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Topic 12: Industrial Microbiology
Learning objectives:
1. Name four beneficial activities of microorganisms

2. Compare and contrast food preservation by industrial food canning aseptic packaging, radiation, and
high pressure; and
3. Give examples of food preservation.
Introduction
In this topic, we will look at how microorganisms are harnessed in such useful applications as the
making of food and industrial products.
 Many of these processes-especially baking, winemaking, brewing, and cheese making have
origins long lost in history.
 Modern civilization, with its large urban populations, could not be supported without methods
of preserving food.
 In fact, civilization arose only after agriculture produced a year-round stable food supply so that
people were able to give up a nomadic hunting-and-gathering way of life.
 It is also a fact that advances in microbiology, with its insight into spoilage processes and the
possibility of disseminating diseases in preserved food, later became an essential element of
this.
 In some chapters, we discussed industrial applications of genetically modified microorganisms
that are at the cutting edge of our knowledge of molecular biology.
 Many of these applications are now essential to modern industry.
Summary
Food Microbiology
1. The earliest methods of preserving foods were drying. the addition of salt or sugar, and fermentation.
Foods and Disease
2. Food safety is monitored by the FDA and USDA and also by use of the HACCP system.
Industrial Food Canning
2 industrial plant Food preservation using microorganism to extend shelf life of foods.
3. Commercial sterilization of food is accomplished by steam under pressure in a retort.
4. Commercial sterilization heats canned foods to the minimum temperature necessary to destroy
Clostridium botulinum endospores while minimizing alteration of the food.
5. The commercial sterilization process uses sufficient heat to reduce a population of C. botulinum by 12
logarithmic cycles (J 2D treatment).
6. Endospores of thermophiles can survive commercial sterilization.
7. Canned foods stored above 45"C can be spoiled by thermophilic anaerobes.
8. Thermophilic anaerobic spoilage is sometimes accompanied by gas production; if no gas is formed,

the spoilage is called flat sour spoilage.
9. Spoilage by mesophilic bacteria is usually from improper heating procedures or leakage.
10. Acidic foods can be preserved by heat of 100°C because microorganisms that survive are not capable
of growth in a low pH.
11. Byssochlamys, Aspergillus, and Bacillus coagulants are acid-tolerant and heat -resistant microbes
that can spoil acidic foods.
Industrial Microbiology
1. Microorganisms produce alcohols and acetone that are used in industrial processes.
2. Industrial microbiology has been revolutionized by the ability of genetically modified cells to make
many new products.
3. Biotechnology is a way of making commercial products by using living organisms. Fermentation

Technology
4. The growth of cells on a large scale is called industrial fermentation.
5. Industrial fermentation is carried on in bioreactors, which control aeration, pH, and temperature.
6. Primary metabolites such as ethanol are formed as the cells grow (during the trophophase).
7. Secondary metabolites such as penicillin are produced during the stationary phase (idiophase).
8. Mutant strains that produce a desired product can be selected.
Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms
20. Organic waste, called biomass, can be converted by microorganisms into the alternative fuel
methane, a process called bioconversion
21. Fuels produced by microbial fermentation are methane, ethanol, and hydrogen. Biofuels
22. Biofuels include alcohols and hydrogen (from microbial fermentation) and oils (from algae).
Industrial Microbiology and the Future
23. Recombinant DNA technology will continue to enhance the ability of industrial microbiology to
produce medicines and other useful products.
Questions
1. The following processes are used in wastewater treatment. Match the stage of treatment
with the processes. Each choice can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Processes Treatment Stage
_____ a. Leaching field 1. Primary
_____ b. Removal of solids 2. Secondary
_____ c. Biological degradation 3. Tertiary
_____ d. Activated sludge system
_____ e. Chemical precipitation of phosphorus
_____ f. Trickling filter
_____ g. Results in drinking water

2. Bioremediation refers to the use of living organisms to remove pollutants. Describe three
examples of bioremediation.
3. In the sulfur cycle, microbes degrade organic sulfur compounds, such as
(a) ____________, to release H2S, which can be oxidized by Thiobacillus to
(b) ___________ .This ion can be assimilated into amino acids by
(c) ________________ or reduced by Desulfovibrio ________________.
(d) H2S is used by photoautotrophic bacteria as an electron donor to synthesize
(e)______________ . The sulfur containing by-product of this metabolism is (f)____________.
4. Why is the phosphorus cycle important?

5. The following organisms have important roles as symbionts with plants and fungi; describe the
symbiotic relationship of each organism with its host:
 cyanobacteria,
 mycorrhizae,
 Rllizobium Frankia
References
Bauman, Robert. "Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy." Pearson Education. 1995. (Sept. 16, 2014.
Cowan, E.2014.Microbiology:A Systems Approach.4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,., Inc.
Hoefnagels, Mariëlle. "Biology: Concepts and Investigations." McGraw-Hill. 2011. (Sept. 16, 2014).
Martinco,E.2006.Biology of Microorganism.11th Edition. Pearson Education Publishing., Inc.
Tortora,E.2015:Microbiology an introduction.10thEdition.PDF 164
Tortora,Funke and Case.2004:Microbiology an introduction .8thEdition.

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Topic 12: Industrial Microbiology

1. Name four beneficial activities of microorganisms

Foods and Disease

Industrial Food Canning

3. Commercial sterilization of food is accomplished by steam under pressure in a retort.

6. Endospores of thermophiles can survive commercial sterilization.

7. Canned foods stored above 45"C can be spoiled by thermophilic anaerobes.

8. Thermophilic anaerobic spoilage is sometimes accompanied by gas production; if no gas is formed,

9. Spoilage by mesophilic bacteria is usually from improper heating procedures or leakage.

3. Biotechnology is a way of making commercial products by using living organisms. Fermentation

8. Mutant strains that produce a desired product can be selected.

Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms

Industrial Microbiology and the Future

Processes Treatment Stage

_____ a. Leaching field 1. Primary

_____ b. Removal of solids 2. Secondary

_____ c. Biological degradation 3. Tertiary

_____ d. Activated sludge system

_____ e. Chemical precipitation of phosphorus

_____ f. Trickling filter

_____ g. Results in drinking water

(a) ____________, to release H2S, which can be oxidized by Thiobacillus to

(b) ___________ .This ion can be assimilated into amino acids by

(c) ________________ or reduced by Desulfovibrio ________________.

(d) H2S is used by photoautotrophic bacteria as an electron donor to synthesize

(e)______________ . The sulfur containing by-product of this metabolism is (f)____________.

4. Why is the phosphorus cycle important?

Cowan, E.2014.Microbiology:A Systems Approach.4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,., Inc.

Martinco,E.2006.Biology of Microorganism.11th Edition. Pearson Education Publishing., Inc.

Tortora,E.2015:Microbiology an introduction.10thEdition.PDF 164

Tortora,Funke and Case.2004:Microbiology an introduction .8thEdition.

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(c) or reduced by Desulfovibrio .

(e)__ . The sulfur containing by-product of this metabolism is (f).