value-Added Product: Higher Revenue: By adding value to the product, drying spinach
raises its selling price relative to raw spinach.
Diversification: Farmers and food processors may increase their revenue streams by using
drying.
2 Literature Review

S.No. Title of the Author Year Remarks

Paper
01 A Review of Umesh 2024 Solar drying is commonly used in
Toshniwal1 ,
Performance the industrial sector for drying
Sachin Karale2
Improvement biomass, timber materials, bricks,
Methods for polymers, cement, papers, textiles,
Solar Dryers and related products. Furthermore,
and Phase various procedures are utilized, such
Change as wastewater treatment,
Materials pharmaceutical processes, and
(PCM) in Solar porous material drying.
Drying waste-water treatment utilizes solar
Applications dryers to lessen the duration and cost
of conventional drying techniques.
According to principles of energy
conservation, solar dryers have
proven to be highly effective.
02 Recent Trends V. S. Kavya , 2024 The use of phase change materials
A. S. Ramana
in PCM- (PCMs) is being studied in this
Integrated Solar study. A collector and a drying
Dryers chamber were used in the
experiment, and two distinct types of
PCMs, paraffin wax (PCM1) and
paraffin RT-42 (PCM2), with
varying melting points, were placed
at the bottom of each. Grapes, chilli,
and other goods were tested. Three
different circumstances were used
for the drying tests: forced
convection with PCM, forced
convection without PCM, and
 natural convection. High
performance, a quicker drying rate,
and increased drying efficiency were
all demonstrated by the outcomes
when employing PCMs with forced
convection. Furthermore, the
thermal efficiency of the drying
chamber and solar collector was
greatly increased using numerous

03 Exploring the Farah Naz 2024 The quality of dried basil leaves
Effects of Akbar 1,2,
depends on the drying method and
Drying Method Shahid
and Temperature Mahmood 1, temperature utilized. It was found
on Ghulam Mueen-
that solar drying at 55 °C consumed
the Quality of ud-din 1,
Dried Basil Muhammad the least energy, 0.431 kWh, and was
(Ocimum Yamin 3,*
completed in a short time, 110 min.
basilicum L.) and Mian
Leaves: Anjum Murtaza This happened due to the availability
A Sustainable
of abundant solar radiation in
and Eco-
Friendly Drying Pakistan. Further, the drying rate
Solution
was enhanced due to low levels of
relative humidity (29-36%) in the
air. Comparatively, oven drying
consumed higher levels of energy.
04 Experimental Abdullah Baree 2023 An indirect-type forced convection
n1
investigation solar dryer using a phase-changing
Soumya Dash,
of an indirect material (PCM) as an energy-storing
Paragmoni Kalit
solar dryer medium was developed and studied.
a,
with PCM-integ Changing the mass flow rate was
Kshirod Kumar
 rated solar Dash found to impact the energy and
collector thermal efficiencies. The system
as a thermal included a solar energy accumulator,
energy storage drying compartment, and blower.
medium Experimental results showed that
using PCM led to higher drying air
temperatures and accelerated the
drying process. Energy and exergy
analysis demonstrated high potential
for the proposed solar dryer. Daily
energy efficiency reached 35.8%,
while the daily exergy efficiency
reached 13.84%. The drying
chamber's exergy efficiency was in
the range of 47-97%. Overall, the
solar dryer offers a free energy
source, reduced drying time, higher
capacity, decreased mass losses, and
improved product quality

05 Optimized solar SuhaA. This design of the solar food

food dryer with Mohammed, dehydrator utilizes an indirect solar
 varied air heater Wissam H. 2023 power approach, where the drying
designs Alawee, food is not directly exposed to the
Miqdam T. sun but rather to solar-heated air
Chaichan, Amar
S. Abdul-Zahra,
Mohammed A.
Fayad, Thaar M.
Aljuwaya

06 Design, H. Krabch, R. 2022 The investigation analyzed the

realization and Tadili, A. Idrissi drying process and quality of dried
comparison of orange slices using three natural
three passive convection indirect solar dryers,
solar dryers. monitoring climatic variables to
Orange drying assess thermal performance.
application for Findings revealed varying internal
the Rabat site temperatures and humidity levels
(Morocco) among the dryers, with Dry3
exhibiting the highest temperature
and lowest humidity, resulting in the
most efficient drying process,
making it economically favorable
and encouraging its adoption by
local producers over conventional
dryers

07 Development of Santanu 2022 The primary focus of this research

phase change Malakar, Vinkel was the development of a solar dryer
material assisted Kumar Arora based on ETSC technology, which
 evacuated tube incorporates phase change material
solar dryer: to prolong the drying period
Investigation of following sunlight exposure.
thermal profile, Experiments were conducted at
drying various airflow rates, both with and
characteristics, without the inclusion of PCM, to dry
and functional pumpkin slices.
properties of
pumpkin slices
08 Effect of Drying Pedro Cerezal
on Lettuce Mezquita ,Aldo Using an indirect pilot solar drier

Leaves Using Álvarez López 1 fitted with solar collectors,

Indirect Solar and Waldo photovoltaic cells, and thermal

Dryer Assisted Bugueño Muñoz energy storage in water, they studied

2022
with the thin-layer drying behaviour of

Photovoltaic shredded lettuce leaves. A minimum

Cells and temperature of 52°C, an airspeed of

Thermal Energy 1.0 m/s, and a duration of roughly 10

Storage hours were applied to the drying

process. They determined that the
three models with the highest
coefficient of determination (R² ≥
0.998) were the Page, Midilli and
Kucuk, and Weibull Distribution
models. These models were chosen
because of their near-zero R² values
in addition to other statistical metrics
such as
09 Effect of Priyanka Bharti, 2022 Effect of drying temperature on
moisture content of heat-treated
thermal SK Jain and NK
spinach leaves and control spinach
treatment on Jain The drying time was shorter and the
drying rate
drying
Was higher.
characteristics Drying time was short and drying
rate was high.
of spinach
Faster drying rate .In the case of
leaves heat-treated leaves, the decrease in
moisture content was rapid. In the
case of leaves, the decrease in
moisture contents rapid. Also, as the
temperature increased
drying time was reduced. The results
obtained be used in the development
of drying equipment.
10 EVALUATION Tanjima Akter, 2022 The performance study of the solar
OF SOLAR Tafura Hoque
tunnel dryer was conducted under
TUNNEL Sharna,
DRYER FOR Chayan Kumer meteorological conditions of
DRYING OF Saha,
Bangladesh. During the drying
CABBAGE Md. Monjurul
operation, the temperature difference
Alam
between inside and outside of the
dryer was low in the morning (2-
3°C) and afternoon (3-4°C) as
compared to midday periods (5-
6°C). In 1st trial, it took 28 hours to
dry shred cabbage from an initial
moisture content of 94.42% (w.b.) to
a final safe moisture content of
4.85% (w.b.). Besides, the
performance of the dryer, the drying
rate was faster than open sun drying
 and the average drying efficiency
was found 8.22% in solar tunnel
dryer and 3.38% in open sun drying.
11 Improving the AS 2021 The project utilizes solar energy for
efficiency of Manirathnam1, a solar dryer, a reliable and
solar drying unit K Senthil environmentally friendly source.
with PCM Kumar1, Sunlight is used to dry crops and
(Paraffin wax) preserve fruits, with the goal of
S Sudhakar2, using phase change material (PCM)
S Vasanth to increase efficiency.
Balaji2, S Sasi
Kumar2 and
RVibishan2

12 Energy and A.K. Bhardwaj, 2021 The article conducted an evaluation

exergy analyses Raj of a cost-effective forced convection
of drying Kumar,Sushil solar drying system for dehydrating
medicinal herb Kumar,Bhasker Valerian rhizomes. The system
in a novel Goel,Ranchan utilized a solar air collector with
forced Chauhan d sensible heat storage and paraffin
convection solar RT-42 as a thermal energy storage
dryer integrated medium. The experiment showed
with SHSM and that the drying process took 120
PCM hours with the use of thermal energy
storage (TES) and 216 hours without
it. The energy and exergy
efficiencies of the system were
analyzed, with the overall efficiency
 of the drying system being 10.53%.
The specific energy consumption
(SEC) was measured

13 Design and Prof. Pravin M. 2021 Design and construction of a solar

Construction of Gupta, Amit S. dryer aimed at efficiently drying
Solar Dryer for Das, Ranjit C. agricultural products, thereby
Drying Barai, Sagar C. reducing wastage and facilitating
Agricultural Pusadkar, Vishal food preservation and transportation.
Products G. Pawar. Utilizing locally available materials
such as wood, glass, aluminium, and
netting, the dryer harnesses solar
energy to effectively lower moisture
levels in food items, offering
protection against pests and
contamination while operating faster
than traditional open sun drying
methods [12].
14 A review on Masnaji R. 2021 The research offers valuable
Nukulwar,
performance guidance to farmers and researchers
Vinod B.
evaluation of Tungikar regarding the design of efficient
solar dryer and solar dryers suited to particular
its material for products and environmental
drying circumstances.Itrecommends
agricultural employing forced convective dryers
products for products with high moisture
content and underscores the
effectiveness of mix-mode dryers for
versatile applications

15 The effect of S.M.Shalaby a, 2020 Phase change material (PCM) was

drying sweet M. Darwesh b, used for sweet basil. An indirect
basil in an M.S. Ghoname mode forced convection sun dryer
indirect solar b, Sh.El. Salah was used to assess the basil leaves'
dryer integrated b, Yasser Nehela quality (IMFCSD). Additionally, this
with phase c, M.I. Fetouh approach was contrasted with
change material conventional drying methods. They
on essential oil discovered that employing this
valuable method permitted drying over a
components maximum of sixty hours. An
untargeted gas chromatography-
 mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based
metabolomic approach was used to
analyse the impact of the indirect
solar drying process on the volatile
organic compound (VOC) profile of
the basil essential oil in order to
verify that the essential components
of the basil were preserved by the
suggested solar drying method.
Their results show that the IMFCSD
is much better than air drying
naturally, most likely because of the
consistent temperature and regulated
drying

Smart G.A. Çiftçioglu, A smart design for agricultural

agriculture F. Kadırgan, drying using an economically viable
16 through using M.A.N. 2020 and highly effective solar selective
cost-effective Kadırgan, G. absorber. It employs an air heating
and high- Kaynak flat plate solar absorber, and the
efficiency solar analysis includes the levelized cost
drying of heat (LCOH) to assess its
efficiency relative to fossil fuel
energy sources like natural gas,
electricity, and liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG). The research examines
the expenses linked with various
types of air collectors utilizing
different selective absorbers,
whether glazed or unglazed. The
 findings illustrate the enduring
economic advantage of solar energy
over fossil fuels, particularly
regarding cost-effectiveness[9].

Experimental Design of a direct forced convection

performance of S. Nabnean, P. household solar dryer made
17 direct forced Nimnuan 2020 specifically for banana drying,
convection featuring a polycarbonate cover on a
household solar parabolic-shaped flat plate collector.
dryer for drying The dryer significantly reduces
banana drying time compared to natural sun
drying, achieving a moisture content
reduction from 72% to 28% within a
4-day period while maintaining
drying air temperatures between
35°C and 60°C, resulting in high-
quality dried bananas. With an
estimated payback period of about
1.1 years, this solar dryer
demonstrates potential for enhancing
the production of premium dried
fruits in Thailand and tropical
 regions, particularly for products
sensitive to solar radiation
exposure[8].

A review on Abhay The review concentrates on indirect

indirect type Bhanudas type solar dryers (ITSDs) analyzing
18 solar dryers for Lingayat, V.P. 2020 various factors affecting drying
agricultural Chandramohan, rates, including air temperature,
crops – Dryer V.R.K. Raju, velocity, solar radiation, and product
setup, its Venkatesh Meda characteristics, distinguishing
performance, between passive solar dryers and
energy storage forced convection dryers. Enhanced
and important designs integrating multiple passes
highlights and thermal energy storage are
highlighted for their capacity to
improve drying efficiency and
product quality, along with the
benefits of pre-treating crops before
drying. The study underscores the
potential of solar energy for
sustainable food preservation,
suggesting that investments in solar
dryers can yield promising returns
through efficient utilization[7].
 Design and SILPA
MANDAL,
development of The drying rate increased
PK SHARMA,
19 Phase Change INDRA MANI, 2019 significantly as wind speed increased
HL
Material (PCM) from 2 m/s to 4 m/s, but further
KUSHWAHA,
based hybrid ARUN increases in wind speed from 4 m/s
KUMAR
solar dryer for to 6 m/shad no significant effect on
T V, SUSHEEL
herbs and spices SARKAR the drying rate. Increasing bed depth
had a significant effect on the drying
rate of mint and herbs; solar drying
with PCM allows for continuous and
uniform drying of the product even
5-6hoursaftersun exposure

Effect of Raja Sekhar The research explores the impact of

Glazing Dondapati, design factors and ambient
20 Materials on the Rahul Agarwal, 2018 conditions on the efficiency of flat-
Performance of Vishnu Saini, plate solar collectors. With their
Solar Flat Plate Gaurav Vyas, extensive deployment for harnessing
Collectors for Jitendra Thakur solar energy, the increased utilization
Water Heating of solar collectors reflects the
Applications diminishing conventional energy
resources. The primary objective of
this study is to enhance the
performance of solar collectors.
Furthermore, it investigates how
various parameters such as solar
irradiance, overall heat loss
 coefficient, heat removal factor, and
ambient temperature affect
efficiency. These insights are
essential for optimizing solar
collector designs to maximize
efficiency[19]
The study involves the design and
21 Design, Abhay Lingayat, 2017 development of an indirect type
Development Chandramohan solar dryer tailored for drying
and V.P., V.R.K. agricultural products, particularly
Performance of Raju banana slices, with the objective of
Indirect Type minimizing fuel consumption during
Solar Dryer the drying process. Experimental
for Banana findings indicate a significant
Drying reduction in drying duration
compared to conventional open sun
drying methods, resulting in banana
slices attaining final moisture
content ranging from 16.3292% to
42.3748%. The collector and drying
chamber exhibited average thermal
efficiencies of 31.50% and 22.38%,
respectively. The solar dryer yielded
high-quality products devoid of dust
and environmental pollutants,
showcasing its superior efficiency
and effectiveness over open sun
drying methods[11].
 Solar fruit N. Kiggundu, J. The study identifies deficiencies in
22 drying Wanyama, C. 2016 current solar fruit drying
technologies for Galyaki, N. technologies in Uganda and
smallholder Banadda, J. H. proposes solutions to support
farmers in Muyonga, A. industry growth. It emphasizes the
Uganda, A Zziwa, I. importance of efficient and
review of design Kabenge. affordable designs, incorporating
constraints and alternative energy sources, and
solutions tailoring technologies to meet
farmers' and consumers' needs for
increased production capacity,
improved product quality, and ease
of operation [13].

Estimation of Abdul Qayoom This research looked at different

23 Incident Solar Jakhrani, Al- 2012 ways to figure out how much solar
Radiation on Khalid Othman, energy hits tilted surfaces. They used
Tilted Surface Andrew R.H. six models, three for a normal sky
by Different Rigit, Saleem and three for a more complex sky,
Empirical Raza Samo, with data from Kuching, Malaysia.
Models Shakeel Ahmed They kept the surface tilted at 11ºS
Kamboh to get the most sun during the worst
months, October to March, when it's
 often cloudy. They found the Reindl
et al. model said we get the most
solar energy, and the Badescu model
said the least. The Liu and Jordan
model did well when the weather
was bad. So, they say the Liu and
Jordan model could be best for
predicting solar energy on tilted
surfaces there, especially when it's
cloudy.[15]
24 Design and Diemuodeke E. 2011 A solar dryer was designed and
Fabrication of a OGHENERUO prototyped(laboratory dryer)based
Direct Natural NA*1 Momoh on preliminary studies of tapioca
Convection O.L. YUSUF2 drying under controlled conditions.
Solar Dryer for The fabricated dryer will be used for
Tapioca drying tapioca under controlled and
protected conditions. The designed
dryer has a heat collection area of
7.6 m2 and is capable of drying 100
kg of tapioca from 79% to
10%humidityin2days under ambient
conditions through out the year.
25 Development of A.K. Ogunkoya, 2011 A low-cost solar dryer was
a low-cost solar K.O. Ukoba, developed as part of a major effort
Dryer Olunlade made to boost the acceptability of
locally dried produce (e.g., pepper,
tomatoes, okra, etc.) against
importation and the willingness of
the Nigerian government to
encourage the adequate processing
of homegrown produce[18]
26 Design and OguntolaAluma, 2011 The solar drying system utilizes
construction of a Collins N. solar energy to heat up air and to dry
domestic Nwaokocha, and any food substance loaded, which is
passive solar Olayinka not only beneficial in that it reduces
food dryer. Adunola wastage of agricultural produce and
helps in preservation of agricultural
produce[16]

/
27 Design and Oguntola.J. 2010 The solar drying system utilizes
Construction of Alamu, Collins solar energy to heat up air and to dry
a Domestic n. Nwaokocha any food substance loaded, which is
Passive Solar not only beneficial in that it reduces
Food Dryer wastage of agricultural produce and
helps in preservation of agricultural
produce[16].
28 Thermal Kaleemullah 2004 The impact of moisture content on
properties of Shaik the thermal properties of chilies was
chilies investigated within a range of
329.44% to 10.24% (dry basis). It
was found that as moisture content
decreased, the thermal conductivity
 and specific heat of chillies showed
a linear decrease from 0.4900 to
0.0878 W/m.K and 4172.02 to
1768.50J/kg.K, respectively.
Conversely, the thermal diffusivity
increased from 3.1693 × 10-7 to
5.5136 × 10-7 m2/s with decreasing
moisture content from 329.44% to
10.24% (dry basis) at a temperature
of 25°C.[14]
29 Design and Lyes 2003 This research focuses on developing
simulation of a Bennamoun, a cost-effective solar batch drying
solar dryer for Azeddine system designed specifically for
agricultural Belhamri agricultural produce. The system
products includes a supplementary heater to
accelerate drying during periods of
low sunlight, significantly improving
efficiency. Key factors influencing
its performance include the
collector's surface area and ambient
air temperature. The incorporation of
the heater extends the system's
usability, particularly in unfavorable
weather conditions [4]

30 Design, Dilip R. 2002 An innovatively designed solar dryer

development
Pangavhane, tailored for agricultural products like
and
performance R.L. Sawhney, grapes remarkably reduces drying
testing of a new
natural P.N. Sarsavadia duration when contrasted with
convection solar
conventional methods. This
dryer
advancement ensures superior
quality raisins by consistently
maintaining an ideal temperature
range of 50-55°C and optimizing
airflow to augment drying rates[5].
3 Research Gap
3.1 Research Gap
After an in-depth analysis of the existing literature, a notable research gap is identified.

Research gap

Existing literature is There is a lack of There is lack of research

primarily focused on research that focused on that focused on the
generic solar dryer the PCM assisted solar forced convection of in
designs, lacking dryer. the PCM assisted solar
specificity in dryer.
implementing temperature
and humidity control
mechanisms using
Arduino board.
4 Objectives
4.1 Objectives
1. To obtain drying rate vs time graphical data for cabbage.
2. To estimate Drying parameters such as evaporation rate, energy consumption
and efficiency for solar dryer.
3. To Compare Solar drying with phase change material (PCM) with Open drying.
 5 Methodology
5.1 Methodology Adopted
Data collection of Specific heat, Solar Radiation
data, Drying Temperature and safe moisture level

Solution of Energy Balance Equation to calculate

the Paraffin wax mass

Installation of temperature and humidity sensors,

dc fans and Graphical lcd screen

Arduino® board programme to set temperature

and humidity limit

Power source attachments with Arduino board

Fabrication of phase change material (PCM)

container and installing with in the dryer

Testing cabbage by placing it in dryers

Calculations for drying characteristics and drying

parameters
 Figure 1 Flow chart of Methodology adopted

6 Experimental Setup and details of components

6.1 Experimental Setup Design

Figure 5 construction of the solar dryer

Figure 6 side view of solar dryer Figure 7 opening for airflow (top view)
6.2 Central panel

6.2.1 Arduino board

An Arduino board can receive input from sensors and convert it into an output, such
as activating a motor,posting information online. You can direct the board's actions by
sending a series of commands to the microcontroller embedded on the board

Figure 8 Mega2560 Arduino board

Specifications :
 Microcontroller: ATmega2560
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output).
 Figure 9 Uno Arduino board

specifications
 Input Voltage (Recommended): 7V ~ 12V
 Microcontrollers: ATmega328
 UNO board: 14 digital input/output pins
 Color: Blue
 UNO R3 board compatible: Arduno

6.2.2 Temperature Sensors:

The Arduino board is programmed with a minimum and maximum temperature range,
so when the temperature reaches a specific point within this range, it generates
a signal.

Figure 10 DHT11 Temperature & Humidity sensor

Specifications:
 Can detect ambient humidity and temperature
  Humidity measuring range: 20 percent-95 percent (range 0-50 degrees) and humidity
measurement error: +-5 percent
 Temperature measurement range: 0-50 degree temperature measurement error: +-2
 Operating voltage 3. 3V-5v
 Small board pcb dimensions: 3. 2Cmx1. 4Cm

6.2.3 Buzzer:
The Arduino board is linked to a buzzer, which emits a sound once the maximum temperature
is reached.

Figure 11 Alarm buzzer

Specifications:
 3-24V small enclosed piezo electronic buzzer alarm 95dB with wires
 Diameter: 38mm.height 22mm. Input Voltage: 3.5-12V. Current: <25mA. Frequency:
2300 +/-500Hz.
6.2.4 Wires:
 Figure 12 10band wire Figure 13 Arduino SMD uno USB cable

Figure 14 Male to Female Dupont Cable Jumper Wire

6.2.5 SD Card module :

The MicroSD Card Adapter module consists of a Micro SD card reader module that utilizes
the SPI interface through the file system driver and microcontroller system to facilitate the
reading and writing of Micro SD cards. The library card initialization and read-write may be
finished directly by users using the Arduino IDE that is included with an SD card. A microSD
card supply and a 3.3V level converter chip are used in the circuit of the 3.3V voltage
regulator.
Level conversion circuit: A typical AVR microcontroller system may read the signal after the
Micro SD card is used to convert the signal's direction to 3.3V. MicroSD card interfaces are
also used to alter the direction of the MISO signal to 3.3V. The microSD card connection is
easy to insert and has a bomb deck feature.

Figure 15 SD card module

Specifications:

Power Supply-4.5V – 5.5V, 3.3V

Positioning Holes-4 M2 screws positioning hole diameter of 2.2mm

Control Interface-GND, VCC, MISO, MOSI, SCK, CS

Dimensions-45 x 28mm

Weight-6g

6.2.6 DC fans:
DC fans are used for the force convection of air into the solar dryer

Figure 16 Dc fans
Specifications:
 Operating Voltage: 12V
 DC Type: DC Operating Current: 0.2Amp±10%
 Rated speed: 2600RPM ±10%
 Air Flow: 30.7CFM
 Noise: 30.7dBA
  Length: 80mm
 Width: 80mm
 Height: 25mm
 Weight: 85gm

6.2.7 Solar cell:

solar panel is utilized to recharge the battery in the solar dryer

Figure 17 solar cell

Specifications:
Material: Monocrystalline Silicon
Product Dimensions:68L x 4W x 78H Centimeters
Item Weight: 6.8 Kilograms
Efficiency: High Efficiency
Maximum Voltage:12 Volts
Maximum Power:100 Watts

6.2.8 Battery:
12V battery is used to supply the power to Ardunio boards, dc fans and lcd.
 Figure 18 battery

Specifications
• Brand - Frontech
• Model Number -BT-0007
• Type - Flooded
• Voltage -12 V
• Capacity Rating - 14 V
• Capacity -7.2 Ah
• Dimensions -151mm*65*93.5mm

6.2.9 Load cell:

load cells are used in the dryer to measure the weight of the food item

Figure 19 load cell

Specifications:
● Sturdy aluminum alloy construction with strain gauges pre-attached with strain-relieved
wires. Accurate measures forces from 0-5kg
Load cell specs: 22 cm (8.5 in) wire leads pre-attached. Dimensions 12.7 mm high, 12.7 mm
wide, 80 mm long (0.5 in x 0.5 in x 3.15 in). 4 mounting holes, 15 mm spacing on each side.
One both holes tapped M4 thread, and the other side both holes tapped the M5 thread.
HX711: This top-of-the-line load cell amplifier mounted on a breakout board pairs perfectly
with the load cell to provide fast, accurate force measurements. It measures small changes in
the resistance of the strain gauges mounted to the load cell and passes these values directly to
any microcontroller.
Connection (to HX711): Red to E+ ; Black to E- ; Green to A+ ; White to A-

6.2.10 LCD:

Figure 20 LCD

Specifications:
 Special Feature LC display module with Yellow Backlight
 SIZE: 20x4 (2 Rows and 16 Characters Per Row)
 Built-in industry standard HD44780 equivalent LCD controller
 Item Weight:35 g
 Product Dimensions:16 x 2 x 2 cm; 35 g
 Voltage:5 Volts
 Power Source dc
 Compatible Device: Microcontrollers

6.2.11 Solar charge controller

A solar charge controller was used to charge the battery with the solar panel
 Figure 21 Solar charge controller

Specifications:
 Model SY3024H
 Battery Input 12-24V Auto
 Charging Current (A) 30
 Discharge Current (A)30
 Max. Solar Input (V) <50
 USB 3A@5V
 Operating Temperature Range (°C): -35~60
 Length (mm): 150
 Width (mm) 78
 Height (mm) 35
 Weight (gm) 150
 Shipping Weight 0.16 kg
 Shipping Dimensions 15 × 8 × 4 cm
6.2.12 paraffin wax
Paraffin wax is used as the phase change material in the dryer.

Figure 22 paraffin wax

Specifications:
Color: white
Shipping Weight:1.03 Kilograms
Melting Point: 45 C
6.2.13 Glazing sheet
Polycarbonate sheets are used as the glazing material in solar dryers. This type of material
improves insulation, increases temperature through a greenhouse effect, safeguards drying
materials, increases efficiency, and fortifies the structure.

Figure 23 Polycarbonate sheet

6.2.14 Trays
In a sun dryer, perforated trays are utilized to improve air flow and maintain a constant
temperature for the food being dried. The purpose of these trays is to provide rapid and equal
air movement, which helps maintain the proper drying temperature. The food dries more
uniformly and keeps fresher for longer when using these trays.

Figure 24 trays

6.3 Calculations Required for Design of Setup

Following are the necessary calculations performed to estimate the amount of solar radiation
incident on solar dryer at a particular day of the year. Similarly, the area of the glazing sheet
is also estimated by using heat balance equation.

6.3.1 Estimation of Solar radiation

On June 11, n = 163 Latitude angle ϕ of Jalandhar = 31[20]

δ=¿ It is the angular position of the solar noon with respect to the plane of the equator, and
was calculated by the formula proposed by Cooper (1669)

360
δ=23.45 × Sin × (284+ 163)
365

= 23.45×Sin(440)

= 23.09°

ωs = It is the solar hour angle corresponding to the time when the sun sets

ωs = Cos -1(-tan31° tanꟘ)

= Cos-1 (-tan31°tan23.09˚)

=1.8286 radian

= 104.7°
Smax is the maximum day length in the month of June

2
S max = ×Cos -1(-tanϕ.tanꟘ)
15

2
= ×104.7
15

= 13.96 hours

Ho = Monthly mean solar radiation on earth surface

24 360 n
H0= Isc (1+ 0.033Cos ) (ω sin ϕ sinꟘ+ cosϕ cosꟘ sinω)
π 365

Where Isc = 4894.3[21]

= 37409 (1+ (-0.03))×(1.828 ×0.515×0.39 + 0.85 ×0.92×0.97)

= 37409×0.97×1.11

= 40278.2kJ /m2

6.3.2 Calculation for paraffin wax

Q=(Mp Cp ∆ T)+ (mw Hfg)

Q= [1*4.02*35] + [0.92*1729]

=140.7+1591

=1731.7kj

Amount of paraffin wax for spinach = 1731.7/255

=6.79 kg

6.3.2 Calculation for PCM Container

Mass/ volume =density

7kg/800kg*m3

Volume=0.08m3
7 Results and Discussion

8 Conclusions

9 Future Scope
 1. One possible improvement for the device is incorporating an automatic cover
technology that turns on over the glazing sheet when the solar dryer achieves its
maximum temperature and the recommended humidity levels.
2. Changing the tray design to accommodate various food ingredients provides a
possible avenue for model improvements in the future.
3. Including forced air circulation—for example, by using a pump and heater—offers a
viable avenue for future model efficiency improvements.
4. An avenue for future model enhancements may be provided by investigating the use
of different glazing sheets, which could produce a range of results.
5. New control capabilities like managing the solar dryer using a mobile application will
provide technological innovation in sun drying.

10 References
11 Appendix