Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

INTRODUCTION

Java is one of the programming language or technology used for developing web
applications. Java language developed at SUN Micro Systems in the year 1995
under the guidance of James

Gosling and there team. Originally SUN Micro Systems is one of the Academic
university (Standford University Network)

Whatever the software developed in the year 1990, SUN Micro Systems has
released on the name of oak, which is original name of java (scientifically oak is
one of the tree name). The OAK has taken 18 months to develop. The oak is
unable to fulfill all requirements of the industry. So James Gosling again reviews
this oak and released with the name of java in the year 1995. Scientifically java is
one of the coffee seed name.

Java divided into three categories, they are

 J2SE (Java 2 Standard Edition)

 J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition)

 J2ME (Java 2 Micro or Mobile Edition)

 J2SE

J2SE is used for developing client side applications.

 J2EE

J2EE is used for developing server side applications.

 J2ME

J2ME is used for developing mobile or wireless application by making use

of a predefined protocol called WAP .
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

ORGANISATION
HP the largest IT company in the world, through its partner offers high quality
Courses for 4 & 6 weeks. Few Courses in Summer Training Program are
Programming Techniques using 'C', PHP, VLSI, VHDL & PCB Design, Data
Structure using C Language, Core Java, J2EE - Hibernate with Spring Framework,
J2EE - Struts with Hibernate Framework, Android, ASP.NET With C#, Embedded &
Robotics-Basics & Advanced, ARM, Linux Administration with Scripting,
Networking concepts with security.

(BASICS OF JAVA)

Overview Of Java

Java is a platform independent, more powerful, secure, high performance,

multithreaded programming language. Here we discuss some points related to
java.

 Define JRE

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). It
contains set of libraries and tools for developing java application. The Java
Runtime Environment provides the minimum requirements for executing a Java
application.

 Define JVM

JVM is set of programs developed by sun Micro System and supplied as a part of
jdk for reading line by line of byte code and it converts into native understanding
form of operating system. Java language is one of the compiled and interpreted
programming language

Submitted by:- Vishal Kumbhkar, Vivek Gupta, Raj Singh, Vaidang Thakur, Saksham Desai ,Yash Khatri
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

 Garbage Collector

Garbage Collector is the system Java program which runs in the background
along with regular Java program to collect un-Referenced (unused) memory
space for improving the performance of our applications.

Data Type in Java :-

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

 Define an API

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a collection of packages, a

package is the collection of classes, interfaces and sub-packages. A sub-package
is a collection of classes interfaces and sub sub packages etc.

Java programming is containing user friendly syntax so that we can develop

effective application s. in other words if any language is providing user friendly
syntax, we can develop error free applications.

 Definition of JIT

JIT is the set of programs developed by SUN Micro System and added as a part of
JVM, to speed up the interpretation phase.

Features Of JAVA :

Features of a language are nothing but the set of services or facilities provided by
the language vendors to the industry programmers. Some important features are
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Java Classpath Setting

 Path Variable

Path variable set for providing path for all java tools like java, javac, javaę, javah,
jar, appletviewer which are ase in java programming. These all tools are available
in hin folders so we set path upto bin folders.

 Classpath Variable

Classpath variable is set for providing path for predefined java classes which is
used in our application. All classes are available in lib/rt.jar so we set classpath
upto filvit.jar

Steps For Compiling And Executing Programs

The following sequence of steps represented in the diagram use compiling the
java program and executing the java programs.

Submitted by:- Vishal Kumbhkar, Vivek Gupta, Raj Singh, Vaidang Thakur, Saksham Desai ,Yash Khatri
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

|••|. Difference Between JDK JRE AND JVM

JVM, JRE, JDK these all the backbone of java language. Each
components have separate works. Adk and Fre physically exists but
JVM are abstract machine it means it not physically exists.

JVM: JVM (Java Virtual Machine) in a software. It is a specification

that provides runtime environment in which java bytecode can he
executed. It not physically exists JVMe are not same for all hardware
and software, for example for window os JVM is different and for Linus
VIM is different. JVM, JRE and JDK are platform dependent because
configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is platform independent.
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

JRE: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of the Java

Developement Kit (JDK). It contains set of libraries and tools fir
developing java application. The Java Runtime Environment provides
the minimum requirements for executing a Java application. It
physically exists. It contains set of libraries other files that JVM uses at
runtime.

JDK: The lava Development Kit (JDK) is primary components. It

physically exists. It is collection of programming tools and JRE, JVM.

Submitted by:- Vishal Kumbhkar, Vivek Gupta, Raj Singh, Vaidang Thakur, Saksham Desai ,Yash Khatri
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Object And Class

Object is the physical as well as logical entity where as class is the only
logical entity. Class: Class is a blue print which is containing only list of
variables and method and no memory is allocated for them. A class is a
group of objects that has common properties.

A class in java contains:

 Data Member

 Method

 Constructor

 Block

 Class and Interface

Object: Object is a instance of class, object has state and behaviors.An

Object in java has three

characteristics:

 State

 Behavior

 Identity

 State: Represents data (value) of an object.

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

 Behavior: Represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such

as deposit, withdraw etc.

 Identity: Object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID.

The value of the ID is not visible to the external user. But,it is used
internally by the JVM to identify each object uniquely.

Class is also can be used to achieve user defined data types.

Data Types :

Datatype is a spacial keyword used to allocate sufficient memory space

for the data, in other words Data type is used for representing the data
in naain memory (RAM) of the computer, In general every programining
language is containing three categories of data types. They are

 Fundamental or primitive data types

 Derived data types

 User defined data types

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Variable :
Variable is an identifier which holds data or another one variable is an identifier
whose value can be changed at the execution time of program. Variable is an
identifier which can be used to identify input data in a program.

Operators And Its Types

Operator is a special symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific

mathematical or logical Operation. Java supports following lists of operators.

 Arithmetic Operators

 Relational Operators

 Logical Operators

 Bitwise Operators

 Assignment Operators

 Ternary or Conditional Operators

Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Some Basic Java program with Output :

 Ex :- Some of two numbers

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

 Ex:- Program to add two non-integer numbers

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

 Ex:- Palindrome check Using Stack

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

 Program to display first n prime numbers

Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Submitted by:- Vishal Kumbhkar, Vivek Gupta, Raj Singh, Vaidang Thakur, Saksam Desai ,Yash Khatri
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

JAVA CLASSES, BLOCKS AND CONSTRUCTORS

Abstract Classes

We know that every java program must start with a concept of class that is
without classes concept there is no java program perfect. In java programming
we have two types of classes they are

1. Concrete class

2 Abstract class

Constructor And Its Types

A constructor is a special member method which will be called implicitly

(automatically) by the JVM whenever an object is created for placing user or
programmer defined values in place of default values. In a single word
constructor is a special member method which will be called automatically
whenever object is created.

The purpose of constructor is to initialize an object called object initialization.

Constructors are mainly create for initializing the object. Initialization is a process
of assigning user defined values at the time of allocation of memory space.

Types of constructors

Based on creating objects in Java constructor are classified in two types. They
are

 Default or no argument Constructor

 Parameterized constructor
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

JAVA OBJECT ORIENTED

Inheritance

The process of obtaining the data members and methods from one class to
another class is known as inheritance. It is one of the fundamental features of
object-oriented programming.

A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract class. An

abstract class is one which is containing some defined method and some
undefined method. In java programming undefined methods are known as un-
Implemented or abstract method. The process of obtaining the data members
and methods from one class to another class is known as inheritance. It is one of
the fundamental features of object-oriented programming.

Types of Inheritance

 Single inheritance

 Multiple inheritance

 Hierarchical inheritance

 Multilevel inheritance

 Hybrid inheritance
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Method Overloading

Whenever same method name is exiting multiple times in the same class with
different number of parameter or different order of parameters or different types
of parameters is known as method overloading.

Why method Overloading?

Suppose we have to perform addition of given number but there can be any
number of arguments, if we write method such as alint, int)for two arguments,
blint, int, int) for three arguments then it is very difficult for you and other
programmer to understand purpose or behaviors of method they can not identify
purpose of method. So we use method overloading to easily figure out the
program. For example above two methods we can write sum(int, int) and sumtint,
int, int) using method overloading concept.

Different ways to overload the method

 There are two ways to overload the method in java

 By changing number of arguments or parameters

 By changing the data type

 By changing the order of arguments.

Method Overriding

Whenever same method name is existing in both huse class and derived clans
with sarne types of parameters or same order of parameters is known as method
Overriding.

Advantage of Java Method Overriding

 Method Overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method

that is already provided by its super class.

 Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphiam

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Interface

Interface is similar to class which is collection of public static final variables

(constants) and abstract methods. The interface is a mechanisen to achieve fully
abstraction in java. There can be only abstract methods in the interface. It is used
to achieve fully abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

Why we use Interface?

 It is used to achieve fully abstraction.

 By using Interface, you can achieve multiple inheritance in java..

 When we use abstract and when Interface.

Abstraction

Abstraction is the concept of exposing only the required essential characteristics

and behavior with respect to a context.

Hiding of data is known as data abstraction. In object oriented programming

language this is implemented automatically while writing the code in the form of
class and object.

Real life example of Abstraction.

Abstraction shows only important things to the user and hides the internal details
for example when we ride a bike, we only know about how to ride bike but can not
know about how it work? and also we do not know internal functionality of bike.

Submitted by:- Vishal Kumbhkar, Vivek Gupta, Raj Singh, Vaidang Thakur, Saksham Desai, Yash Khatri
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a process of wrapping of data and methods in a single

unit is called encapsulation. Encapsulation is achieved in java language
by class concept.Combining of state and behavior in a single container
is known as encapsulation. In java language encapsulation can be
achieve using class keyword, state represents declaration of variables
on attributes and behavior represents operations in terms of method.

Benefits of encapsulation

 Provides abstraction between an object and its clients.

 Protects an object from unwanted access by clients.

Example: A bank application forbids (restrict) a client to change an

Account's balance

Polymorphism

The process of representing one form in multiple forms is known as

Polymorphism. Here original form or original method always resides in
base class and multiple forms represents overridden method which
resides in derived classes.

Polymorphism is not a programming concept but it is one of the

principal of OOPs. For many objects oriented programming language
polymorphism principle is common but whose implementations are
varying from one objects oriented programming language to another
object oriented programming language.
Polymorphism principal is divided into two sub principal they are:

 Static or Compile time polymorphism

 Dynamic or Runtime polymorphism

 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

JAVA ADVANCED

Package

A package is a collection of similar types of classes,interfaces and sub-

packages

Purpose of package

The purpose of package concept is to provide common classes and

interfaces for any program separately. In other words if we want to
develop any class or interface which is common for most of the java
programs than such common classes and interfaces must be place in a
package.
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Exception Handling

The process of converting system error messages into user friendly error
message is known as Exception handling. This is one of the powerful feature of
Java to handle run time error and maintain normal flow of java application.

An Exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program, that

disrupts the normal flow of the program's Instructions.

Type of Exception

 Checked Exception

 Un-Checked Exception
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

Multithreading

Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads

simultaneously. The aim of multithreading is to achieve the concurrent
execution.

Thread

Thread is a lightweight components and it is a flow of control. In other

words a flow of control is known as thread.State of a thread are
classified into five types they are

1. New State

2. Ready State

3. Running State

4. Waiting State

5. Halted or dead State

String

String is a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes ("") is

known as String.

Example: "Java Programming".

In java programming to store the character data we have a fundamental

datatype called char. Similarly to store the string data and to perform
various operation on String data, we have three predefined classes they
are:
 Mahakal Institute of Technology Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
( Session : 2024-25)

 String

 StringBuffer

 StringBuilder

Collection

Collections in java is a framework that provides an architecture to store

and manipulate the group of objects. All the operations that you
perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation,
deletion etc. can be performed by Java Collections.Java Collection
simply means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework
provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and classes
(ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet,
TreeSet etc).

Submitted by:- Vishal Kumbhkar, Vivek Gupta, Raj Singh, Vaidang Thakur, Saksham Desai, Yash Khatri