GAT caiccow & “THE ESTABLISHED LEADER IN EE REVIEW” MULTIVECTOR Review and Training Center Ground Floor, Cuevasville Tower F. Cayco comer Earnshaw Sts. Sampaloc, Manila Tel. No. 7317423MULIIWEOTAR REVIRWAND TRAININGLB GHEE Power System Equbntent Circatt of a Lives Consists of uniform disribution of retrace, Inductance. congctance end suteeptance along the length ofthe line. r a: i raven ; For overhead line conductors, conductance (gt neglected beqaue i >>> i Resistance. The most important cause of power loss in a ine. Pers ~ tot in oat nies a aauar eee Note: Effective resistance isnot egua to DC reitance dt shin eet ‘Bale Etec The ispenal inductance of the conductor givesse to volage of inifiodcton oat he vlgs dpi he cesnorie too of ‘vohage of seltinduction andthe orn resitance drop. R-ft for solld conductors) For stranded wires: “Rm ci.ay St ceciree sands) mare =) ‘where: — inferred absolue 2ro resistance temperature, °C + ZHA3°C (armealed copper) = 241°C (hard drawn copper) ‘+ lighter weight for de sxme resistance ‘+ tua larger diameter than copper forthe sre resistance nrg oaMULTivecrOn REVIEW.ANDTRAININGLGENTER ‘Types of Aluminum Conductors © AAC- All Aluminum Conductor * AAAC™ All Aluminum Alloy Conductor © ACSR— Aluminum Conductor Stee! Reinforced © ACAR~ Aluminum Conduetor Alloy Reinforeed Inductance. Flux linkagesper unit eure, a taM sweberurnsfampere oF Henry For single phase rystemts wsing sot conductors, Lm Lae + Lee Least? m2, beastie w cau where: = separation dance baween conductors radius of the conductor nt = the equivalent radius of « fictitious wire that replaces the actual wire in order to compute for the inductance L of the wire due to interoal and exter fux linkage. internal inductance: U2 x 107 Herm (bie = 1 La extemal ducts * = (2x 107) Dit) heneyneter For the complete single par elrntt contig ot two wire, Ly aaxte in Him Stranded Condyctors Por stranded conducior is replaced by Dy 1, geometric mean rails (GMR) of self OMD or the geometric mean of ll ‘possible digances of every elerment in x group to all other elements int the ‘tame group including itself. Dy={DuD,PpPnDaPaDyDaDsy (hree-srand conductor) Dg = YD), Dy—-DigDaym-D gq (neetrand conductor) where: Di DirDwe f+ Mubrivgorpm Revie ano Taawina Siesres Do. Dys nu Dyan centr to center distance between sews Dg geometric mean dance (OMD) or self GMD or the pore mean ofall posible distances of every element in 8 group to all oter elements in the catber group. Uestenins 20 os °O O- Ge) ee ™ ° Dg = "YD. DADuD, Inductance of stranded evaductors Latnt07 aoe ‘Three Phase Lines: “Tare phate Dyes with aqelistral apacng Latete a2 Hin 2107 aD Hin porta ‘Tram pestion. Exchanging the postion of the conductors at regular intervals ‘hog thine tht ich esnucorsctpie he rg poston of very ‘other conductor qveran equal distance, x c 8 © 8 a a mayestMULMTIysGTOR Review AND TRAINING Renrem ‘Three phase lines with mnsymnmetrical spacing. Le2x10°7 m2 Him per phase oI where: Day = YDnDeDa Bundled Conductors. Twa or more conductors per phase in close proximity ‘Sompared with the spacing between phases, D}=fJ0* = {Ds (rounds conductor) Dz =yfogn* = YDRD™ cthree-bundle conductor Dy =Hf>gD™ = 1.099150 (fourpundlecondgctn) where D,’ =GMR of bundied conductors Parallel Ciretts 20 "oO XO) "oO °O Ue) Nv “~~ first circuit: wecond circuit be La 2x107 mo OF where: DP = YD Dyy- Dow Dew ares Muurivenran Review Ave TRAINING GENTE (Capacttaaee of Tranttistion Lines Potent! Difference (or voltage) between two potats dus to a charge. pega 2 Vangie BE tempt top 2 whetet_q_ ~ charge (eoulombs/meter) = abeolue permiivty = be ks « absolute permiaivity of free space 845% 10 Fim =(1/36R) x 19° Pim ‘kj relative perminivty(Gieletrl constant) Caypaettnnee of Two Infinitely Long Parallel Straight Conduttors Fim (line to fine} For stranded wire, ris repiqced by d/2 where dis the outside diameter of the conductor. ‘Charging Current, I The leskage current in the insulating medium, 1y2J0Ca¥us (tingle phase) $e JoCuVoa three phase) Capacitance of Three Phate Lines (Neglecting the Effect of the Earth) ‘With eqatiateral spacing aanx10? TD Cy F/m per phase [line to neutral) Fim per phasefline to neutral] mare - 6MutivecToOR Review AND TMAINING QENRR where: D,, =D, Dn Da Bundied Conductors _inTxx io” c Fim pet phase line 1 nesta] “OF where: DY = rd (2-buridle) DE =Yra® (3-bundley Dp =1.094ra™ (4-bundle) Note: D may be Dy, depending onthe srrangemtat of conductors. Parallel Ctrenits Ge HZZREO? rm Pe DE where: Df =YD2D.. Duy Da DE =p Da De De Da Da Representation and Performance of Tranamisjon Lincs Levelt of Transmission . 4 Short Transmission Line (L:= £0 km) ¢ Medium Length Transmission Line (60 km < L <240 km) © Long Transmission Lines (L> 240 fam) Short Transratssion Line. For short line, only the resgtance and inductance are being considered. Vou = VanZ0" + 12 ZaRthe Py a ae Z2eo” pt "BV, ble : Muuriveoron ARViEW Aup Trane DeNree ‘Medium Length Tranamiason Line, Analysis involes the wse of hunped patheters. ‘© Nominal Equivalent Cirexit ay a afte [he Phy ~cot0, ind py we0n0g Pom #a0hR seve Meu =V ee. 100% View, © NomivalT Equtvalest CireattMURTIVEGTGR REVitw ANG TRAINING OGNTER Pron 738 + HES For both nominal PI and nominal T equivalent clreuit, a Yen Yala] Bectency = P21 100% =

Ce ic =n Sap-Stress Analysts (Mechuntcal Design Of Trassmbsloh Lines) Bs modulusofelaicity ‘A cronesectonal are of the conductor ‘A uniform conduetor guspendid in stil ale fom two supports takes the form ofa ‘ettesary (ong it mre than 10% of span). ‘Supports at Uneqnal Etvation s-[ sun ze w) To tai] & : a mt i Elst: : |] = Taibo = To h(a) = to. wheres = decir Note: If1- wind preamue of projet area wants <1 mre = 13‘MULTIVEGTOR BRvIEW AND TRAININD.GRNTER ‘sw "wind load = Px d por unit axial length of theeonductor wy = effective weight ofthe conductor considering wind load d diameter ofthe conductor Note: If-wind loud is considered, all derived equations are sll valid provided ‘that w is replaced by ws, Varlation of Ssg with Load and Temperature Wells Equation Be afata-nole-n)o(zee] Under grownd Tragemisston. Underground tranamiesion eysie has higher cost ‘than the overhead trarismission system, however, it overhead ‘Tensmission for comparatively thort distances where the jatter system ig not Suitable. Commonly std In populous district or highly urbanized cten «Where overhead construction is hot edvistble/permissible, ‘Advamges of underground systim over overhend system # Not ubject to damage by wind, thunderstorms andthe Hike © "Tha danger'to life is reduced. ‘Subranrine cables — weed to trannmit electric energy scone water tht tant be ‘spanned by overhead conductors Parts of Submarine Cable ‘© Conductor ‘ _Inpaletion ~ietpregnated paper or rubber mineral compound Metal Sheath ~ protect the conductor ftom moisture, gues or damaging liquids inthe soll Bef rte fe seth to pte cori ‘© Armouting ~ layers of galvanic steel wire or step! tapes fo protect thecable fom mechan iar ring lying orb ‘+ Serving ~ pratect armouring from atmospheric canditions Insulation Resistance: R=. ap ‘ohms ‘where: = radjus of the conductor 2 radjus ofthe cxble Mra 13 MuMTIVRDTRN BEVIRW. AND Teanmne Chere 1 14 thicken of insatation = specific resetanca ofthe insulation Cepucitance of Underground Cables ‘Single Core Cables (Af te insulation consti of different materials) where: kee boots permittivity eo relative permitivity 1)=nadiva ofthe cond ior 2% radius ofthe eablo (r+ thickness of insulation) ‘Three-tare Metal Sheathed Cable CanCa43Cc ‘where: Gy capacitance to neutral ‘Ce capacitance betwen conductor and sheath of the cable Ce capacitancs betwen the conductors ofthe cable ectrié Stresa In Cables cept wo ex ow ‘whore: g = electric stress at any radius x, volts/meter q= charge per unit length, coulomb/metet ‘Ry = permittivity of free space ke relative tivity of the dielertric as electric stress is considered(Muntiveeron Review ANA TRAINING RENTER ‘Maxinoom Stress in the Dielectric where: ga maximum electric stress E™ voltage between the conductor and ehesth 1, = radius ofthe conductor y= external radius ofthe ineulation Leese in Cater © Pre (ohmic loss) ~ temperature dependent ¢ Dielectric ler = voltage and temperature dependent * Shield losses ~ current depetiden lowsen due to citeulaing and edly cerersa ‘Pipe losses ~ curent: dependent lowes ftom hyseds and eddy curént . Yoeses due to incomplete cdnelition of magnetic field ftom tee Uasalaters, The ¥ distribution across an insulator stcing is non-uniform orem bepacacns heen mcs eae Aeron the Inrulator Fe a hag rors hedriat Ro era Where: n— number of insur disks ‘Methods of Improving String EfMtiency © Grading — using larger insulntot disks for one or two units adjecent to the conductor © Using insulating material instead of uting steel forthe cap, * Increasing the legsh of the ctossarm fo reduce the exppin junction to ‘Found capacitance ‘© Providing high csiotance instead of infinite resitance glaze to increase the resistance leakage current (thermal inability) © Use of guard ring coupled with arcing horn (the fiting ofa guard ring tothe fneulaor sring hes the effect of introducing rwo ar eapaciances ~ others are negligible Corona. 1F on aheeming potent difference berwoen the comiuctn it ‘ridaallyingreededs a pot rekched wt which he latte eure of Ne Eenductors become tonted. THe eyinder of frie vt soreundig ech tonducior is “corna” we tm MUMCIVRETOR REVIEW AN Thame ere The potential difference between tho gonductors during coon formation is called “dlaruptiveerieeal voltage”. ‘Vienal Critica! Voltas ~ the potenti! difference 2 which fin luminous glow of violet color ts seen to surround each conductor. The luminaus glow a called visible corona Disruptive Criteal Voltage aor 7 Vo=226em, KV er per phase where: 8. ratio berweem density of air at P(em Hq) and T (°C) and density of alt a 76 cmof Hand 25°C <4~ ditance between centers of conductors (em) echelon Ra mg irregul = | for soooth, polished, eytindrcal conductor = 0:95 0 0.98 fer weathered cylindric! conductor 170.87 to Jean than 0,93 for weathered, mire than seven sands '=0.80 10 lean than 0,87 for westhewed having up fo 7 wrande ‘Visual Critical Voltage Myestanr [soe ast sme Corona Power Loss tox(SB)osa0fG-voP ste? errin Factors Affecting Coren: ‘The breakdown strength of air which varies with atmospheric conditions ‘The iregulariy of conductor surfaces ‘The conductor radius ‘The ditance between the conductors Effects of Corsinn © Interference wth communications 1» Non-sinusoidal charging euerent which causes non-sinusoidal vohage drop Corona power lors Mero teMubrivectos Review ANG TNAINING CeNTem Corona helps t© atenuate high vollnge surges exused by fighting or switching DC Distribution System. In DC systems, power may be fed and distributed by ciher 8 Two-wire system . © Three-wirg system Methods of Feeding © Feeding at one end . eee eres © Feeding at both ends with unea! * © Reeding at some intermediate zone ‘Types of Loads © Concentrated loading. © Uniform: © Combination of sand b DC Distributor Fed at One End » c >. © s u & u » ZV 0 TacRuc + tcaRen + foeRoe + benRes Distritvator Fed at Both Exdls With Unequal Votages EVp=Va-Ve EV p= tacRuc + tcoRco + loeRoe + teaRee ‘With Equal Voltages EVp=¥4- Vs Om Rar # Hokey * lates + eaRey wnTe 17) Mubrivedton Aievitw ane Twainupe Deeree where: len the th Toe * lea~ Vou lowly Unilormly Loaded Distributor Woy = 4 IR When fe at both ends with equal voltage, the point of minimum potential i the mide point. 1 Voxwubous rors = 518 ‘Polntof Mtbhmem Potentiat The point in the dietrbutor where there is a reveraal of current, Per Unt Culentations er Unlt Vata. A value by which voltage, current, power, impedance and sera ue pried sng alin in powers -problents wich as tod flow st analy, et. Per untt vate = Setaal ae a= base current Va— base voltage ‘Tapes Phase‘Conversion ro new hare exis! Srovm Jl Vornew ‘Short Circuit Calealations eek (wvay Xry I= Bar (amperes) where: Sec orth pom ~ per unit vale of positive sequence resetznce ~ thevenin’s equivalent impedance or reactance ae viewod atthe ing ofthe faut ‘Three Phase Falk Weoben the ‘Line to tine Fast . {eA he = TER Ed ‘Skigle Line to Ground Fanlt is trot 80 = Tae +X SXero) ; ‘where: Sp rated apparent power Va raed apparent power Xni— per umit value ofthe pattive sequence reapance = per unit value of the negative sequence reactange a oyu ~ per une value ofthe 2ero sequence reattance NOTE: If the base values.are not given, the rited values may be used (rated values are normaly selested as base vibes). are 19any) EXERCISES: 1. MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAININGCENTER (47) POWER SYSTEM The ag 186t that the outer layer of the conductor caries more current as compared to core is known 1 a , REE=Apr. 2018 J oe effective resistance of conductor is increased by O. skin effect B. proximity effect C. coronaeffect__D. both (a) and (b) REE ~ Apr. 2018 * 3. AN ACSR conductor has (n - 1) layers around its single center strand, the total number of strands will be s A. 3n? +3n +1 B.3n?-3n-14 C.3n?+3n-1 (D.3n?-3n+1 REE ~ April 2013 / Sept. 2015 . 4. An unconventional conductor consists of three strands arranged vertically. Find the GMR in terms of, the radius r of an individual strand. A.1.564r B, 1.764r ©. 1.704r D.1.864r REE — May 2008 5. A single phase, 20 km line has a total inductance of 35 mH. The distance between the two conductors is 59 inches. Find the GMR of the conductor. A.1.75 em B.1.89 0m C.1.650m D.1.99m REE ~ Sept. 2017 / April 2019 toning a creel .ed of one ACSR 336,400 crnil, 26/7 Linnet conductor 6. A69 kV three-phase transposed line is compose per phase with a horizontal configuration of D12 = 5 ft, D23 = 5 ft and D13 = 10 ft. The conductors have a diameter of 0.721 inch and a GMR of 0.0243 ft. Find the inductance per phase per kilometer of the line. A. 1.0963 mH/km. B. 1.1116 mHikm = C.1.1505mH/km —D. 1.1233 mH/km 7. A three-phase transmission line of a two-conductor bundle is arranged horizontally with a spacing of 8 m between bundle centers. Each conductor is ACSR, 1,272,000 cmils Pheasant with GMR of 0.0466 ft. The spacing between conductors of the bundle is 45 cm. Find the per unit series reactance of the line if its length is 160 km and base is 100 MVA, 345 KV. A, 0.069 pu B. 0.059 pu C.0,049 pu D. 0.039 pu REE ~ Sept. 2010 8. A three-phase 60 HZ line has flat horizontal spacing. The conductors have an outside diameter of 3.28 cm with 12 m between conductors. Determine the capacitive reactance to neutral of the line in ohms if its length is 125 miles. A. 2,023.0 16190 C. 3,238.9 D. 2,605 2 REE ~ Sept. 2015/ Sept. 2016 9. A115 kV three-phase transposed transmission line is composed of 2-ACSR 336,400 cm, 30/7 Oriole conductors per phase with horizontal configuration: Diz = 7 ft, Dzs = 7 ft, Dys = 14 ft. The line ‘spacing is measured from the center of the bundled conductors. The distance between the conductors of the bundle is 6 inches, The conductors have a diameter of 0.741 inch and a GMR of 0.02256 fi. Find the capacitance per phase for 20 km of the line in microfarads, A.0.1300 B.02719 C..0.2889 D. 0.2609Mee Ey aie aie Cie, Left if (© a av vin GFF & previnit4eggeet . & stranding ~ exis no. of sirandé = 3 (y-1)*4 H(met)4 Y ee) Us Axio” in 2 Seo Deq> J Dia Dan Ov, Sd = YFG00) = gn? -on tt 1 uae r lagers pur wre Pr 0.094 Ft * ene iff traaporl jepaesleaom avolTe sotetion = Le 2A10) "(Sa Yi he ontioead nis ne. strand + LansT x10"? H fay SOF toque over art 3 Ke Ne OF tote over core a ey ra hal 2 3RzaaHH 5, 0\6 } ited Wy Pine 2 1 OI yal ‘al $f AT)? (4a) (Ad 2 4107 ate he = Yom aniar Serertey = 10-08 m Guo- y= on in [103640 9 Mes eau HL yen os ptaubaos eat to SIMD ert b re + 0.71800 vine (orl (0-92) ata trom —_ wen 186 juke OO be > si 90 7 S. Osaaeeoe mH nS peWSinge (20709 SFE scotnes ie oq sear 1» tt DOF IP EDSO 0 Yo FMD fare ai veer? In 18 m Ge). 9 lei ue), 9 Gera as weap var Toe Pou sobchnusen setatice ug 066.00 ug 800.0. Cad? busx1o) Pia KI0 lainesshor bagnans TO Fud TatSibnoo-owt w to enil noize m= On Lean 2 aware Mw). mm o inStead bree OBE signal a x vo oo" 1g 000.0.8 a es 0 )2u2 fy -— : forma Ay Cent Ke w (oe tae [Pam Dre Poe =. > fecmread > 1? 2 jen d, 228 Roe 5 Od om 40 Eeyore OS on iT A = +)” = pea ion’ Ge Ipe 2 tye) Lue) HD dooktyaalt? fs Keren be ange 2 ce nai as) » radi On OM 4 ae of aise At D7 NXIMULTIVECTOR REVI IEW AND TRAININGCENTER ((A7, POWER SYSTEM Sy REE ~ Sept, 2001 10. A 250 km ransmission line has the folowing parameters: resistance per kilometer 0.05 ohm, capacitive reactan; i e What is the Cte 625,000 ohms, and inductive reactance per kilometer 0.2 ohm. A875 4; 7.5 + j150.0 B.12.5-j24500 6. 12.5+j500 —_D. 75.5-j2,4600 REE — April 2001 40.000 U— km 11. The capacitive reactanc i Of a 40 km 34.5 kV line is 90,000 hms pet kilometer. What is the total Capacitive reactance of the line? ee - A. 2.2500. B, 1.08 x 107 C.6,7500 D.3.6x 10° REE ~ Sept. 2017 12, Which of the following is NOT considered in analyzing a short transmission line? by Ze A. inductance B series impedance ¢. shunt admittance D.powerlosses <7 REE ~ April 2004 13. A 30-mile 3-phase transmission line is to deliver 20,000 kW at 69 KV at 85% power factor. The line resistance is 0.324 ohm per mile and inductive reactance is 0.737 ohm per mile. What is the line loss? A. 1,050 KW. B. 376.7 kW C..997 kW D, 1,130.3 kW REE - Sept. 2017 14. A 60-Hz short transmission line, having R = 0.62 ohms per phase and L = 93.24 mH per phase, supplies a three-phase, wye-connected 100 MW load of 0.90 lagging power factor at 230 kV line-to- line voltage. Determine the voltage regulation of the transmission line? A.3.75% B. 3.20% C.3.55% D.3.42% REE ~ Sept. 2015 15. A three-phase, wye connected, 20 MW load of power factor 0.866 lagging is to be supplied by 2 transmission line at 138 KV. It is desired that the line losses not exceed 5 percent of the load. if the per phase resistance of the line is 0.7 O/km, what is the maximum length of the line? A.51 km B.42 km C.63km, 'D. 56 km REE - Oct. 1996 46. A 60 Hz, three phase transmission line delivers 20 MVA to a load at 66 kV and 80% power factor lagging. The total series impedance of each line is 15 + j75 ohms. If nominal “pi” circuit is used, what ‘would be the transmission efficiency if the admittance is j6 x 10* mhos? A, 90.8%. B. 91.7% C.93.5% D. 92.6% REE - Sept. 2017 / Apr. 2018 / Sept. 2018 17. In a transmission line of negligible resistance, the surge impedance will be A. square root of LC C. square root of 1/LC_ B. square root of UC D. square root of C/L. 18.4 single ckoult, 60 He, Gee phase ane rieston We eT jo R= 0.30 A/mi, L = 2.10 mH/mi, C = 0.014 pFimi, Wh of the line if the receiving end voltage is 132 kV? ‘A.45 MW. B. 54MW© fn aays Re ris (006) (aso) = : Risa KexL= (0.2) (250) * so. Te U5 $590) 901000 S44m FO eon 228020 We Xena # Ie. smont aaistance ne tear = NR rie (0-924) (90) 472 20 000 ee ts = WB Geay ons) © WHR A > 9 (1avaeyC 4-72) + 170-24 vay a Ven = NBM. j00 New 100 x10" fa ox”) (0.4) = rgd LA Bae Bve= er Aue | ey (z7e.81 BSC, 4) Ke UFE = 29 (uo) (4248507) 20x10? re Prdae. yaaa Loaue Ys Ng We OME P0028 j ass) add Ky mr8.169 = Baie aad = 95448 70 , 278. 152 Bier n) Pe i“ tet int impedarce " Z «| esiemet © | Gepere -& wxjo" ce a oy, hf Go (OUwED LaCie aed Bae i) ~ que A Su vnewrs ayag oo” KI? ie ee DM ‘ £ WS B acauin = ud. aoe HW Ute eemwy9) thee cd 4 be ue, Mo peo oth op thay ** z we roid fi % ab Goer jot) (72) ig ts ys te ae ah oe! Fee ah = ( orjanxre IP) no: fis | bse ge fap ef } aga Cusjsay (54 -0exto"4) noel (152) Gene) J pe Ph Bros CUTIE HERIOT 4 0-aBa $4 12H XW"? pe 2 Keine : +die co wove [0 Cu sre) 4 Pie a \ Roe a 6.21 pW > te CVeN+ Diy i a (ne Sonel 5 A ie e219. mw Jee 08 Te yup + (Ta a 2827 GrCwenvy (oD Les = Mee ep es Noe Aven Bie (ease) E21) OL Hint torr» NPR 2a (ot eo =m Cfun.s) OS) a. ee vel quoga. araa Zir-ua§? jor las ww Mut (2 4uB.sou Jibei” Se Coie) 100 a wy Ra tivo Priore Va Fiinelost 0 (0-8) «100 cued 121F + 42.02 PeMULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAININGCENTER ((47 ‘ POWER SYSTEM eal REE — Sept. 2007 19. nares Biase) 115 kV, 60 Hz, transmission line has a per phase series impedance of Z = 0.05 + 0.45 ohm/km and a per phase shunt admittance of Y = 3.4 x 10 raised to negative 6 slemens/km- ‘The line is 120 km long. Using the nominal Pi line model, determine the transmission line D constant. A. 0.999 + j0.001248 ©. 0.989 + j0.001224 B. 0.969 +j0.001199 D. 0.001212 REE — April 2011 20. A 132 kV, 60 HZ, three-phase transmission line delivers a load of 50 MW at 0.8 power factor lagging at the receiving end. The generalized constants of the transmission line are: A= \5A4 8-06.48 C= 0.0015 40° Find the sending end line voltage. A. 160.9 kV B. 161.9 kV ©. 162.9 kV D. 163.9 kV 21. For a line terminated by its characteristic impedance, the reflected wave is equal to__. A. zero . haff of the incident wave B. equal to incident wave D. twice of the incident wave 22, Which of the following protects a cable against mechanical injury during handling and laying? A. serving 'B. armouring C. sheath D. bedding 23, A three-core sheathed cable is being tested at 15 KV. The capacitance measured between any {wo ‘conductors is 0.2 uF/km, Determine the charging current per km of the cable at 60 Hz. A.0.65A ‘B13A C.18A D.26A REE - Oct. 1994 ‘24. A lead sheath cable for underground service has a copper conductor (diameter = 0.35 inch) ‘surrounded by 0.2 inch wall of rubber insulation. Assuming a dielectric constant of 4.3 for rubber, calculate the capacitance of the cable. A. 1.04 pFimile B.0.504pF/mile —C. 0.76 uF mile D. 0.252 uF/mile 25.A string of three insulators is used to suspend one conductor of a 33 kV, three-phase overhead line. ‘The air capacitance between each cap/pin junction and the tower is 1/10 of the capacitance of each unit. Determine the string efficiency. A. 86.8% B. 88.6% C.68.8% D. 78.6% 26. A500 KV line has a total corona loss of 280 KW. When energized at 230 KV, the corona loss is 42 kW. What will be the corona loss if used to transmit power at a voltage of 385 KV? AIT RW B. 153 kW C. 207 kW D. 183 KW REE ~ Apr. 2018 27. If 25 ohms and 125 amperes are the base impedance and base current, respectively for a gi system, what is the base KVA? ee] A. 781.25 B. 99.4 ©, 390.625 D. 78.12 REE ~ April 2001 28. The percent impedance of a line is 6% at 34.5 kV and 100 MVA base. What is the ohmic impedance? A232 BS 6.072 0.12No Het auton Yn + Cook fag New + ucinh foe) ao) 2 \e ew 2 Bee & Te 0.2 F ja « is Cs* capodttane vty. gy ndierer 4. meat stream ce + eaqoritance UE two adjocent ndvcror ne neotral CoO? ween yout ee Eaae sa ail © tut fem oy Ce S “Gn= 20 " =2(0.2)° 04a ty: J an for ano) (o-nxis = ear 44 Sto ben ir co Sh, kenot/iy dy = aN 40-4 Ch ee) Xe (403). a) = 1.90u Mean F)avit o2h tr Vt IM, ee Then afeing efpics ence WHat yo IVI, fn etutsfevinne He Oe Sine” tuner! oF cavil 2 orper Curt dy tae) £100 Je yuieonee of iasstanon 7a fas OA? #02" s vate LRM yoo > e011 ~ Unber aay oe ways “ iyo” 7 , 2M = (y-v) ant 20 6 (a2) ad Go) fF ¢ id a os ea nae es re 5 l¢ IRE Dea wen, fF ME/miie 2 for eC Worve) us ere esa Gite hina Ne? Gitical dismptive volpage ErrIoMey ee “CREE] get o — cannes Sco fe=220 te inet tek reo = Wf $2 ve = at ode eerie aie ren TO poe een Yo c+ car. tet ch Wek "GY - 2 eee fin of juneton + Ge 4 oar" [x wo |i (Jo-ve)" oN Ua Vie ma ae cm OR -v) 2.682 (& 7 xe) a Kor of @ GQ ita,’ 2 Re (s2 a) wr Grey Roy 250 a5e(2) Cae myer oom Ons CUA(ONE) Mer bv Net mae byp yok @ bv ") @? o+Q,! CY4 = cue 4 ONC VE yrs Nato-t (voqvi) for New ayeary bY a > 1} Corton * 4998410 aa ie -ay.acd)* + Ia-atiew yyMULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAININGCENTER POWER SYSTEM an) REE ~ April 2002 29. - cman Point in an electric network, the available fault MVA is 400. A 15 MVA, 34.5 kV, 2.5% atth lance, wye-grounded transformer is installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA x hy side of the transformer. B. 625 ©. 240 D. 500 REE ~ April 2001 30. At a 34.5 kV substation, the available faut current is 10 pu. What is the available fault MVA if the base is 50 MVA? A.50 MVA. B. 100 MVA C. 250 MVA 1D. 500 MVA REE - May 2010 31. Consider a system with sequence impedances of Z(+) = j0.2577 p.u.,Z(-) = j0.2085 p-u. and 210) =j0.14 ne Re 3d fault at A. A. 6.4 pu. B. =i pu. C.-j11 pu. REE - April 2011 32, Consider a system with sequence impedances of Z, = j0.2577 p.u., Z2 = j0.2085 p.u. and 0.14 p.u., determine the fault current l,; for a single line to ground fault at A. A.j2.13 pu. B. jt pu C.4867 pu. 0.1.65 p.u. REE - Sept. 2002 33. At a certain point in a 69 KV transmission line, the positive sequence imy the zero sequence impedance is {0.55 p.u.. Calculate the fault current if a line to li The base is 50 MVA. A3511A B. 1,890 A. C.420A D.2414A ypedance is j0.15 p.u., and ine fault occurs. 34, At A certain point in 4 system, the thevenin’s equivalent inipédarice of the network is 0.2 pu at 100 MVA base. A 115/34. kV, 10 MVA transformer with 5% impedance is tapped at this point. If three- phase fault occurs at the secondary, find the fault current at the primary. A.2390A B.718A C. 1380 D.1240A REE - Oct. 2000 ‘a weavlatin fuetot = [+08 35, What arrester rating shall be used to protect an 11 kV ungrounded system? A.18 kV B. 16 kV C.12kV D.9kV REE ~ April 2002 36. The distribution system is 34.5 kV, grounded. Which arrester shall be installed to protect a distribution transformer on the system? A.27KV B. 30 kV C.34.5 kV D.38kV 37. Which of the following is not one of the classes of arresters? ‘A.transmission class _B. station class C. distribution class _D. intermediate class REE ~ April 1997 38. In transmission lines, the most effective protection against lightning strikes is one of the following, Which one is this? A. lightning rods B. lightning arresters C. Peterson coils _D. overhead wires#7 2)) 10 Sp = ace apparent paver fos Wainttn sr 4% tive fF wtp for 1) ib op Nb ve SW) ten NONRWOF 47 (RECS) v n90, 28 vq < PO-WOE KYA t 1-0 po Ww ope Vaee (way (2) ous OP. 10 2g yo (Ho i itwe 19 Li oC KN)? CH 2) a Foul) ava s oP sodnkyh kh —- Jo (4s)? 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(00MIN) (eee) reer 0-2 pv mr po > ( Wom ) 3) = 08 py ppt TV LOw Aaaamepents = DL 0S Beep y Ve (primary ) jaheo se er ying pet oeaes ge 12 > > > Fuge wet Jecerim) = ty XIFRE = Sog-0d x 14> 277-92 Ay Ps ‘owaral Foy oy acer}: veliast vette tise ger) Se a Ena) ul &s Srandard paedl (-05)(..29 OYTO) Fines WV OM Bae y ae auntie settaat g. votluat fae ee “guetta = (as) (1) Sky é oa a = Wweay MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAININGCENTER ((41)) POWER SYSTEM ‘SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 1000 KW at 80% 1. A transmission line with an impedance of (4 + j7.5) ohms is supplying a load of to 13.2 kV? taaging. What is the sending end power factor for a receiving end voltage equal ae B. 0.635 .0.474 D.0.785 116 ohms per conductor. The load 2. A.80 Hz, three-phase transmission line has an impedance of 12 + j h factor. Calculate the sending end of the receiving end takes a current of 120 A at 0.85 lagging power voltage if the power factor at the sending end is 0.843 lagging. A.115.6 kV B, 109.8 KV C.123 kV D. 129.6 kV 3. Ashort transmission line supplies power to a load of 30 MVA at 230 KV, 0.8 lagging power factor. Calculate the percent regulation for a line impedance of (12 + j36) ohms. A.1.78% B. 1.87% C.2.18% D. 2.62% 4. 34.5 KV substation supplying 15 MW at 80% power factor lagging has an efficiency of 95%. What must be the impedance of the line to maintain 33 kV at the receiving end? A. 2.8225° ohms. B.2.2252°ohms C. 3.6237°0hms _D.4.4232° ohms 5. A short, three-phase transmission line has an impedance of 9 + j20 ohms and supplies 5000 KW at 38 KV and 70.7% power factor lagging. What is the minimum KVAR rating of the capacitor that must be connected across the load so tat the voltage regutation is limited to 3%. A. 3,350 KVAR B. 3,720 KVAR C. 4,740 kVAR 'D. 5,260 KVAR 6. Asymmetrical, three-conductor cable is enciosed in a ground metal sheath. The capacitance between the three conductors connected together and the sheath is 0.5 yF. The capacitance between one conductor and the other two connected together and also connected to the sheath is 0.6 UF. What is the charging current when 25 KV, three-phase, 60 Hz is applied to the cable. A.5.44 A, B.7.71A C.3.85A (D.4.44A 7. Aconcentric cable has a conductor diameter of 4 cm and an insulation thickness of 6 cm. The insulation has two layers of two different materials having permittivities of 4 and 2, respectively. with corresponding safe working stresses of 30 KV per om and 20 kV per om. Calculate the capacitance of the cable. A. 0.133 pF/km B. 133 WF/m C. 0.057 wF/km D. 57.5 pF/km 8. Two towers of heights 20 m and 25 m, respectively, support a line at railroad crossing. The conductor weighs 0.9 kg/m and experiences a tension of 1500 kg. Determine the clearance at distance of 400 m from the lower tower for a span of 500 m. Atom B.12m C14 tr D.16m 9. High impedance grounded system generally means system. ‘A. solidly grounded B.unigroundedC. multigrounded’_D. ungrounded 40. A short, three-phase transmission line has an impedance of 15 + j20 ohms. The sending end voltage ee) KV and the receiving end takes 1 MW at a lagging power factor. The current per conductor is A ‘What is the receiving end voltage? A. 10.1 kV B. 8.8 kV C.14.2kV D. 12.1 kVsome MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAININGCENTER ((41 POWER SYSTEM ey) 11. Two towers are supported at the same elevation. It has a ‘sag of 8 m for a certain tension T. When a wind oad of 0.5 kg/m is considered, the sag increases to 9.43 m for the same tension T. Determine ENOraa ‘the conductor. pes im B. 0.80 kg/m C. 0.85 kg/m D. 0.9 kg/m 42,8 12.8 KV dictibution tne has a thevenin's equivsint eee of 2.63%. If @ phase to phase faut ‘cours between phases B and C, determine the fault current at 10 MVA base. A. 13000 A B. 15900 A C. 7950 A D, 5300 A 18. A transmission line has two aluminum conductors in bundle. The self GMD of each conductor is 8.90 mm and the distance between the conductors and phases is 40 cm and 9 m, respectively. What is thie inductance of the fine per phase? A. 4uHim B. 3 pHim C.2uHim ea 14. A three-phase transmission line with resistance and reactance of 8 and 11 ohms, respectively, is supplied with a voltage of 11 kV. A balanced load P KW at 0.8 leading power factor is connected at the end of the line. For what value of P is the voltage regulation of the line zero. A. 120.8 kW B. 209.3 kW C.1.5 kW D. 418.6 kW 15. A three-phase, 250 miles transmission line delivers 200 A to a load at 230 kV and 80% lagging power factor. The ABCD constants of the line are: A = D = 0.88721.9°, B= 156275.14°, C= 732290°. What is the sending end voltage of the line? o A. 344 kV 5.250 kV C. 230 kV D. 265 kV 46. Two identical parallel conductors of a single phase system are 100 cm apart. What is the loop inductance per km of the line if the conductor has radius and permeability of 1 cm and $0, respectively? 4.3.58 mH B. 12.56 mH C.6.84mH D. 13.68 mH 47. A.5 km long, three-phase, 34.5 kV line has a horizontal configuration with 4 ft spacing. The conductors are 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft. What is the inductance of the line? A.5.33 mH B.15.12mH C. 10.22 mH D. 12.02 mH 48. Which of the following is not a standard distribution vottage? A.B.24KV B. 16 kV C. 13.8 KV D.11 kV 49. A three-phase transmission line is 30 km long. The outside diameter of the conductors is 0.721 inch and has an equilateral spacing of 4 ft. Determine the capacitance per phase of the line. A457 UF B. 1.023 pF C.0.341 LF D.6uF 20. Estimate the distance over which a load of 15 MW at 80% power factor can be delivered by a three- phase transmission line having ACSR conductors each of resistance 0.61 ohm/km. The voltage at the receiving end is to be 138 kV and the loss of the line isto be limited to 7.5 % of the load. A. 100 km B.33km C.76 km D. 7836 km 21. A three-phase 60 HZ transmission line delivers 750 KW at 95 percent leading power factor ai detta voltage of 6,900 volts all measured at the load end. The resistance per conductor is Ae and the reactance per conductor is 2.6 ohms. Assuming both source and load to be wye connected, determine the voltage regulation of the transmission line in percent? : A3.9 B.4.3 C46 D.56ap MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAININGCENTER POWER SYSTEM 22. A three-phase 60 HZ, 20-mile tran: power : \smission line delivers 20,000 KW at 66,000 v and 75% power factor lagging. The conductors are 3/0 AWG copper spaced 72 inches. The resistance is 0.926 ohm pevmie ane, Teactance is 0.742 ohm per mile, Capacitance is nil. What is the transmission efficiency A983 B.95 c.96 ae 23..A string efficiency of 100% means that__. ‘A. one of the insulator discs is shorted C. potential across each disc's the saw B. the potential across each disc is zero D. potential across the large discs very large 24. The causes of nearly all high voltage flashovers in transmission fines are due fo one of the following. Which one is the following? i A. high humidity B. dust and dirt C. corona D. lightning discharges 25. The transfer bus scheme has the following characteristics except one. Which one is this? Aitallows the disconnection of circuit breaker for maintenance without interrupting the service B. Itis more flexible. . It allows better continuity of service as compared with the single bus. D. It is more costly than that of the single bus system. A. 0.282 pF B, 0.187 UF C.22uF D. 5.25 uF 27.A three-phase, 50 HZ transmission line with a length of 10 km delivers 2,500 KVA to & load at 6,000 Volts and 0.8 pf. lagging. The line resistance is 0.3 O/km and inductance is 1.28 mH/km. Determine the sending end voltage. A.T.IAKV 5.7.88 KV C.8KV D. 8.024 KV 28. A single phase transmission line supplies a reactive load at lagging ps. The load draws 1.2 per unit ‘current at 0.6 per unit voltage while drawing 0.5 per unit real power. If the base voltage is 20 KV and the base current is 160 A, what is the pf. of the load? A.0.80 B.0.75 C.0.85 D.0.69 29. Surge arresters are needed in transmission lines for the following purpose. Which one is important? A. Regulate the voltage . Protect the system from high transients B. Prevent the lightning from striking the line. Protect the line from short circuit currents 20. A three-phase, 60 Hz, transmission line has its conductors arranged in @ triangular configuration so that the two distances between conductors are 7.62 m and the third is 12.8 m. The conductors are Dove with GMR of 0.0314 ft. If the line is 75 km long, what is the inductive reactance of the line? A, 39.890 B. 37.570 C.37.18.2 D. 38.730 31. A three-phase 60 HZ transmission line delivers 750 KW at 95 percent leading power fa delta voltage of 6,900 volts, The resistance per conductor is 4.3 ohms andthe ee oS ‘Conductors 2.6 ohms. Assuming both source and load are wye connected, what is the load impedance per phase? A.69.0 B. 64.5.0. .72.20 D.60.27) MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAI ¢ wy POWER SYSTEM ao el 32. a omen me Consists of 300,000 cmil 26/6 ACSR Ostrich conductor arranged vertically with aDeeeeete pee of 15 ft, 15 ft and 30 ft. The horizontal distance between the circuits is 23 a psrermine he Inductive reactance of the ine in ohms per mile per phase f the GMR of each ORD B.0.46 €.0.56 D. 0.39 of 2 +)4 ohms has an equal ine 33. A three-phase short transmission line havi Fesnnpedaice ages o vi ying a load of 0.8 pf. leading. ‘to line receiving end and sending end voltages of 115 kV, while suppl Find the power supplied by the line? A. 872.8 MW B. 860.2 MW. C. 839.2 MW 34. A 3-phase circuit 60 Hz, 230 KV transposed transmission line is composed of two 1,272 MCM 84/19 conductors per phase with horizontal configuration, The bundle conductors are 60 cm in distance while phase spacing between the centers of the bundle is 10 meters. Ifthe GMR of the ACS conductors is 0.0466 ft, find the inductive reactance in ohm per km per phase of the transmission line. A.0.3775 B. 0.3398 C. 0.3628 D. 0.3964 D. 822.4 MW 35. A three-phase, 60 HZ overhead line has a horizontal configuration. The conductors have an outside diameter of 3.28 cm. With 12 m distance between conductors, determine the capacitive reactance to neutral. A, 0.2631 x 10° 0-mi to neutral ©. 0.1946 x 10°.2-mi to neutral B.0.1864 x 10° Q-mito neutral _D. 0.2024 x 10° Q-mi to neutral 36. Calculate the capacitive reactance in kohm-km of a bundled 60 Hz, three-phase line having three ‘conductors per bundle with 45 cm between conductors of the bundle. The outside diameter is 0.175 in and the spacing between bundle centers is 10, 10 and 20 m. ~ A, 243 B. 765 C. 486 \D. 382 37. A 36, 60 Hz transposed transmission line is arranged horizontally with distances Di2= 5 ft, Da= 5 ft ‘and Ds = 10 ft, The outside diameter of the conductors is 0.721 inch and with GMR of 0.0243 ft. Determine the capacitance per phase of the line in microfarad per kilometer. A. 0.0404 B. 0.0304 C. 0.0204 D. 0.0104 38. A 69 KY, three-phase short transmission line is 16 km long. The line has a per phase series impedance of 0.125 + j0.4375 ohm per km. Determine the transmission efficiency when the line delivers 70 MVA, 0.80 lagging power factor at 64 KV. A. 98.75% B. 96.36% C. 94.67% D. 95.90% 39. A transmission line delivers 1200 MW at 500 kV and 85% power factor. The series impedance of the line is 0.42 + j 0.65 ohms/mi and the shunt impedance to neutral is - j0.12 x 10° ohms-mi. What is. the velocity of propagation of the line? ‘A. 560 x 10° km/hr B.890x 10° km/hr C, 750x 10° km/hr. 510 x 10° krvhr 40. An overhead transmission line has a span of 300 m. tis supported by two fowers of heigh and 30.5 m,respedivey. Ifthe required dearance between the conductor and the ground Rae between towers is 19 m and the weight of conductor is 0.80 kg/m, what is the tension in the conductor? A, 1524 kg. B. 1458 kg. C. 1232 kg. D. 1385 kg.some MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAININGCENTER POWER SYSTEM ra 2 At. ae Sar eer oe transmission line has a diameter of 19.6 mm and weighs 0.865 kg/m. Its ultimate G. If the permissible slant sag with a horizontal wind pressure of 3.91 g/cm* is 6.28 m, calculate oe the maximum span between two consecutive level supports considering a factor of A.A7Im B. 296 m C.342m. D. 592m Qs 42, NPC supplies energy to Clark Development Corporation at 69 KV from a 50 MVA transformer whose impedance is 4%. The short circuit MVA at the primary of the transformer is 600 MVA. To limit he fault current, a three phase limiting reactor is connected on the secondary of the transformer. What is the reactance of the reactor required to limit the short circuit MVA at the secondary to 200 MVA. A. 0.127 pu 8. 0.167 pu C.0.173 pu D. 0.139 pu 43. A three-phase, 60 HZ, transmission line has its conductors arranged in a triangular configuration so that the two distances between conductors are 5 m and the third is 8 m. The conductors have an ‘outside diameter of 0.25 inch. Find the inductive reactance in ohm per km per phase of the transmission line. A.0.567 B. 0.283 ©.0.586 D.0.293 44. Shunt capacitance is neglected in transmission lines. A. short B.mediumlength _C. long D. all of these 48. A transmiseion line with impedance of 0.10 + j0.20 ohm ie used to deliver power to 2 load. The load is capacttve and the load voltage is 240 + j0 v rms at 60 HZ. Ifthe load requires 15 kW and the real power loss in the line is 660 watts, find the input voltage to the line. A254 +10 B, 236 + j18v C. 230+ )18v D. 240+j20v 46. What is the maximum power that can be transmitted over a three-phase short transmi having a per pliase inipedarice of (0.3 + J0.4)O if the réceiving end voltage is 6,351 vorts the voltage regulation is not to exceed 5 percent? A. 103.5 MW B. 114.4 MW C. 108.9 MW D. 105.6 MW 47. When the load at the receiving end of a long transmission line is removed or the line is lightly loaded, the sending end voltage is less than the receiving end voltage. This phenomenon is called _K Ferrantieffect B. proximity effect C. Kelvin effect D. skin effect 48. A 20 KVA, 480 v, single phase generator supplies power to a load through a transmission line. The foad impedance is 2 + j5 Q and the transmission line impedance is 1 + j3 Q. Ifa 1:2 step-up transformer is placed at the output of generator and a 10:1 step-down transformer ia placed at the load of the transmission line, what is the per unit line current assuming transformers are ideal? ‘A, 0.0862 p.u. B. 0.0953 p.u. C. 0.0851 p.u. D. 0.0970 pu. 49. A synchronous generator and motor are rated 30 MVA 13.2 KV, and both have ‘subtransientreactances of 20%. The line connecting them has a reactance of 12% on th machine tinge The moto cawing 20,000 KW at 80% power factor leading and Cee voltage of 12. en a symmetrical three-phase fault occurs at the motor terminals. Fi three-phase fault current at the motor terminals. ee es ‘A, 10,600 A B. 10,150 A, ©. 10,350 A D. 10,800 A 50. A combination of switch and fuse. A. fuse cut-out B. relay C. safety switch D. circuit breakerUCHR. ERLCCON UL Power Systems “THE ESTABLISHED LEADER IN EE REVIEW” MULTIVECTOR Review and Training Center Ground Floor, Cuevasville Tower F, Cayco corner Earnshaw Sts. Sampaloc, Manila Tel. No. 7317423