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INTRODUCTION OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Dr.Bharath V MFM., M.Com., Ph.D
Assistant Professor
Department of Management
Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous)
Bengaluru

[email protected]
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Information
“Information is a collection of facts (data) organised
in some manner so that they are meaningful to a recipient”.

“Information is the output that results from analysing,

contextualizing, structuring, interpreting or in other ways
processing data”.

“information is data that has been processed into a

form that is meaningful to the recipient and is real or
perceived value in current or prospective actions or
decisions”.

Example: Business day-to-day transactions.

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Classification of information
1. Action Vs Non-action information

• Action information is active information that causes an

activity or operation. Ex: follow the order

• Non-Action Information: which is communicates only the

status of a situation is a no action information. Ex:
personal opinion.
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Recurring Vs Non-recurring information

• The information that is generated in regular intervals is called

recurring information. Ex. Daily transactions

• Whereas the information non-repetitive in nature is called non-

recurring information. ex. Capital expenditure

• Internal Vs External information

• Internal information is information that comes from within a

business. Ex. Planning, control, knowledge, organization,
database, function/operational information.

• While external information comes from outside the business.

Ex. surveys, questionnaires, research, and customer feedback
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Information Technology (IT)

• Information technology (IT) in business is the use of
computers, networking, and other devices to create, store,
secure, and exchange electronic data.

• It can help businesses in many ways, including: Streamlining

processes, Communicating and collaborating, Developing and
processing data, Accessing information, and Supporting
innovation.

• Information Technology plays a crucial role in improving

efficiency, decision-making, and overall business performance
because of automation.

• It lets businesses access information in real time and helps

with seamless communication within the organization.
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Information System
• An information system (IS) is an interconnected set of
components used to collect, store, process and transmit
data and digital information.

• At its core, it is a collection of hardware, software, data,

people and processes that work together to transform raw
data into useful information.
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Need for Information System

• For decision making
• Proper communication
• To record and store the information
• To access relevant, accurate, and updated info.
• Innovate new products and services
• To protect the data
• Improving productivity and efficiency
• Improve data accurately
• Identify trends and patterns
• It help to forecast the daily business activities.
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General mode of system

• input, process, and output (IPO)
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Computer based IS (CBIS)

• A computer-based information system (CBIS) is a
collection of systems that use computers to process and
manipulate data to achieve specific goals.

• CBISs are categorized by management level and can

involve varying degrees of human-computer interaction.

• They typically have five main components: hardware,

software, databases, networks, and procedures.
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Difference between IS and IT

Information system Information Technology
It covers set of info. as a whole It covers specifically to the tech. aspect
within that system
It incorporates technology, people and It design and implementation of info. Or
processes involved with info, data within the IS
It a software used to organise and analyse It is a sub system of IS
data.
Purpose” converting raw data into useful Help people perform their work
info. That will help to make the Decision properly and effectively and achieve
their objective
Focus: Support to operations, mgt and Improving productivity and efficiency
decision making
Components: task, people, structure and Hardware, software, networks and data
technology
bridge between technology and people. It helps people to utilize and make
sense of that system.
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Information system in the Enterprise

• An enterprise information system (EIS) is a central system

that allows information to be shared across an
organization's management hierarchies and functional
levels.

• It can help improve business productivity, reduce service

cycles, and save costs. EIS can also combine existing
applications.
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Fourth IR
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Digital Era
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Digital Innovation
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ENTERPRISES

•
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Key components of EIS

EIS

People Processes Data Technology

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Key Components
• People: The individuals who use, manage, and interact
with the information system. This includes employees,
managers, stakeholders, and customers who engage with
the system to carry out their roles and responsibilities.

• Processes: The structured set of activities, workflows,

and procedures that define how information is collected,
processed, and utilized. These processes are designed to
achieve specific business goals and objectives.
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• Data: The raw facts, figures, and information that are

collected, stored, and processed by the system. Data can
be structured (organized in databases) or unstructured
(such as documents, images, videos) and serves as the
foundation for generating meaningful information.

• Technology: The hardware, software, networks, and

infrastructure that enable the collection, storage,
processing, and distribution of information. This includes
computers, servers, databases, communication networks,
and software applications.
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Impact of Information Technology on business

• Enhanced Decision-Making

• Enhanced decision making is the ability to make logical,

well-reasoned choices based on information and objective
analysis

• Data-driven decision-making helps businesses cut costs

by identifying more efficient ways of performing tasks and
by reducing errors in the workflow. Analyzing data allows
for a more accurate prediction of needs and better
inventory management, which minimizes overstock and
understock situations.
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Operational Efficiency
• Streamlined data processing improves productivity across
departments, boosting overall operational efficiency.
• Reduced overhead: Errors in data can lead to costly
mistakes, like products overstocking, missed
opportunities, or compliance issues.

• Ex. Process and workflow optimization, Cutting down on

waste and inefficiency
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Personalized Customer Experiences

• Personalization in customer experience means designing
products or producing services and products to meet
customers' individual requirements.

• Personalization allows marketing teams to gain a deep

understanding of their customer's needs and preferences.
This analysis helps teams spot trends, inform new product
development, refine existing offerings, and make data-
driven decisions about product discontinuation.
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Market Insights and Competitive Advantage

• Understanding the market better than competitors can
give a business a significant edge.

• Organizations that effectively leverage data gain a deeper

understanding of their market, customers, and
competitors
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Scalability and Flexibility

• Scalability is the capacity of your system to handle
increasing or decreasing data loads without sacrificing
performance or quality.

• Flexibility is the capability of your system to adjust to

changing data formats, sources, schemas, and
requirements without needing extensive modifications or
rework.

• Scalability and flexibility in business data processing can

help businesses gain insights from their data more quickly
without large infrastructure investments.
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Improved Resource Allocation

• Resource allocation is the process of assigning and
managing an organization's resources to achieve its
goals.

• It involves planning, prioritizing, budgeting, and

monitoring the use of human, financial, physical, and
informational assets. Data can be essential for effective
resource allocation
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Risk Management
• Risk management is an important business practice that
helps businesses identify, evaluate, track, and improve
the risk mitigation process in the business environment.

• Risk management is practiced by the business of all

sizes; small businesses do it informally, while enterprises
organize it.
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Global Reach and E-commerce

• Global ecommerce is the process of selling products or
services online across geopolitical borders to customers
in foreign countries.

• Compared to local ecommerce, in which a retailer only

sells within its country of origin, global ecommerce allows
merchants to expand into non-native markets and reach
new customers.
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Collaborative Work Environments

• Collaborative analytics is the process of working together
with all stakeholders, including data scientists, executives,
frontline workers, supply chain and operations teams, and
external stakeholders to collectively analyze and interpret
data.
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Regulatory Compliance
• Data compliance is the formal governance structure in
place to ensure an organization complies with laws,
regulations, and standards around its data.

• The process governs the possession, organization,

storage, and management of digital assets or data to
prevent it from loss, theft, misuse, or compromise.
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IS – Domino’s
• Many Domino's franchise owners utilize the PULSE
Franchise Office System, which makes in-store ordering
more streamlined. Part of the application is that individual
stores can track customer preferences and local trends.

• In 2008, Domino's introduced a Pizza Tracker, which

allows consumers to track orders from inception to oven
to pickup (or delivery).

• In 2019, Domino's launched a GPS Driver Tracker that

pizza can use to determine where the driver is and exactly
when to expect delivery.
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Intra and Inter Organisational Communication

• The term organizational communication describes how a
firm's information is shared internally and externally.

• Examples of internal organizational communication

include: Newsletters. All-staff or team-specific meetings.
Messaging platforms.
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Intra-organizational communication
• Intra-organizational communication is communication that
takes place within an organization, such as between different
teams or levels of the hierarchy. It can also refer to the level of
strong relationships that employees have with their colleagues.

• Company newsletters: A useful way to share information from

management to staff, such as news and important updates

• Employee engagement campaigns: Activities that improve

employee engagement, such as feedback surveys, wellness
activities, or inviting external speakers

• Crisis communication: Internal processes and communication

channels used to communicate with employees during a critical
situation
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• Upward communication: Communication that flows from

lower hierarchy levels to higher hierarchy levels, such as
providing general feedback for the organization

• Ex. Face-to-face meetings, Phone calls, Email Video

conferencing, Internal social media
• Employee intranet, Performance reviews
• Training sessions, Employee feedback sessions, Memos
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Inter-Organizational Communication
• Inter-organizational communication is the process of
exchanging information between two or more
organizations to coordinate their work.

• It can involve individuals, groups, or computerized

agents. IOC is important for sustaining relationships
between organizations, especially between consumers
and suppliers.
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Electronic data interchange (EDI)

• Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the automated
exchange of business documents between organizations.
Daily business workflows require the exchange of
documents like invoices, purchase orders, and shipping
forms.
• Point-to-point or direct connections: Two computers or
systems connect directly over the internet, usually with
secure protocols. This method is often used between
large customers and suppliers who do many transactions
each day.

• Value-added network (VAN): A third-party network

manages the data transmission, often using a mailboxing
system.
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Supply Chain Management Systems

• Supply chain management (SCM) systems are a
collection of software, processes, and positions that help
keep materials and products moving through an
organization.

• An example raw material producer, manufacturer,

distributor, retailer and retail customer.
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E-Commerce Platforms
• Online marketplaces like flipkart and Amazon Business
enable businesses to connect and engage in trade across
different industries and regions, streamlining procurement
and sales processes.
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Knowledge Process Outsourcing(KPO)

• KPO refers to outsourcing highly skilled personnel to
transfer or assign knowledge and processes to another
company.

•KPO is the process of outsourcing

knowledge intensive activities that
are data driven and encompass
the process of gathering, managing,
analysing.

Ex. TCS, HCL, Infosys

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• Data Analytics and Insights: Addressing business problems

across industries and domains to empower organisations with
actionable insights through cutting edge data analytics.

• Market Research/ Business Research: Providing research

services and strategy consulting for accurate and short
answers to the most pressing business questions.

• Global Reporting and Performance Management: Providing

efficient reporting and performance measurement across
industries to achieve operational excellence and productivity.

• Data Management: Efficient solutions for data integration,

storage, retrieval and sharing for robust business reporting and
analytics as required by various stakeholders.
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BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING (BPO)

• It can be defined as outsourcing non-primary activities to

a third-party service provider or service to decrease costs
and increase productivity and efficiency.

• Business process outsourcing (BPO) happens when a

company outsources entire business functions to be
handled by another company. For example, companies
can outsource their payroll, human resources (HR),
marketing, supply chain management functions and
customer service.

• Companies have outsourced functions mainly to cut

costs, save time and improve performance.
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• BPO can handle the below activities:

• Human resources – training, recruitment, payroll

processing.
• Customer care – call center, help desk

• Technical support

• Technical solutions

• Finance and accounting services

• Website services – website maintenance,

updating, etc.
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MANAGERS IN EIS
• 1) Strategic planning: Strategic management activities
turn the static plan into a system that provides decision-
making input on strategic success.

• 2) Management control: At middle management, the

people perform resource control practices. Management
regulation enables the organization's smooth
organizational activities.

• 3) Operational control: Operational control systems are

designed to ensure day-to-day actions are consistent with
the plans and goals established
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ACTIVITIES IN EIS
• 1.Input of Data Resource: Input typically takes the form of
data entry activities such as recording and editing.
• 2.Processing of Data into Information: Data is typically
subjected to processing activities such as calculating,
comparing, sorting, classifying, and summarizing.
• 3.Output of Information Products: Information in various
forms is transmitted to end-users and made available to them
in the output activity.
• 4. Storage of data: Storage is a basic system component of
information systems. Storage is the information system activity
in which data and information are retained in an organized
manner for later use.
• 5.Control of System Performance: An information system
should produce feedback about its input, processing, output,
and the system is meeting established performance standards.
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“Bringing the clinic to the Patients”

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Introduction
• Distributed medical practice that provides healthcare
services to patients at their homes, enhancing the quality
of life and minimizing barriers to accessing the best
medical care.

• The client receives referrals from healthcare providers

(doctors and hospitals) and payers (healthcare insurance
companies), and hence, face the challenge of managing
multiple referral mediums such as Faxes, phone calls to
call centers across the world, referrals from 3rd party
portal, etc.
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Conti…
• The client uses an evidence-based strategy and a
customized healing medication schedule to solve
healthcare inequities and financial inefficiencies.

• Coordinating appointments with patients to ensure that

everyone receives high-quality care and taking care of
any administrative patient needs or questions.

• The system is designed for users such as patients and

healthcare providers, clinicians, practitioners, primary
care doctors, patient care coordinators, and referral
providers.
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Problem Statement
• Providers, especially Primary Care Physicians, struggle
with how to bring care to patients who need it the most on
a timely basis.

• Doctors struggle with how to bring Technology-enabled

specialized healthcare services to patients wherever they
be present in rather than having the patients come to the
Doctor’s office.

• Doctors struggle with helping patients heal quickly when

the patient’s condition requires daily or even weekly care
because again this requires multiple visits per day or
week to the doctor’s office.
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Existing system
• The client created a system for users including patients
and healthcare professionals, clinics, practitioners,
primary care physicians, patient care coordinators, and
referral providers to address the obstacles faced by
healthcare workers.

• The client’s legacy EMR (Electronic Medical Record)

system was a third-party SaaS solution.
• Integration challenges with many other platforms.
• Maintaining the data in the legacy system was
challenging.
• Most of the jobs required manual processing, and the
outdated system was unable to automate the processes
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Element
The healthcare system manages all the elements:
• Patient Intake,
• Healthcare Insurance Eligibility Checks, Authorization for
Treatment, Claims Submission,
• Appointment Setting,
• Patient Care Coordination,
• Caregiver Training, and Deployment for Home Visit,
• Telehealth/Caregiver Home Visit,
• Patient Experience Feedback,
• Patient Self-Services, and Portal, and
• Automated Follow-up until the Health Outcome was
accomplished.
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Solution
• Patient registration (Capture demographic and
insurance info) and batch validate coverage for active
patients.
• Process status reporting and performance reporting
(Efficiency and effectiveness).
• Tasking / Inbox solution – Task Management System
was developed to manage the tasks.
• Consolidated referral mediums (Faxes, Phone Calls to
call centers, Own/3rd party portal) and referral sources
(Insurance companies, referring providers, etc.)
• Eligibility checks to determine current insurance
coverage, coverage phase, patient responsibility,
contractually agreed constraints to be respected in care
delivery, etc.
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Solution
• Feedback through online forms/questionnaires.

• Capture patient authorization/consent.

• A Document Management System

• Configurable workflows using a Workflow Management

System.

• Existing Data Migration.

• Existing Users Migration.

• Integration with multiple external systems.

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Business Outcome
• Improve operational efficiency and increased revenue.

• Customized patient data views and can deliver timely,

efficient value-based insights-driven care.
• Accessing weekly schedules for doctors and clinicians.
• Reduced delays in scheduling patients’ SOCs (Start of
Care).
• The quality of care provided by physicians is consistently
improved through guided treatment paths.
•
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• Patients are now able to fill in all required forms through

their mobile devices, which get directly uploaded to many
different EHR (Electronic Health Record) systems.

• This entire system using the FHIR standard (Fast

Healthcare Interoperability Resources) thereby enabling
seamless integration and interoperability between multiple
different healthcare systems.

• Healthcare Insurance Coverage Validity and Authorization

are automatically checked and synchronized between the
Patient, Doctor, and Healthcare Insurance Company and
their respective Patient Health Record System and
Electronic Health Record System (EHR).