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Computer Science Basic

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Aftab Alam Khan
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Computer Science Basic

Uploaded by

Aftab Alam Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Computers and
Communication
Technology
Course Introduction
Lecture’s Outline

► What is a computer?
► Anatomy of a Computer
► History of Computers
► Generation of Computers
What is a
Computer?

► An electronic device
that can perform
► Mathematical operations
► Logical operations
► Graphical operations
Computers in Our World

► Computers are everywhere


► We can find them in pretty unlikely places

► Family car
► Home appliances
► Smart phones
► Markets
Anatomy of a Computer

► Every computer has four basic parts, or units:

❑ an input unit such as the keyboard, that feeds information into the
computer

❑ a central processing unit (CPU) that performs the various tasks of the
computer

❑ an output unit , such as a monitor , that displays the results;

❑ a memory that stores information and instructions.


History of
Computers
Old Computers

► Older computers were analog

❑ represent data as variable points along a


continuous spectrum of values.
❑ More flexible but not necessarily more
precise and reliable
ABACUS

► 3000 BC: The first calculating device ABACUS was invented in Egypt .
► The abacus is still in use in some countries especially China, Japan.
► Operations

❑ Addition, subtraction, division and


multiplication
❑ Extract square root and cube root
► User has to memorize certain rules
Pascaline
► 1642: A Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced
the first mechanical calculating device.
► Series of wheels with teeth which could be
turned using hands
► Pascal manufactured machines with 6, 8, and even 10 digital
positions.
► Perform both addition and subtraction.
Difference Engine

► 1820s: Charles Babbage

❑ Professor of Mathematics
❑ Cambridge University
❑ With Assistance of Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace
► Developed a machine that could store
information, calculate numbers and solve
algebraic expression.
Punched Card

► 1890: Herman Hollerith


► American Inventor
► developed devices that were able to
read information which had been
punched into cards automatically
► developed a machine called the census machine
► US Census Bureau.
► Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols.
•Harvard Mark I

► 1944: Howard Aikens and Grace Hooper


developed an electromechanical machine at IBM
► Called Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC)
► Called Mark I by Harvard University
► Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols
► Built from Switches, Relays, rotating
shafts and clutches
► 765,000 components
► Hundred of meters of wires
► Volume

► Length (51ft) X Height (8 ft) x Depth (2 ft)


► Weight 4500 kgs
► Used decimal number systems
ENIAC

► 1946 First general purpose electronic computer


► Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
(ENIAC)
► Technology used

► Vacuum tubes 17,468


► Crystal Diodes 7,200
► Relays 1,500
► Transistors 70,000
► Capacitors 10,000
► Hand soldered joints 1 million
► Weight 27 tons
► Volume 100 ft (L) X 8 ft ( H) X 3 ft (D)
► Covers 1800 sq. feet
► Power consumption 150 kW
► Uses punch cards
► Averages 5,000 operations
Manchester Mark I

► 1948
► First stored program computer,
► Based on Von Neumann architecture
► Manchester Mark 1 , built in UK.
Using valves ,
► it can perform about 500 operations per
second and has the first RAM .
► It fills a room the size of a small office.
Modern Computers
Intel 4004 Microprocessor

► 1971 Intel 4004, the world’s first


commercially available microprocessor.
► four-bit computer containing 2,300
transistors
► can perform 60,000 instructions per second.
► Designed for use in a calculator
► Sells for $200
Altair 880

► 1975, first commercially


available microcomputer
❑ 64 KB of memory
❑ open 100-line bus structure.
❑ sells for $397 in kit form or $439
assembled.
Apple I

► 1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs


build the Apple I computer.
► less powerful than the Altair, but also less
expensive and less complicated.
► Users must connect their own keyboard
and video display, and
► have the option of mounting the
computer’s motherboard in any container
they choose — whether a metal case, a
wooden box, or a briefcase.
Osborne I

► 1981 First portable computer, Osborne 1, produced.


► At the size and weight of a sewing machine,
► much less convenient than current portable computers.
► weighs about 22 pounds
► Two 5.25-inch floppy drives,
► 64 KB of RAM, and
► a five-inch monitor but no hard drive.
► based on the z80 processor, runs the CP/M operating system,
and sells for $1,795.
► The Osborne 1 comes with WordStar (a word processing application)
and Super-Calc (a spreadsheet application).
► It is a huge success.
IBM PC
► 1981, IBM introduces the IBM-PC
► 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 CPU,
► 16 KB of memory,
► a keyboard, a monitor,
► one or two 5.25-inch floppy drives,
and A price tag of $2,495
Apple

► 1984 Apple Macintosh computer becomes first successful personal


computer with a mouse and easy to use Graphic User Interface (GUI).
► Steve Jobs and his ingenious Macintosh team arranged for the
computer to be used by the normal “person in the street” – and not only
by experts.
Windows

► Intel releases the 80386 processor (also called the 386),


► a 32-bit processor that can address more than four billion bytes of memory
and performs 10 times faster than the 80286.
► Aldus releases Page-Maker for the Macintosh,
► the first desktop publishing software for microcomputers.
► Microsoft announces the Windows 1.0 operating
environment in 1985.
► featuring the first graphical user interface for PCs mirroring the
interface found the previous year on the Macintosh.
Window 1.0 GUI
Generation of Computers

1980

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