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Basic Computer Science Lecture 5

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Basic Computer Science Lecture 5

Uploaded by

Aftab Alam Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computers

•Lecture 5
Operating
System
•UNIX, Macintosh
•Windows
•Linux
Lecture’s Outline

Functionality of Operating Survey of Common Operating


System (OS) Systems
The Role of An OS

Provide a user
Run programs
interface

Manage hardware Organized file


devices storage
Where OS resides?

❑ Operating System is installed and stored on the hard disk.


❑ As hard disk is a non volatile memory, OS does not lose on the
turn off
❑ But as the data access from the hard disk is very slow
❑ just after the computer is started OS is copied into RAM from the
hard disk
OS Components
Device
Manager

File
Manager

Loade
r
Kernel
Comman
d
Interprete
r GUI
(Shell)
The heart of the OS

Kernel Responsible for all the essential


operations like managing
resources, task scheduling, etc.

Size important, as it is
memory-resident
Kernel

❑The kernel connects the system hardware to the


application software.
❑Every operating system has a kernel.
❑It functions at a basic level, communicating with
hardware and managing resources, such as RAM and the
CPU.
OS and ❑ Operating system is a ❑ Kernel is a part
system software of operating
Kernel ❑ Operating system acts system
as an ❑ Kernel acts as an
interface between user interface between
and hardware applications and
hardware
Types of Operating Systems
Classification according to type of computers and applications they
support

❑ Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)


❑ Single-User, Single Task
❑ Single-User, Multi-Tasking
❑ Multi-User
Home Work

Go Through Different Kernel Types


RTOS

❑ Small and very fast OS


❑ Built directly on the circuitry of the device and
are not loaded from the disk drive
❑ Run real-time application– an application that
gives quick response
❑ Used to run computers embedded in
machinery, robots, scientific instruments and
industrial systems
❑ An important part of an RTOS is managing the
resources of the computer so that a particular
operation executes in precisely the same
amount of time every time it occurs
❑ Examples: Real-time Linux
❑ OS designed to manage the computer so
that one user can effectively do one task at
a time
❑ For a user task is a function such as printing
a document etc
Single-User, ❑ For OS, task is a process; a simple and a
small OS can perform only one task at a
Single Task time
❑ Example: MS-DOS is an example of
single-tasking single-user OS with a
command line interface.
Most popular OS

Used by most of PCs and Laptops

Single-User,
Multi-Tasking Lets a single user interact with several
programs, simultaneously

Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Linux


Terminal Server Multi-User
❑ A multi-user OS
allows many users to
take advantage of the
computer's
resources,
simultaneously
❑ Examples: Unix,
Terminal server creates user-sessions for different users Windows Terminal
and provides them complete environment through these Server
sessions to utilize the resources of this OS
Processor management

Memory management

Core Tasks of Device management

an OS Storage management

Application Interface

User Interface
❑ Various programs compete for the
attention of the microprocessor.

❑ The OS plays the role of the honest


referee, making sure that each
Processor application gets the necessary
attention required for its proper
Managemen execution.

t ❑ It tries to optimally manage the limited


processing capacity of the
microprocessor to the greatest good of
all the users & apps
Memory Management
❑ Straight forward for a single-user, single tasking

❑ The OS ensures that


▪ each application has enough private memory
▪ applications do not run into other application’s private memory.

❑ The OS is responsible for efficient utilization of hierarchical system memory


(e.g. RAM, cache, etc.).
Device Management

❑ Applications talk to devices through the OS and OS talks to and manages


devices through device drivers

❑ Example: When we send print to a laser printer, we do not need to know its
details. All we do is to tell the printer device driver about what needs to be
printed and it takes care of the details
Storage Management

❑ A file system is a collection of directories, subdirectories, and files organized


in a logical order

❑ The OS is responsible for maintaining the file system through indexing of


filenames and their disk location.

❑ The OS can find any file in a logical and timely fashion


Application Interface

❑ Application developers do not need to know much about the hardware

❑ The OS provides all applications with a straight-forward and consistent


interface to hardware

❑ Example: An application uses the OS to store data on the disk drive without
knowing exact physical characteristics of the disk.
User Interface

❑ Users communicate with the computer using a consistent user interface provided
by the OS

❑ This UI can be a command-line interface in which a user types in the commands.


Example:
copy a:/file1.html c:/file1.html

❑ Or, it can be a graphical UI, where Windows, Icons, Menus, and a Pointing device
(such as a mouse) is used to receive and display information. Example:
With the help of the mouse, drag file1.html from drive a to drive c
❑ Utility software
▪ Provide services not included
with OS
Enhancing ▪ Goes beyond the basic functions
an OS of OS
▪ Example: Firewall, anti-virus and
compression etc
▪ Prices vary
❑Backup software
▪Archives files onto removable
media
Enhancing ▪Ensures data integrity
an OS ▪Most OS include a backup
package
▪Many third party packages
exist
❑Anti-virus software
Enhancing ▪Finds, blocks and removes
viruses
an OS ▪Must be updated regularly
▪McAfee, Norton Anti-Virus,
Kaspersky, Avast etc
❑ Firewall
▪ Protects your computer
from intruders
▪ Software plus hardware
firewalls
Enhancing ▪ Windows 10 has built in
firewall software
an OS ▪ ISP / organizations deploy
hardware firewalls
▪ Cisco sells hardware
firewalls
❑Intrusion detection
▪Often part of a firewall
package
Enhancing ▪Announces attempts
an OS to breach security
▪Snort is a Linux based
package

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