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Pragmatics

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Chi Đỗ
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119 views5 pages

Pragmatics

Uploaded by

Chi Đỗ
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sec 2:

1. Examples to distinguish types of deixis?

- Person deixis: Refers to the participants in the conversation.

Example: "She is coming to visit." ("She" is person deixis)


- Spatial deixis: Refers to the location or space in relation to the speaker or listener.

Example: "Come over here." ("Here" is spatial deixis)

- Temporal deixis: Refers to the timing of an event in relation to the moment of speaking.

Example: "I saw her yesterday." ("Yesterday" is temporal deixis)

2. what kinds of deixis do the words like "here" - "there" - "this" - "that" belong to?

"Here" and "there" belong to spatial deixis because they refer to locations relative to the
speaker (near or far).

"This" and "that" are also spatial deixis, as they indicate objects located close to or far from
the speaker.

Sec 3:

1. What is reference?

Reference is the words we use to identify things are in some direct relationship to those things.

3. Types of reference with examples?

Anaphoric

Cataphoric

Ellipsis

Sec 4:

1. What is presupposition:

It’s something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance

2. Types of presupposition with examples

- Existential

E.g: “The dog is barking.”


→ Presupposition: There is a dog.

- Factive

E.g: “She regrets telling him the secret.”

→ Presupposition: She told him the secret.

- Non-factive

E.g: “I dreamed that I won the lottery.”

→ Presupposition: I didn’t win the lottery.

- Counterfactive

E.g: “If I had known, I would have helped.”

→ Presupposition: I didn’t know.

- Lexical

E.g: “He managed to finish the project.”

→ Presupposition: He tried to finish the project.

- Structural

E.g: “Where did you put the keys?”

→ Presupposition: You put the keys somewhere.

E.g: “The dog is barking.”

→ Presupposition: There is a dog.

- Factive

E.g: “She regrets telling him the secret.”

→ Presupposition: She told him the secret.

- Non-factive

E.g: “I dreamed that I won the lottery.”

→ Presupposition: I didn’t win the lottery.

- Counterfactive

E.g: “If I had known, I would have helped.”

→ Presupposition: I didn’t know.

- Lexical
E.g: “He managed to finish the project.”

→ Presupposition: He tried to finish the project.

- Structural

E.g: “Where did you put the keys?”

→ Presupposition: You put the keys somewhere.

4. What is entailment?

It’s something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance.

5. Types of entailment with examples

Background entailment

Eg: "She gave him a birthday present."

=> "It was his birthday."

Foreground Entailments

Eg: "She left the party early."

=> "She was at the party”

Sec 5:

1. What is implicature?

Implicature is when a speaker implies meaning without using direct language.

2. What are types of implicature?

- Conventional: This is when a speaker uses words like “but,” “still,” or “although” to show a
connection between two ideas.

- Conversational: This happens when the speaker implies something based on the words used and
the context.

3. What is Cooperative Principle?

The cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at


the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in
which you are engaged.

4. What are four maxims related to the Cooperative Principle stated by Grice (details with
examples)?
+ Maxim of quantity

Eg:

Too little: "Where's John?"

"Home."

Too much: "Where's John?"

"John is at home, sitting on the couch, reading a book..."

+ Maxim of quality

Eg:
True: "I think it's raining."

False: "The sun is blue."

+ Maxim of relation

Eg:

Relevant: "I’m hungry."

"Let’s eat."

Irrelevant: "I’m hungry."

"I have a cat."

+ Maxim of manner

Clear: "Turn left at the store."

Unclear: "Turn somewhere, around that thing."

Sec 6:

1. Define speech acts

Action performed by an utterance called speech acts

2. What are the three related acts in making an utterance?

Locutionary act: An utterance that produces literal meaning

Illocutionary act: An utterance which has social function in mind

Perlocutionary act: An utterance that gives an effect to do something


Sec 7:

1- What is politeness?

Defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person's face

7- State your understanding of “on record & off record”

On record:

A direct statement where the intention is clear.

Example: "Can you pass the salt, please?"

Off record:

An indirect statement where the intention is not explicitly stated, leaving room for interpretation.

Example: "It’s getting a bit hard to reach the salt, isn't it?" (Implying the speaker wants the salt
passed without directly asking.)

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