Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is an American non-profit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle
that runs a digital library website, archive.org.[2][3][4] It provides free access to collections of
digitized media including websites, software applications, music, audiovisual, and print
materials. The Archive also advocates a free and open Internet. Its mission is committing to
provide "universal access to all knowledge".[5]

Since late 2009, the headquarters of

the Internet Archive has been the
building that formerly housed the
Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist in
San Francisco, California.

The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster,
but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as
much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of
billions of web captures.[6][7] The Archive also oversees numerous book digitization projects,
collectively one of the world's largest book digitization efforts.

History

Headquarters in Building 116 of the

Presidio of San Francisco in 2008

Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996, around the same time that he began the for-
profit web crawling company Alexa Internet.[8][9] The earliest known archived page on the site
was saved on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 pm UTC (7:42 am PDT). By October of that year, the Internet
Archive had begun to archive and preserve the
Internet Archive
World Wide Web in large
amounts.[10][11][12][13][14] The archived content
became more easily available to the general
public in 2001, through the Wayback Machine.

In late 1999, the Archive expanded its

collections beyond the web archive, beginning
with the Prelinger Archives. Now, the Internet
Archive includes texts, audio, moving images,
and software. It hosts a number of other
projects: the NASA Images Archive, the Type of business Nonprofit

contract crawling service Archive-It, and the organization

wiki-editable library catalog and book Type of site Digital library

information site Open Library. Soon after that,
Available in English
the Archive began working to provide
specialized services relating to the information Founded May 10, 1996
access needs of the print-disabled; publicly
Headquarters Richmond District
accessible books were made available in a
San Francisco,
protected Digital Accessible Information
California, United
System (DAISY) format.[15]
States
37.782321°N
According to its website:[16]
122.471611°W (http
s://geohack.toolforg
Most societies place importance
e.org/geohack.php?p
on preserving artifacts of their agename=Internet_Ar
culture and heritage. Without such chive&params=37.78
artifacts, civilization has no 2321_N_122.471611_
memory and no mechanism to W_type:landmark_reg
learn from its successes and ion:US-CA)

failures. Our culture now

Founder(s) Brewster Kahle
produces more and more artifacts
in digital form. The Archive's Chairman Brewster Kahle

mission is to help preserve those Services Archive-It

artifacts and create an Internet Open Library
library for researchers, historians, Wayback Machine
and scholars. (since 2001)
Netlabels

In August 2012, the Archive announced[17] that NASA Images

Prelinger Archives
it had added BitTorrent to its file download
options for more than 1.3 million existing files, Revenue $30.5 million
[18][19]
and all newly uploaded files. This method (2022)[1]
is the fastest means of downloading media
Total assets $7.3 million
from the Archive, as files are served from two
(2022)[1]
Archive data centers, in addition to other
torrent clients which have downloaded and Employees 169 (2022)[1]
continue to serve the files.[18][20]
URL archive.org (https://a
rchive.org/)
On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's
headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond Commercial No
[21]
District caught fire, destroying equipment
Launched 1996
and damaging some nearby apartments.[22]
According to the Archive, it lost a side-building Current status Active
housing one of 30 of its scanning centers;
cameras, lights, and scanning equipment ASN 7941 (https://bgp.too
worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and ls/as/7941)
"maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some
irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".[23] The nonprofit Archive sought
donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.[24]

An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was
removed in March 2016.[25][26]

In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive
of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received
widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a
foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump.[27][28][29]

Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's
records of digitized books available in WorldCat.[30]

Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani
and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes[31] of digitized
materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which
culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create
something for future generations to appreciate online or off.[32] Previous artists in residence
include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.[33]

The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,[34] such as hundreds of thousands
of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,[35] a donation of 250,000 books from Trent
University in 2018,[36] and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library after it closed in
2020.[37] All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is
returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent
to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-
sale doctrine.[38]

On June 1, 2020, four large publishing houses – Hachette Book Group, Penguin Random House,
HarperCollins, and John Wiley – filed a lawsuit against the Internet Archive before the United
States District Court for the Southern District of New York, claiming that the Internet Archive's
practice of controlled digital lending constituted copyright infringement. On March 25, 2023, the
court found in favor of the publishers. The negotiated judgment of August 11, 2023, barred the
Internet Archive from digitally lending books for which electronic copies are on sale.

Also on August 11, 2023, the music industry giants Universal Music Group, Sony Music and
Concord (together with their respective labels Capitol Records, Arista Records and CMGI
Recorded Music Assets) sued the Internet Archive before the same United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York over the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project for $621 million
in damages from alleged copyright infringement.[39][40][41]

In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive signed a partnership to allow people to see
previous versions of websites on Google Search that uses the Wayback Machine, without linking
the Google Cache yet.[42]

Cyberattacks

During the week of May 27, 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a series of distributed denial of
service (DDoS) attacks that made its services unavailable intermittently, sometimes for hours at
a time, over a period of several days.[43][44][45] The attack was claimed on May 28 by a hacker
group called SN_BLACKMETA,[46][47] with possible links to Anonymous Sudan.[48] The incident
drew a comparison with the 2023 British Library cyberattack, which affected the UK Web
Archive.[49]
 Internet Archive main page showing
partially available services

An editor has nominated the above file for

discussion of its purpose and/or potential
deletion. You are welcome to participate in
the discussion and help reach a consensus.

Beginning October 9, 2024, the Internet Archive's team, including archivist Jason Scott and
security researcher Scott Helme, confirmed DDoS attacks, site defacement, and a data breach.
The purported hacktivist group SN_BLACKMETA again claimed responsibility.[50] A pop-up on the
defaced site claimed that there was a "catastrophic" security breach, stating "Have you ever felt
like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic
security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on HIBP!"[51][47] It was reported that
about 31 million user accounts were affected, and compromised in a file called "ia_users.sql",
dated September 28, 2024.[50][52] The attackers stole users' email addresses and Bcrypt-hashed
passwords.[53] As of October 15, 2024, the website was still mostly offline for "prioritizing keeping
data safe at the expense of service availability."[54] On October 11, Kahle said that the data is
safe, and will bring the service back to normal "in days, not weeks."[55][56][57] On October 13, the
Wayback Machine was restored in a read-only format, while archiving web pages was temporarily
disabled.[58] On October 14, Brewster Kahle said "[the Wayback Machine] volume is back to
normal: 1,500 requests per second".[59] On October 20, threat actors stole unrotated API tokens
and breached Internet Archive on its Zendesk email support platform; they also claimed
responsibility for the other breaches yet stated that SN_BLACKMETA was behind just the DDoS
attacks.[60][61] On October 21, Internet Archive went back online in a read-only manner.[62] On
October 22, all Internet Archive services temporarily went offline,[63][64] but later that same day,
only the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and blog.archive.org were resumed. On October 23,
archive.org, the Wayback Machine, Archive-It, and the Open Library services all resumed but with
some features, such as logging in, still unavailable until the staff announced it back available in
the next day or two.[65] On October 25, the login feature is now back available for now and the site
is active.
Operations

Mirror of the Internet Archive in the

Bibliotheca Alexandrina

The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual
budget of $37 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships,
grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation.[66] The Internet Archive also manages
periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching
$6 million in donations.[67] It uses Ubuntu as its choice of operating system for the website
servers.[68]

Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive

talks about archiving operations

The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters
were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters
have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one
time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by
100 paid operators worldwide.[69] The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities:
San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates
copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca
Alexandrina[70][71] in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.[72]

The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium[73] and was
officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.[74][75]
Web archiving

Wayback Machine

Wayback Machine logo, used since

2001

The Wayback Machine is a service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched
and accessed.[76] It can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like or to
visit web sites that no longer even exist. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort
between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive.[77] Hundreds of billions
of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a
database. As of September 5, 2024, the Internet Archive held over 866 billion web pages, more
than 42.5 million print materials, 13 million videos, 3 million TV news, 1.2 million software
programs, 14 million audio files, 5 million images, and 272,660 concerts in its Wayback
Machine.[5]

Servers at the Internet Archive

headquarters in San Francisco

A purchase of additional storage at

the Internet Archive

Archive-It

Created in early 2006, Archive-It[78] is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions
and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives.
Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to
preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can
harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.[79]

In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of
capture.[80] Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary
and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be
given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to
their best practice standards.[81] Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into
the Internet Archive's general archive.

As of March 2014, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16
countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections.
Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions,
museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature
Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University,
American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.

Internet Archive Scholar

In September 2020, Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open
access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar.[82][83][84] Its full-text search index
includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the
Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals
through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World
Wide Web.

General Index

In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly
available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.[85][86]

Items and collections

The Archive stores files inside so-called items, which are similar to directories in that they can
contain multiple files, but can have additional metadata such as a description and tags which
make them more searchable.

Some file types can be previewed directly on the site, where as others have to be downloaded in
order to be opened. If multiple multimedia files exist in an item, the website generates a playlist
for video or audio files, or a slide show for pictures. If an item contains at least one video or
picture, the Archive generates a preview thumbnail that can be seen on collection pages and in
searches. Items can contain mixed data such as music files with an album cover picture, in
which case the picture is used as thumbnail.[87][88][89][90]

Staff members of the Internet Archive organize items by placing them into so-called collections,
which are pages listing multiple items.[91]

Book collections

Text collection

Internet Archive "Scribe" book

scanning workstation

An Internet Archive in-house scan

ongoing

The scanning performed by the Internet Archive is financially supported by libraries and
foundations.[92] As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire
collection was greater than 500 terabytes, which included raw camera images, cropped and
skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.[93]

As of July 2013, the Internet Archive was operating 33 scanning centers in five countries,
digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, in a total collection of
4.4 million books – including material digitized by others and fed into the Internet Archive; at that
time, users were performing more than 15 million downloads per month.[94]

The material digitized by others includes more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the
collection, between about 2006 and 2008, by Microsoft through its Live Search Books project,
which also included financial support and scanning equipment directly donated to the Internet
Archive.[95] On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending its Live Book Search
project and would no longer be scanning books, donating its remaining scanning equipment to
its former partners.[95]

Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book
Search.[96] As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the
Archive's collection;[97] the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the
Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.[a] Brewster Kahle
revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who, with a "bunch of
friends", downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough
computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public
domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never
complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's
"genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.[98]

In addition to books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four
million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts'
PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had
been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than
six million people by 2013.[98]

The Archive's BookReader web app,[99] built into its website, has features such as single-page,
two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and
flip page animation.[99][100]

In October 2024, the Internet Archive struck a deal with the Leiden University Library to accept
the paper copies of 400,000 uncatalogued foreign dissertations held at the Library that were to
be pulped – with a view to digitising them and making them accessible online. The collection
includes theses by Niels Bohr, Marie Curie, Émile Durkheim, Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn, Carl Jung,
J. Robert Oppenheimer, Max Planck, Luigi Pirandello, Gustav Stresemann and Max Weber.[101]

Open Library

The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web
page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks
to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public
domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-
print and in-copyright books,[102] many of which are fully readable, downloadable[103][104] and full-
text searchable;[105] it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program
for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners
from six countries[94][106] after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-
source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.

The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that
the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright
laws,[107] and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet
Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.[108]

Digitizing sponsors for books

Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned
publications (text items).[109] Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include
the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, University of Alberta Libraries, University of Ottawa,
Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, Boston Public Library,
Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.[110]

In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's
backlist,[111] with financial support from the Arcadia Fund.[112][113] A year later, the Internet
Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to
partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press
Books".[114][115]

The Library of Congress created numerous Handle System identifiers that pointed to free
digitized books in the Internet Archive.[116] The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the
Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.[117]

Media collections

Media reader
 Microfilms at the Internet Archive

Videocassettes at the Internet Archive

In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media
that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under
a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized
into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by
various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly
named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.

Audio

Audio Archive

The Audio Archive includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows,
podcasts, and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023, there are more than
15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and
poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.[118] The sound collections are curated by
B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.[119]

Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications

A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur
Radio Digital Communications foundation.[120][121]

Live Music Archive

The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from
independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with
permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently,
The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive
collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from
1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.[122]

The Great 78 Project

The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period
between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in
collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for
the audio digitization.[119]

Netlabels

The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for
download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-
license catalogs of virtual record labels.[123][124]

Images collection

This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.[125] Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan
Museum of Art – Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS
Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.

Cover Art Archive

Logo of Cover Art Archive

The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose
goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021, this collection contains more
than 1,400,000 items.[126]

Metropolitan Museum of Art images

The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains
more than 140,000 items.[127]

NASA Images

The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet
Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a
single, searchable resource. The Internet Archive NASA Images team worked closely with all of
the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.[128] The nasaimages.org site
launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.

Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive

This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the
Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.[129]

USGS Maps

This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.[130]

Machinima Archive

One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This
small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer
games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion
pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range
of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well
as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet
Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of
Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.[131]

Microfilm collection

This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries
including the University of Chicago Libraries, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and National Technical Information
Service.[132][133]

Moving image collection

The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.[134] Additionally, the
Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-
war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early
television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and
industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.

Subcategories of this collection include:

 IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks,
some of which are "remakes" of feature films.

IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related
to the 2004 United States presidential election.

IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information
Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States
Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy
and the Postal Inspectors"[135]

IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's
World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating
"why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness
recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major
television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live
television.[136]

Open Educational Resources

Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains

hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the
United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett
Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.[137]

TV News Search & Borrow

TV tuners at the Internet Archive

In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for
searching U.S. national news programs.[138] The service is built on closed captioning transcripts
and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service
contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and
stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."[139] According to Kahle, the service was inspired
by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news
programs.[140] In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals
associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open
access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of
"approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion
Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her
VHS and Betamax machines."[141]

Miscellaneous collections

Brooklyn Museum collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.[142] In
December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.[143]

Other services and endeavors

Physical media

A vintage wall intercom, an example

of another "archived" item

Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the
Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever
published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle
plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.[144]

Software

The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world",
spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books,
shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of
what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.[145] The project advocated an
exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass
copy protection, which the United States Copyright Office approved in 2003 for a period of three
years.[146] The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for
the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or
archive."[147] The Library of Congress renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely
extended it pending further rulemakings.[148] The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final
Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.[149] In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide select
video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-
Terrestrial.[150] Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based
DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games[151][152][153][154] for "scholarship and research
purposes only".[155][156][157] In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe
Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31,
2020, end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.[158]

Table Top Scribe System

A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of
digitizing content.[159][160]

Credit Union

From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit
Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing
access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced
significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the
IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it
consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.[161][162]

Decentralization

Since 2019,[163] the Internet Archive organizes an event called Decentralized Web Camp (DWeb
Camp). It is an annual camp that brings together a diverse global community of contributors in a
natural setting. The camp aims to tackle real-world challenges facing the web and co-create
decentralized technologies for a better internet. It aims to foster collaboration, learning, and fun
while promoting principles of trust, human agency, mutual respect, and ecological
awareness.[164]
Wayforward Machine

Screenshot of viewing English

Wikipedia on the Wayforward
Machine

On 30 September 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched
the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal
information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events
leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and
the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.[165][166]

Ceramic archivists collection

Ceramic figures of Internet Archive

employees

The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures
representing employees of the Internet Archive, with the 100th statue immortalizing Aaron
Swartz. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned
by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and as of 2014, is ongoing.[167]

Artists in residence

The Internet Archive visual arts residency,[168] organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to
connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show
what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year
residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's
collections in their own practice.[169]

2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder[169][170]
 2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand[171]

2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell[172]

Controversies, legal disputes, and activism

The main hall of the current

headquarters

Opposition to National security letters, bills and settlements

A national security letter issued to the Internet Archive demanding information about a user

On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI
national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.[173][174]

On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been
successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.[175]

The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the
Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United
States Congress that they argued would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that
led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English
Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.[176]

The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most
outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital
library project.[177]
Hosting of disputed media

On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used
(amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government
emails.[178][179]

Because the Internet Archive only lightly moderates uploads, it includes resources that may be
valued by extremists and the site may be used by them to evade block listing. In February 2018,
the Counter Extremism Project said that the Archive hosted terrorist videos, including the
beheading of Alan Henning, and had declined to respond to requests about the videos.[180] In
May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State
was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.[181] Chris Butler, from the Internet
Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing
information on terrorism.[181] In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked
the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda".[182] The Archive rejected the
request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad
for the organization to comply with.[182] On July 14, 2021, the Internet Archive held a joint
"Referral Action Day" with Europol to target terrorist videos.[183]

A 2021 article said that jihadists regularly used the Internet Archive for "dead drops" of terrorist
videos.[184] In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer's 800-page manifesto, containing racist
ideas and threats against UCLA staff, was uploaded to the Internet Archive.[185] The manifesto
was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such
documents should be preserved by archivists or not.[185] Another 2022 paper found "an alarming
volume of terrorist, extremist, and racist material on the Internet Archive".[186] A 2023 paper
reported that Neo-Nazis collect links to online, publicly available resources to be shared with new
recruits. As the Internet Archive hosts uploaded texts that are not allowed on other websites,
Nazi and neo-Nazi books in the Archive (e.g., The Turner Diaries) frequently appear on these lists.
These lists also feature older, public domain material created when white supremacist views
were more mainstream.[187]

2020 National Emergency Library

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries,
the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by
removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library
but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their
return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book
they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was
completed.[4] This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US
national emergency was over, whichever came later.[188] At launch, the Internet Archive allowed
authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the
National Emergency Library.[189][190][191]

The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global
and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical
libraries worldwide.[192] They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were
promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair
use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that
predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was
no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of
whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a
court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any
other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that
lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.[189][193]

The Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach,
and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups
representing both took further issue with The Archive and its Open Library project, equating the
move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason
to push the boundaries of copyright.[191][194][195][196] After the works of some of these authors
were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the
National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and
disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."[197]

Copyright issues

In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site,
following what seemed to be disagreements between some of the former band members. John
Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the
change, according to an article in The New York Times.[198] Phil Lesh, a founding member of the
band, commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:

It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken
down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision
making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel
that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another
all of it is available for those who want it.[199]
A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the
compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or
streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have
since been re-added.[200]

In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power,
Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first
140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In
response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our
own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual
property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new
projects".[201]

In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the
Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders
issued by the Madras High Court,[202] citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films
were allegedly shared via the service.[203] The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it
remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.[202]

In 2023, the Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of India:
The Modi Question,[204] a BBC documentary released on January 17 and banned in India by
January 20.[205][206] The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on January
23.[204] The Internet Archive then stated, on January 27, that they had removed the video in
response to a BBC request under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[207]

Book publishers' lawsuit

The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet
Archive by four major book publishers—Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley & Sons, and Penguin
Random House—in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending
program.[4][108][208] In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on
June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.[209][210] The plaintiffs,
supported by the Copyright Alliance,[211] claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's
actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement."[212]

Judge Koeltl ruled on March 24, 2023, against Internet Archive in the case, saying the National
Emergency Library concept was not fair use, so the Archive infringed their copyrights by lending
out the books without the waitlist restriction. An agreement was then reached for the Internet
Archive to pay an undisclosed amount to the publishers.[213] The Internet Archive appealed the
ruling.[214][215] On September 4, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the
district court's ruling, calling the Internet Archive's argument that they were shielded by fair use
doctrine "unpersuasive".[216]

Music publishers' lawsuit

In August 2023, the music industry corporations Universal Music Group (UMG), Sony Music and
Concord sued the Internet Archive over its Great 78 Project, asserting the project was engaged in
copyright infringement. The Great 78 Project stores digitized versions of pre-1972 songs and
albums from 78 rpm phonograph records, for "the preservation, research and discovery of 78rpm
records." The project had started in 2016, when pre-1972 recordings had not been protected by
copyright; in 2018, the U.S. Congress passed the Music Modernization Act (MMA) which enabled
legal remedies for unauthorised use of pre-1972 recordings until 2067, thus effectively covering
them with copyright.[217]

UMG and Sony had been the two largest companies in this sector for more than a decade, with
respective market shares of 31.8% and 22.1% in 2023.[218] Concord was a rapidly expanding
music business closely partnered with UMG since its transformation into Concord Music Group
in 2004[219] and backed since at least 2000 by J.P. Morgan.[220] It was the first music company to
perform an asset-backed securitization, led by Apollo Global Management, in December 2022. Its
assets consisted of over 1 million copyrights to music older than 18 months.[221][222] According
to its CEO Bob Valentine, Concord derived about 85% of its revenue "from catalog, rather than
newly-developed, music". As Valentine stated in his first interview, "The phenomenon of artists' IP
has never been more liquid; it is now a real and proven asset class. Investment bankers are
focused on it, financiers are financing it, and then there's entities like us, that know how to buy
rights, but also know how to manage them and have the relationships to do so."[219] The share of
catalog music in total album equivalent consumption in the United States rose from 62.8% to
72.6% between 2019 and 2023.[223]

The publishers are seeking statutory damages for nearly 4,142 songs named in the suit, with a
maximum possible fine of $621 million.[224] The Internet Archive has argued that the primitive
sound quality of the original recordings falls within the doctrine of "fair use" to digitize for
preservation, that the number of downloads is so small it has almost no impact on the
publishers' revenue, and over 95% of the collection is not readily available anywhere else.[224] The
plaintiffs said in response, "if ever there were a theory of fair use invented for litigation, this is
it."[225] According to a legal source at Mayer Brown, the music publishers' case could be
challenged as unconstitutional, since the granting of copyright to pre-1972 works in the MMA
only benefitted record companies without having a systemic effect.[217]
See also

Internet portal

History portal

List of online image archives Public domain music

Similar projects

archive.today Project Gutenberg

Internet Memory Foundation UK Government Web Archive at The National

Archives (United Kingdom)
LibriVox
UK Web Archive
National Digital Information Infrastructure
and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) WebCite

National Digital Library Program (NDLP)

Other

Anna's Archive Link rot

Archive Team List of web archives

Digital dark age Memory hole

Digital preservation PetaBox

Heritrix Search engine cache

Library Genesis

Notes

a. Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching
purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local
PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTPS" link. As all the other books in the
collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly DjVu, which
Google Books does not offer.

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Further reading

Library resources about

Internet Archive

Resources in your library (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Internet+Archive)

Resources in other libraries (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Internet+Archive&library=0CHO
OSE0)

Kahle, Brewster (November 1996). "Archiving the Internet" (https://web.archive.org/web/19971

011050140/https://www.archive.org/sciam_article.html) . Scientific America. Archived from
the original (https://www.archive.org/sciam_article.html) on October 11, 1997.

Kahle, Brewster (November 6, 2013). "Scanning Center Fire – Please Help Rebuild" (https://blo
g.archive.org/2013/11/06/scanning-center-fire-please-help-rebuild/) . Internet Archive Blogs.

Lepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). "The Cobweb" (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/0

1/26/cobweb) . The New Yorker.

Ringmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). "Liberate and Disseminate" (https://www.timeshighereducation.

co.uk/story.asp?storycode=401386) . Times Higher Education Supplement.

External links

Official website (https://archive.org/)

Internet Archive Scholar (https://scholar.archive.org/)

"Internet Archive Internal Revenue Service filings" (https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/o

rganizations/943242767) . ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.