CYTOGENETICS EXAM 2

SET 2

1. Which association between complementary bases would require the most energy to
break (has the highest bond dissociation energy)?
a. A:U
b. G:C
c. A:T
d. all are equal
Ans: B

2. Through a series of sequencing reactions, Dr. Smith sequenced a bacterial DNA to be

3’-AGCCTC-5’. What is the sequence complementary to this strand?
a. 3’-TCGGAG-5’
b. 5’-CTAAGA-3’
c. 5’-TCGGAG-3’
d. 3’-CTAAGA-5’
Ans: C

3. Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events in DNA replication
a. DNA polymerase binds to template strand -> RNA primer is synthesized ->
primase attaches to template strand -> DNA helix is sealed by helicase
b. DNA helicase opens the replication fork -> primase attaches to the template
strand -> daughter strand is elongated by DNA polymerase in 5’-3’ direction
c. DNA helicase opens replication fork -> leading strand synthesized in 3’-5’
direction -> Okazaki fragments formed in lagging strand -> ligase seals of breaks
in DNA
d. Topoisomerase opens the replication fork -> single strand binding proteins attach
to the template strand -> DNA polymerase adds nucleic acids to the growing
strand -> lagging strand is synthesized in 3’-5’ direction
Ans: B

4. In the lagging strand, Okazaki fragments are created as the replication fork is opened
up. What joins these fragments to create a continuous strand?
a. DNA polymerase
b. RNA polymerase
c. DNA ligase
d. DNA Endonuclease
Ans:C

5. In protein synthesis, a sequence is needed to initiate translation. Which of the following

is a start codon
a. AUG
b. UAG
 c. UGA
d. UAA
Ans: A

6. Having learned about the function of tRNA, where within the eukaryotic cell might a drug
which exclusively binds to tRNA binding sites exert its effects?
a. The nucleus
b. The cytosol
c. The lysosome
d. the mitochondrial membrane
Ans: B

7. In this inherited blood disorder, RBCs are crescent shaped due to a base pair
substitution. What type of DNA mutation is present in this case?
a. Translocation
b. Frameshift mutation
c. Trinucleotide repeat
d. Point mutation
Ans: D

8. This is a physical method of separation of DNA and RNA based on molecular weight and
length of the molecule
a. Gel Electrophoresis
b. PCR
c. Southern blot
d. Nucleic acid hybridization
Ans: A

9. For sample visualization in the above number, this reagent is applied before
transillumination.
a. Prussian Blue
b. Hematoxylin Eosin
c. Ethidium Bromide
d. India Ink
Ans: C

10. These noncoding sequences are removed by spliceosomes in post transcriptional

modifications
a. Itrons
b. Introns
c. Exons
d. Extrons
Ans: B
 11. For protein synthesis to occur, information from the nucleus is transported to the
cytoplasm in the process known as transcription. What molecule carries the code?
a. DNA
b. rRNA
c. mRNA
d. tRNA
Ans: C

12. These are known as adapter molecules that carry the code that converts encoded
message into an amino acid.
a. DNA
b. rRNA
c. mRNA
d. tRNA
Ans: D

13. What direction is DNA synthesized when catalyzed by DNA polymerase?

a. DNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of DNA in the 5’→3’ direction
b. DNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of DNA in the 3’→5’ direction
c. DNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of DNA in the 5’→2’ direction
d. DNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of DNA in the 2’→5’ direction
Ans: A

14. What is the functional relationship between codons and amino acids?
a. Many different codons may code for the same amino acid
b. A single codon may code for many different amino acids
c. Codons and amino acids randomly associate around a particular tRNA
d. A given amino acid is only coded for by a single codon
Ans: A

15. This is referred to as the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

a. Replication -> Transcription -> Translation
b. Replication -> Translation -> Transcription
c. Translation -> Transcription -> Replication
d. Transcription -> Replication -> Translation
Ans: A

16. What composes the phosphodiester bonds in DNA?

a. Hydrogen bonds between nucleosides
b. Covalently linked nucleotides
c. Hydrogen bonds between complementary strands
d. Covalently linked amino acids
Ans: B
 17. During a family reunion, your uncle opened up about his testicular cancer. He said that
he was referred to an oncologist, who started his treatment with a topoisomerase
inhibitor, etoposide. What is the normal function of the enzyme topoisomerase?
a. Repair nuclear DNA in the event of DNA damage
b. Unwind DNA helix during replication
c. Relieve supercoiling induced by the action of helicase.
d. Prevent single strands from reannealing during replication
Ans: C

Matching type: Enzymes

18. Digests nucleic acid molecules by breaking phosphodiester bonds
19. Recognize specific short DNA base pair sequences and cleave the short DNA molecule
only at the recognition site
20. Catalyzes synthesis of DNA from either DNA or RNA template
21. Joins DNA nucleotides together to form a single stranded daughter molecule using a
single stranded parent molecule as template
22. Joins DNA fragments formed by discontinuous synthesis in DNA replication
a. DNA polymerase
b. Reverse transcriptase
c. DNA ligase
d. DNases
e. Restriction Endonuclease
Ans: D, E, B, A, C

Matching type: Mutations

23. Sickle Cell Anemia

24. Fragile X syndrome
25. Chronic Myelogenous leukemia
26. Becker muscular dystrophy
a. Point mutation
b. Deletion/insertion
c. trinucleotide repeat
d. Translocation
Ans: A, C, D, B

27. Which of the following is true regarding incomplete dominance?

a. Phenotype of both allele is expressed
b. Phenotype of only one allele is expressed
c. Phenotype of neither of the alleles are expressed
d. Phenotype of both allele is partially expressed
Ans: D

28. In case of incomplete dominance monohybrid F1 _____ is 1:2:1.

 a. Genotype
b. Phenotype
c. Both genotype and phenotype
d. The ratio is wrong
Ans: C

29. Four-o’clocks or snapdragon flowering plants were crossed in an experiment. A red

snapdragon is crossed to a white snapdragon. What is the probability of getting a red
snapdragon in the F1 generation?
a. 1
b. 1/ 2
c. 1/ 4
d. None
Ans: D

30. Four-o’clocks or snapdragon flowering plants were crossed in an experiment. A red

snapdragon is crossed to a white snapdragon. What is the probability of getting a red
snapdragon in the F2 generation?
a. 1
b. 1/ 2
c. 1/ 4
d. None
Ans: C

31. An M blood type daughter is born to a mother who has type M blood group and a
father who has type N. Which of the following is true?
a. The father of the child is someone else
b. The mother of the child is someone else
c. This is a normal case
d. The child has genotype M/N
Ans: A

32. This refers to a pattern of inheritance in which a trait is carried on one of the sex
determining chromosomes
a. Mendelian inheritance
b. Codominance
c. Incomplete dominance
d. Sex linked inheritance
Ans: D

33. In the case of incomplete dominance, which zygosity expresses the blending of
characters?
a. Homozygosity
 b. Heterozygosity
c. Hemizgosity
d. Nullizygosity
Ans: B

34. What holds the information for a particular trait?

a. Gene
b. Genome
c. Exon
d. Intron
Ans: A

35. A black sheep is bred with a white sheep. All of their offspring have a phenotype of
gray coats. What is the most likely pattern of inheritance for coat color in sheep?
a. Multiple allele inheritance
b. Lethal allele inheritance
c. Incomplete dominance
d. Codominance
Ans: C

36. Mendel studied the inheritance of ___________ in the garden pea.

a. seed size
b. seed color
c. flower size
d. all of the above
Ans: D

37. In humans, the dominance relationship between A and B alleles of the ABO blood
group gene is an example of?
a. Complete dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Codominance
d. Epistasis
Ans: C

38. Consider the cross AaBb x AaBb. If trait A exhibits complete dominance and trait B
exhibits codominance, what phenotypic ratio is expected in the offspring?
a. 1:1:1:1
b. 9:3:3:1
c. 3:6:3:1:2:1
d. 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
Ans: C
 39. The MN system is under the control of an autosomal locus found on chromosome __
and two alleles designated LM and LN
a. Chr 4
b. Chr 9
c. Chr 16
d. Chr 22
Ans: A

40. The A and B antigens are distinct from MN antigens and are under the control of a
different gene, located on chromosome __
a. Chr 4
b. Chr 9
c. Chr 16
d. Chr 22
Ans: B

41. Mutations resulting in the synthesis of a gene product that is nonfunctional and is
tolerated in the heterozygous state refers to what concept of inheritance?
a. Multiple allele inheritance
b. Lethal allele inheritance
c. Incomplete dominance
d. Codominance
Ans: B

Matching type: Epistasis

42. Dominant allele of one gene masks the expression of alleles of another
43. 12:3:1 dihybrid cross ratio
44. Recessive alleles of one gene masks the expression of the alleles of another gene
45. 9:3:4 dihybrid cross ratio
a. Dominant epistasis
b. Recessive epistasis
Ans: A,A,B,B

46. Which of the following is incorrect regarding sex linked inheritance?

a. One result of X-linkage is the crisscross pattern of inheritance, whereby
phenotypic traits controlled by recessive X-linked genes are passed from
homozygous mothers to all sons.
b. Since the Y chromosome lacks homology with most genes on the X
chromosome, whatever alleles are present on the X chromosome of the males
will be expressed directly in their phenotype.
c. Males cannot be homozygous or heterozygous for X-linked genes, and this
condition is referred to as being hemizygous.
d. All are true
Ans: D

47. In humans, three alleles affect blood type. The A and B alleles are codominant and
the O allele is recessive. Which of the following is true?
a. Human blood type is an example of incomplete dominance
b. Human blood type is an example of multiple allele inheritance
c. The O blood type is least common in the human population
d. The A and B alleles are codominant because both alleles simultaneously
expressed in the heterozygote
Ans: B

48. A gene for corn has two alleles, one for yellow kernels and one for white kernels. A
farmer mates yellow and white corn. All of the offspring have a nearly even mix of
yellow and white kernels. Which type of inheritance most likely explains the
relationship between the two alleles?
a. Incomplete dominance
b. Polygenic inheritance
c. Codominance
d. Pleiotropy
Ans: C

49. In humans, hair texture exhibits incomplete dominance. The gene for curly hair (H) is
incompletely dominant to the gene for straight hair (h). Individuals that are
heterozygous (Hh) have wavy hair. Two heterozygous parents have a child. What is
the chance that the child will have wavy hair?
a. 4/ 4
b. 1/ 4
c. 1/ 2
d. 3/ 4
Ans: C

50. This refers to the concept wherein traits are controlled by multiple genes
a. Codominance
b. Lethal Allele
c. Polygenic trait
d. Pleiotropy
Ans: C