EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EGGSHELL

AS AN ALTERNATIVE CHALK

YEAR 2023 – 2024

Acosta, Hannah Thalia D.

Apondar, Charmine G.

Buere, Kimberly

Cayeta, Jozette S.

Madrazo, Glaze Aubrey B.

Salvan, Zarry

2023
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Egg is a food that is mostly made into breakfast, dish and sometimes also

used as a skincare. After using the egg, its shell is simply thrown away or it is

used on plants as a display, but don’t you know that there are other uses for it

besides these? This shell can also be used as a chalk. When thinking of a chalk,

one thing that comes out in peoples mind is “dusty”, sometimes it can also be a

source of allergy. The researchers found out that an “egg shell” could actually be

the answer, as this material could possibly be transformed into a “chalk”. An egg

shell as an alternative chalk where a dust wouldn’t exist.

Every teacher’s life must include chalk as a vital tool. The lessons that

teachers teach their students are obviously written on the blackboard or other

comparable materials as their primary usage. Chalks can also be used as a

“marking tool” on other surfaces like wood or cement. Compared to utilizing

whiteboards or markers, they are far less expensive. Using a standard wooden

blackboard and chalk. This research is not just about the chalk that the

researchers would turn this into its upgraded version, but also this helps the

environment as this waste product turns into an alternative chalk which actually

the egg’s shell.

This study will explore the physical properties of eggshell chalk, including

its abrasion, hardness, dustiness and resistance. It will also asses its potential as
an eco- friendly alternative to traditional chalk and evaluate its cost –

effectiveness. Furthermore, this study could contribute to the growing body of

research on using waste products as a valuable resource and help to promote a

more circular and sustainable economy.

Background of the Study

Eggshells are common household waste product that is generated on a

daily basis. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate that is common main

element to make a chalk. Eggshell can be ground or traditional chalk.

According to Alameda et.al (2017), the components of an eggshell are

almost entirely made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystals. It is a

semipermeable membrane which means that air and moisture can pass through

its pores. The shell has a thin outermost coating called the bloom or cuticle that

helps keep out bacteria and dust.

There’s a special property that’s unique to all solid materials. This is the

ability to be brittle. Brittleness is a property of solid materials to break into pieces.

More examples of this include glass and ceramics.

An eggshell is almost entirely made up of calcium (Ca), carbon © and

oxygen (O) combined, making a compound called calcium carbonate or CaCO₃.

Calcium carbonate is the substance that makes it possible for us to use

chalk to draw on pavement. Eggshells, which also contain calcium carbonate,

can be used to manufacture chalk. The majority of eggshell is made up of

calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystals. Air and moisture can enter through its pores
due to its semipermeable nature. Another mechanism for preventing pathogens

and dust is the bloom or cuticle, a thin outer covering on the shell. People still

use chalk frequently today.

Many people will benefit from the researchers’ discovery of an organic

substitute ingredient like eggshells. The findings of the study might potentially aid

to improve the nation’s current economic position.

Chalk is a common name of the compound calcium carbonate. Its

chemical formula is $CaC{O_3}$. Calcium carbonate is a form of limestone, and

also it has the same compound used to make it. This is why the researchers

think it may be possible to make chalk using eggshells.

An eggshell is the hard, outer covering of an egg. It consists mostly of

calcium carbonate, a common form of calcium. The rest is made up of protein

and other minerals. Calcium is an essential mineral that is abundant in many

foods, including dairy products. Lower amounts are also found in many leafy and

root vegetables. In the past decades, eggshell powder processed from hen eggs

has been used as a natural calcium supplement. Eggshells are roughly 40%

calcium, with each gram providing 381–401 mg.

Half an eggshell may provide enough calcium to meet the daily

requirements for adults, which is 1,000 mg per day Arneson (2017).

The importance of this research topic is to not just find a much more

efficient alternative chalk, but also really to focus on at least helping the

environment knowing that most people normally just throwing it away after
getting the main need on an egg. This will also change the perspective of a chalk

as this research will focus on making it more efficient by removing its dust. By the

help of this research, this will highlight the creativity towards a new generation as

this chalk from a typical version will evolve to its eco-friendly version that will not

just benefit us humans but also the environment. Teachers will no longer have to

worry about the dust that typical chalk can cause and by the help of egg shells

chalk, they can write continuously and enjoy teaching profession even more.

Scope of Delimitation

This study will mainly focus on experimentation of eggshell as an

alternative chalk. Studying eggshells as an alternative to chalk is a fascinating

experiment. By conducting experiments, you can explore the feasibility of using

eggshells in various applications, such as education, agriculture, or industry. You

will also learn that the eggshell has other uses and how it differs from the original

chalk. The main ingredient in store-bought is calcium carbonate, which is a form

of limestone. The substance that enables respondents to use chalk to sketch on

pavement is calcium carbonate (CaC03). Eggshells also contain calcium

carbonate which is why you can turn them into chalk. The researchers study

eggshell as an alternative chalk not just because of its properties but because it

is eco-friendly nature, potential cost-effectiveness and its availability as recycled

waste materials that will benefit the respondents. The respondents will be the

student and teachers who use chalks.

Significance of the study

 This study will emphasize that egg shell has other purposes and benefits

instead of just throwing it away after using it. Among the advantages of this

research are:

Faculty this experiment benefits teachers who use chalkboards and other

faculties by saving money by using eggshell as an alternative chalk. The

researchers also found that some teachers have asthma and dust allergies,

which could be alleviated by the use of eggshell as an alternative chalk. This

experiment is beneficial for everyone's health, as it helps prevent illness while

teaching.

Students the feasibility benefits for the students are to learn how to write

on the board while using this experimentation to lessen the exposure of the

chemical ingredients of chalk that are made from the mineral calcite.

Economy this research will not effectively affect the economy status of

the country as this research which is the environmentally friendly chalk itself is

not as big as others and not being acknowledged by everyone.

Environment taking care of the environment is a must and that’s what the

researchers mission, by creating a more sustainable and environmentally friendly

chalk that is not just good for the people but also good for the environment. This

research will be a guide and a way of appreciating things and appreciating it’s

worth just like the eggshell. A lot considered Eggshell’s as a waste product and it

can easily be seen in every garbage and so the researchers comes up with the
idea of transforming the eggshell not just an environmentally friendly Chalk but

also a cost-efficient chalk as well.

Statement of the problem

Chalk is very well known as resources of dust particles that may cause

some health issues. This research aims to probe the feasibility of using eggshell

as sustainable and safer substitute to common chalk.

1.What are the properties of eggshells that make them suitable as an alternative

to chalk?

2.What is the process of preparing eggshells for use as a chalk?

3.What is the difference between eggshell chalk and the regular chalk?

4.What methods can be employed to effectively crush and process eggshells into

a chalk-like substance?

5.What are the environmental benefits of using eggshells as an alternative to

traditional chalk?

6.What challenges might researchers face in utilizing eggshells as a chalk

substitute, and how can these challenges be overcome?

7.What are the potential economic advantages of using eggshells as a raw

material for chalk production?

8.Is the eggshell as an alternative chalk will affect health? in e.g?

9.Are there any benefits to be gained of using eggshell in making chalk?

Definition of terms

Abundant - Existing in large quantities, more than enough.

Accumulate - Something to gradually get more and more of something over a

period of time.

Aggregate - Total number or amount made up smaller amounts that are

collected together.

AID - Help that you need, especially to perform a particular task.

Alkaline - A chemical that is basic.

Alleviated - To reduce the pain or trouble of (something) : to make (something)

less painful, difficult, or severe.

Alpha - A version of a product, especially computer software that is not yet ready

for the public to buy or that is is tested by the companies that is developing it.

Analogous - Similar or comparable to something else either in general or in

some specific detail.

Analytical - Examining or liking to examine things in detail, in order to discover

more about them.

Anhyndrase - An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of water.

Aqueous - Of, relating to, or resembling water.

Asphalt - A brown or black, tarlike, bituminous, found in large flat beds or made

by refining petroleum.
Attenuation - A general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a

signal.

Axial Load - The force acting along the axis or centerpiece of a structure,

producing a uniform effort.

Biochar - Is a charcoal-like material that is produced from plant materials such

as grass, agricultural and forest residues that are decomposed at high

temperatures, often during renewable energy production.

Boiler Stone - A small object (such as a stone or piece of porcelain) used in a

boiling liquid to prevent bumping.

Brittleness - It describes the property of a material that fractures when subjected

to stress but has a little tendency to deform before rupture.

Calcium Carbonate - A white insoluble solid occurring naturally as chalk,

limestone, marble, and calcite, and forming mollusk shells and stony corals.

Calate Phase - Basic component phase diagram as function of temperature and

pressure in a closed system.

Ceramic - Is an inorganic non-metallic solid made up of either metal or non-

metal compounds that have been shaped and then hardened by heating to high

temperatures.

Chloride - A salt of hydrochloric acid consisting of two elements, one of which is

chlorine.
Clayey Soil - Is a type of soil that consists of a large number of clay particles and

a very small amount of humus and silt.

Coagulant - A compound or agent which is added to a vessel to help thicken

something.

Coarse Aggregate - Any particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range

between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter.

Coccolithophers - A single-celled marine flagellate that secretes a calcareous

shell, forming an important constituent of the phytoplankton.

Colloid Calcium - Mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically

dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance.

Confectionery - The art of making confections, which are food items that are

rich in sugar and carbohydrates.

Conflast - Accelerates the early stages of cement hydration, producing more

rapid stiffening and allowing strength gain to commence at an earlier stage.

Contour Plot - Graphical technique for representing a 3-dimensional surface by

plotting constant z slices.

Correlation - Measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are

linearly related.

Data sets - A collection of related sets of information that is composed of

separate elements but can be manipulated as a unit by a computer.

Deformation - The action or process of changing in shape or distorting,

especially through the application of pressure.

Desorption - The release of an adsorbed substance from a surface.

Ductility - The physical property of the metal which means if we pull the metal

it's going to stretch rather than break.

Eco Friendly - Designed to have little or no damaging effect on the environment:

an eco-friendly product/company/organization.

Efficacy - The ability to produce a desired or intended result.

Emerged - Growing and developing.

Emission - The production and discharge of something, especially gas or

radiation.

Energy Range - Refers to the range of energy values within a specific context,

such as physics or engineering.

Erasability - The state of being erasable.

Excessive - Implies an amount or degree too great to be reasonable or

acceptable.

Execution - The carrying out or putting into effect of a plan, order, or course of

action.

Extraction - Is the action of removing something.

Feasibility - The possibility, capability, or likelihood of something being done or

accomplished.

Fine Aggregate - Are essentially any natural sand particles won from the land

through the mining process.

Foraminifera - Are amoeba-like, single-celled protist (very simple micro-

organisms).

Glandular Cells - Are specialized epithelial cells that secrete bodily products,

sometimes called simply glands.

Gypsum Powder - A colorless mineral that consists of calcium sulfate occurring

in crystals or masses and that is used especially as a soil improver and in making

plaster of paris.

Human Vitality/Vitality - A state of being vibrant, energetic, and full of life. It

encompasses physical, mental, and emotional aspects, representing a holistic

approach to well-being. In both the physical and mental sense, vitality refers to a

feeling of aliveness.

Hydrochloric - A solution of hydrogen chloride in water, forming a very strong,

poisonous, corrosive acid with a sharp odor.

Hydroxyapatite - Is a naturally occurring mineral of biological and agricultural

importance.

Impurity - Something that is impure or makes something else impure.

Increments - One of a series of regular consecutive additions.

Indicator - Any of a group of statistical values (such as level of employment) that

taken together give an indication of the health of the economy.

Inflammation - A local response to cellular injury that is marked by capillary

dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, and pain and that serves as a

mechanism initiating the elimination of noxious agents and of damaged tissue.

Injurious Bacili/Injurious – Inflicting or tending to inflict injury.

Innovative - Refers to the ability to introduce new ideas, methods or products

that are creative, original, and different from existing norms or practices.

Isothermal Calorimetry/Isothermal Titration Calorimetry - A physical

technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in

solution.

Marl - A crumbly mixture of clays, calcium and magnesium carbonates, and

remnants of shells that forms in both freshwater and marine environments.

Metabolism – Is the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into

energy.

Microbiological Quality – The microbiological quality characteristics of foods

depend on the viable numbers of microorganisms.

Mineral Calcite – A mineral substance made up of calcium carbonate and found

in numerous forms including limestone, chalk, and marble.

Mitigate – Mitigation refers to a sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate risk

to people and property from hazards and their effects.

Pathogens – Is defined as an organism causing disease to its host, with the

severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence.

Penetration - Refers to entering or making your way through something.

Pestle - A usually club-shaped implement for pounding or grinding substances in

a mortar see mortar illustration.

Photoluminescence Spectra - Is a nondestructive and contactless optical

method of probing the electronic structure of materials.

Pigmentation - Means coloring.

Pores - A minute opening in a surface, especially the skin or integument of

an organism, through which gases, liquids, or microscopic particles can pass.

Postulated - Means to suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of

something as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief, often without direct

evidence or proof.

Rammer Serup - A tool for driving something with force.

Robotics - Is a branch of engineering and computer science that involves the

conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots.

Rotational Viscosity - Is a property of a fluid which determines the rate at which

local angular momentum differences are equilibrated.

Rupture - The act of breaking apart or bursting, or the state of being broken

apart or burst; breach.

Scarce - Deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand.

Sedimentary Rocks - From pre-existing rocks or pieces of once living

organisms.

Semipermeable - Partially but not freely or entirely permeable.

Soybean Milk - Blending soaked soybeans with water and straining the solids,

leaving a smooth milk - like liquid.

Sorption - Removal of a compound from solution by solid phase constituents.

Sorbent - A substance which has the property of collecting molecules of another

substance by sorption.

Steel Slag - A by product of steel marking, is produced during the separation of

the molten, steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces.

Superplasticizers - Are additives used for making high - strength concrete or to

place self-compacting concrete.

Thermogravimetry - Is the process of determining the weight changes in a

substance at high or gradual temperature increases.

Transverse Load - Forces applied perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of a

member.

Variuos - Different kinds, as two or more things; differing one from another.

X-ray - Are a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves. X-ray imaging

creates pictures of the inside of your body.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Character:

-Skin Type
•Smashing
-Age
•Mixing
•Eggshell
•Molding Eggshell as
•Gypsum Powder
•Drying an Alternative Chalk
•Harina

•Water
•Survey Analysis
•Pestle and Mortar

Research Instrument:

Survey Questionnaire

-How’s the researcher

project differ to the

traditional chalk?

-What’s more

convenient?

FEEDBACK

Theoretical Framework
 There's a two german scientists are pushing the eggshell long-life theory

round.They say that eggshells, taken in proper form lengthen human vital' ity,

increase the power of resistance against the withering blight of time, add weight

to the body, activity to the brain, and strength to the heart, destroy injurious bacili,

prevent inflammation and disease, and lend courage and energy to the human

being. They have prepared a liquid which they call a chloride of eggshells.

The classical theory of the mechanism of production of the carbonate

fraction of the calcium carbonate of the hen's eggshell is that Gutowska and

Mithchell. This theory makes use of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which

occurs in the glandular cells of the shell gland in large amounts. It can be

represented thus

The calcium metabolism of the hen in relation to egg formation was

reviewed by Gutowska et al. (1943) in a previous paper, where also was

discussed the relation of alkaline phosphatase to eggshell formation. It was

concluded that the deposition of calcium in the eggshell is independent of local

phosphatase activity in the shell gland of the hen. If a transformation of the

colloid calcium and phosphorus containing protein is necessary for the liberation

of calcium, for shell formation, the place of this transformation remains obscure.

The theory was supported that during shell formation calcium is transferred

directly from the blood, and in the eggshell it is found in the form of calcium
carbonate. It is obvious therefore that the carbonate radical is obtained or

produced by the shell gland. Common (1941) found that the content of carbonic

anhydrase in the shell gland of good layers was twice that of non-layers and

postulated that this enzyme might have a direct role in the deposition of calcium

in the eggshell. Biogenic Theory: Chalk is predominantly formed from the

microscopic remains of marine organisms, such as coccolithophores and

foraminifera. These organisms have calcium carbonate skeletons, which

accumulate on the ocean floor over millions of years, forming chalk deposits.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter features a variety of foreign and local literature and studies,

offering valuable understanding of the context.

Foreign Literature

According to Shyam Dave, Sonal Patil and Sachin Sonawane (2022),

eggshell is a waste generated through food manufactures and hotel in tons,

which is rich source of calcium and could be used as an alternative for

enrichment of calcium in foods. First time this review on summary of nutritional

composition, microbial quality, extraction of calcium, and application of eggshell

are discussed. Extraction of calcium from eggshell plays crucial role in

preservation of fruits and vegetables and act as firming agents.

As per Bonke Mncwango and Professor Dhiren Allopi (2021), cement

additives like fly ash help to promote a circular economy by recycling waste

streams – but there are a host of other material options. A recent study by the

authors presents the argument for the use of eggshell powder as an option for

greener concrete production.

Based on SA Raji and AT Samuel (2015), the used egg shells were also

used as fine concrete aggregate. In the laboratory test, conventional fine

aggregate was replaced at 100% replacement level. A total of 18 cubes were

cast, cured and tested. The strength development of the concrete mixes

containing egg shell aggregates was compared to that of conventional concrete

with sand as fine aggregate. The result showed a reduction in compressive

strength of the concrete but still falls within limits of lightweight concrete.

This paper recommends that egg shell can be used for producing concrete where

a lighter weight concrete is required and a reduction of dead load of structure is

desired.

According to J Bąk, S Gustaw and D Kołodyńska (2023), synthesis,

sorption–desorption studies and physicochemical analysis of

novel hydroxyapatite modified biochars were performed. The hydroxyapatite

used for the modification originated from the four sources: egg shells, boiler

stone, chalk and marl. The obtained sorbents were used for vanadium ions

removal from the aqueous solutions. It is dangerous impurity and its extensive

use as a steel additive requires continual removal.

As mentioned by Van T. A. Nguyen et. al (2022), daily consumption of

chicken eggs produces a vast number of eggshells byproducts which are a rich

source of calcium salt. This paper investigated the potential of eggshell powder

from eggshell byproducts as an alternative coagulant in the tofu preparation

process. The eggshell powder was successfully obtained and analyzed with

calcium salt (CaCO3) of 74.7% followed by calcium of 17.48%.

According to Ida Lykke Fabricius (2007), chalk is a sedimentary rock of

unusually high homogeneity on the scale where physical properties are

measured, but the properties fall in wide ranges. Chalk may thus be seen as the

ideal starting point for a physical understanding of rocks in general. Properties as

porosity, permeability, capillary entry pressure, and elastic moduli are

consequences of primary sediment composition and of subsequent diagenetic

history as caused by microbial action, burial stress, temperature, and pore

pressure. Porosity is a main determining factor for other properties. For a given

porosity, the specific surface of the sediment controls permeability and capillary

entry pressure. As diagenesis progresses, the specific surface is less and less

due to the calcite component and more and more due to the fine-grained

silicates, as a reflection of the coarsening and cementation of the calcite crystals.

The elastic moduli, which define sonic velocity, are for a given porosity mainly

controlled be the degree of pore-stiffening cementation, which may be quantified

by effective medium modeling. Diagenetic processes include mechanical

compaction, pore-stiffening cementation, dissolution, and pore-filling

cementation. Processes involving clay, silica, and calcite are interlinked, but

progress differently in different localities. This partly depends on primary

sediment composition, including organic content, which may induce the formation

of concretions by microbial action. The diagenetic processes also depend on

water depth, rate of burial, and over-pressuring. These factors cause the stress,

temperature and pore-pressure to increase at different rates during burial in

different localities.

Based on Hamideh Faridi and Akbar Arabhosseini (2018), eggshell is a

solid waste, with production of several tons per day. Eggshell is mostly sent to
the landfill with a high management cost. It is economical to transform the

eggshell waste to create new values from these waste materials. Present article

is an attempt to summarize the applications of eggshell. The eggshell wastes

could convert to a) biodiesel production as solid base catalyst to use for biodiesel

production, pollutants minimization, reducing the production costs of biodiesel

and making the process to produce biodiesel fully, ecologically and friendly, b)

absorbent of heavy metals from wastewater as serious environmental problem in

the ecosystem, c) biomaterial in order to bone tissue replacements due to the

rise in the number of patients, d) fertilizer and calcium supplement as nutrition for

human, animals, plants, etc. Numbers of research articles have been included in

this review, which describe a methodical growth in this subject matter.

As per Zhou Zhonggang, Wu Xuefeng, and Qin Yutong (2019), the

invention discloses a making method for eggshell dust-free chalk. The length of

the eggshell dust-free chalk is 70 mm to 80 mm, the range of pattern draft is 0.1

degree to 0.3 degree, and the diameter range of the chalk is 9.5 mm to 9.7

about; The eggshell dust-free chalk is prepared from a water-soluble base

material, beewax, an emulsifying agent, castor oil, a mold releasing agent,

pigment and eggshell powder. Dust flying in the dust using process is avoided

with the dust-free chalk making technology. Meanwhile, residual bacteria and

viruses in eggshells are inactivated in a high-temperature melting manner, and

the whole stability is enhanced. Finally, renewable resources are used in a large

proportion, and the making method has good social benefit.

 As stated by Matej Balaz et.al (2021), eggshell waste is among the most

abundant waste materials coming from food processing technologies. Despite

the unique properties that both its components (eggshell, ES, and eggshell

membrane, ESM) possess, it is very often discarded without further use. This

review article aims to summarize the recent reports utilizing eggshell waste for

very diverse purposes, stressing the need to use a mechanochemical approach

to broaden its applications. The most studied field with regards to the potential

use of eggshell waste is catalysis. Upon proper treatment, it can be used for

turning waste oils into biodiesel and moreover, the catalytic effect of eggshell-

based material in organic synthesis is also very beneficial. In inorganic chemistry,

the eggshell membrane is very often used as a templating agent for

nanoparticles production. Such composites are suitable for application in

photocatalysis. These bionanocomposites are also capable of heavy metal ions

reduction and can be also used for the ozonation process. The eggshell and its

membrane are applicable in electrochemistry as well.

According to Idris Abdulrhaman (2014), the conversion of waste obtained

from agricultural processes into biocompatible materials (biomaterials) used in

medical surgery is a strategy that will add more value in waste utilization. This

strategy has successfully turned the rather untransformed wastes into high value

products. Eggshell is an agricultural waste largely considered as useless and is

discarded mostly because it contributes to pollution. This waste has potential for

producing hydroxyapatite, a major component found in bone and teeth.

Hydroxyapatite is an excellent material used in bone repair and tissue

regeneration. The use of eggshell to generate hydroxyapatite will reduce the

pollution effect of the waste and the subsequent conversion of the waste into a

highly valuable product. In this paper, we reviewed the utilization of this

agricultural waste (eggshell) in producing hydroxyapatite. The process of

transforming eggshell into hydroxyapatite and nanohydroxyapatite is an

environmentally friendly process. Eggshell based hydroxyapatite and

nanohydroxyapatite stand as good chance of reducing the cost of treatment in

bone repair or replacement with little impact on the environment.

Local Literature

Based on Joshua Ehren Victor L. Adriano et. Al (2015), Calamba, Laguna

aimed to be one of the leading providers of healthy confectionary products. To

provide an alternative use of eggshells, specifically, as food extender, this project

looked into the feasibility of manufacturing polvoron, called eggron, as initial

product offering as demand in Calamba was estimated at 27, 603, 662 in 2014, a

market share of 0.000436 %

According to Mark Alipio (2022), eggshells and crab shells are waste

materials that are potentially capable of shielding X-rays. In this article, the

shielding efficacy, mass, and durability of eggshell and crab shell samples were

characterized using diagnostic X-ray energies from 30 to 150 kV and were

compared to the standard Pb shield. Linear attenuation coefficient (μ) and

radiation protection efficiency (RPE) were used to measure the shielding efficacy

of the samples. The required thickness necessary to provide 90%, 95%, and
99% protection at 150 kV energy was also calculated. Across the diagnostic X-

ray energy range, the brown eggshell-crab shell-silicone rubber (BE-C-SR)

sample obtained the highest μ and RPE. This sample had the least thickness

required to provide 90%, 95%, and 99% protection at 150 kV energy. The

compressive strength and flex resistance values of BE-C-SR were closer to

those of the standard Pb shield. In conclusion, BE-C-SR could be a good

alternative to Pb-shielding materials owing to its lower cost, smaller mass, and

comparable shielding efficacy and durability.

Based on Dale Jude P. Moog, and Engelbert K. Peralta (2003), with the

use of Instron Universal Testing Machine, the mechanical properties of eggshells

were determined and related to current handling and transport practices in the

farm. Compression tests showed that bio-yield and rupture points were higher for

jumbo and large eggs, respectively. Round eggs of these sizes had higher

rupture point than slender eggs under transverse load. Similarly, round eggs of

these sizes had higher deformation or rupture point under axial load. Strong

correlation was found between eggshell thickness and rupture point under axial

load but not under transverse load. Based on these results, modifications were

adopted by Batangas poultry farms to minimize damage on poultry eggs based

on current handling and transport practices.

According to Snowie Jane Galgo (2020), calcium carbonate is an active

ingredient in agricultural lime. It is commonly found in rocks and the main

component of pearls and shells of marine organisms, snails, and poultry eggs.

Calcium carbonate forms such as lime, eggshells, and oyster shells were utilized
to investigate its effect on the growth and yield characteristic of purple sweet corn

planted in acidic upland soil in Quevedo Maayon Capiz Philippines. The

experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with

four treatments replicated three times. The treatments used were the following:

T1- soil (control), T2- soil + lime, T3- soil + eggshell, T4- soil + oyster shell.

Results revealed no significant difference in the plant height at 15, 30, 45, and 60

days after planting (DAP), leaf area index (LAI), herbage weight, length,

diameter, and weight of ears. Numerically, purple sweet corn applied with

eggshells produced the tallest plant, longest and widest ears, while those applied

with oyster shells got the highest leaf area index. Thus, the inclusion of eggshells

and oyster shells has the potential in agricultural liming with appropriate rates of

chemical fertilizer to obtained maximum yield in purple sweet corn production.

As stated by Tara Gabriella J. Rivera (2018), the waste produced in Metro

Manila is a national issue with a volume of 8,600 tons of waste per day. Along

with that volume is also the lack of management of waste. Households tend not

to segregate or even recycle waste. Food waste is one of the top contributors to

the waste problem, this includes leftover food and packaging. One of the daily

ingredients in many households is eggs. The Philippines produced 461,719

metric tons of eggs in 2016 and the shells typically just go to waste. As a solution

to the issue, the proponent explores the production of a roofing material made

from recycled eggshells in context to the Philippine climate. The shell is

responsible for the thermal regulation of the egg. This property of the shell

pushed the study to explore the thermal properties of a roofing material. The
roofing material, branded as Eggs (hale) reduces the temperature of the of the

absorbance of heat up to 15 degrees Celsius compared to the popular Asphalt

Shingles. This allows homes to reflect the heat instead of absorbing the heat and

adding to the heat capture of daily activities in homes.

As per Kafil (2020), eggshell waste is a solid waste that is produced upon

consumption of eggs. Since egg is to go food and it is the primary ingredient

used for baking, huge amounts of eggshells are discarded every day. In an

attempt to produce a zero-waste environment, their product utilizes the full

potential of eggs by making eggshells as the main ingredient of the product.

Making use of eggshells has evidence that they are great source of calcium. In

fact, they are not only one of the cheapest sources of calcium; they also appear

to be among the most effective. According to experts at the University of Florida’s

Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, a single eggshell contains about 2.2

grams of calcium. Just half an eggshell may provide enough calcium to meet the

1 gram of calcium that the average adult must consume daily. This amount of

calcium that a single eggshell has can address Hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia,

commonly known as calcium deficiency disease, occurs when calcium levels in

the blood are low. A long-term deficiency can lead to dental changes, cataracts,

alterations in the brain, and osteoporosis, which causes the bones to become

brittle.

According to Rowena Grace R. Sanchez (2024), nineteen Philippine

sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) varieties and their flours were characterized with

respect to their antioxidant activities and proximate and mineral content.

Furthermore, the physico-chemical, pasting, and gelatinization properties of

samples of sweet potato flour (SPF) were assessed. Information reduction, data

visualization, and similarity-based sample classification were achieved through

the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis

(HCA). Cultivar differences were found to be significant (p <0.05) for nearly all

metrics. The cultivar affected the effects of flour processing differently. The TPC,

TFC, ORAC, and DPPH tests showed substantial (p<0.01) and strongly positive

correlations, which suggested that phenolics and flavonoids contributed to the

antioxidant activities. The cultivar with purple flesh, SG-08-09-11, regularly

produced flour with the greatest TPC (211.72 mg GAE/100 g) and TFC (98.56

mg CE/100 g).

Foreign Study

According to Beng Wei Chong et. al (2023), eggshell concrete is an

innovative green material that helps to recycle eggshell waste while reducing the

environmental harm caused by excessive cement production. However, recent

studies on eggshell concrete are limited, and the outcomes may vary due to the

variation of mix design. The design of the experiment is used to simplify and

optimize the study of sustainable concrete, yet analysis involving eggshell

concrete is still scarce.

Based on Jaeyeon Park et.al (2022), in the Portland cement industry, the

reuse of industrial by-products as raw materials for cement clinker production has

been increasing. Eggshell waste, which is discharged in large volumes by

households and the food industry, consists of a trigonal-calcite (CaCO3)

structure, and it possesses characteristics analogous to limestone. In this study,

eggshell cement (ESC) was synthesized at 1470 °C using pulverized eggshell

waste as a raw material for cement clinker production, as an alternative to

limestone. Limestone cement (LPC) clinker was also produced under identical

conditions to ESC. The anhydrous phases in the synthesized cements and

hydrated cement pastes were characterized using X-ray diffraction with Rietveld

refinement, field emission scanning electron microscopy, isothermal calorimetry,

compressive strength tests, and thermogravimetry analysis. The results indicated

that ESC exhibited four main cement clinker phases, namely C3S, C2S, C3A,

and C4AF, identical to commercial ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Moreover,

the strength development and hydration characteristics of ESCs are similar to

those of LPC. As a consequence, this study illustrated that recycling eggshell

waste to partially substitute limestone in raw materials for OPC production is

feasible.

As per Ahlam K Razzaq, Rana A Yousif, and Sady A Tayh (2018),

construction of asphalt pavement involves a large outlay of finance. Addition of

some waste materials such as coconut shell, saw dust, steel slag, etc., may save

a huge amount of investments as provides efficient performance. This research

has the interest to introduce the egg shell powder as a sustainable modifier to

fulfil the objectives of reducing the weight percentile, reducing costs and

improving the economic viability of hot mix asphalt.

According to Sasha Ann Marie Trinidad (2019), over the past few years,

chalk has been a very significant tool in learning used by the teachers and even
students. The researcher tends to study an alternative ingredient that can be

used in making chalk not just to provide a new and redefined structure of chalk,

but to solve the expanding problems of teachers in chalk financially. The study

used an experimental method of research to identify the two variables: the

chicken eggshell chalk and the commercial chalk. The chicken eggshell consists

of 97% calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium phosphate and

calcium organic matter which is perfect ingredient for making chalk. The

researcher used materials like mortar and pestle to pound the chicken eggshells;

a mixing bowl to mix all the ingredients including the fine powder of chicken

eggshells, a sheet of paper to mold the mixture; weighing scale to measure the

number of materials needed; flour; water; a beaker; and teaspoon. The

researcher tested and presented two different chalks: one labelled as Chalk X

(Chicken Eggshell Chalk), and other labelled as Chalk Y (Commercial Chalk).

The researcher used T-test to prove if the null hypothesis is accepted or not a

two-sample assuming equal variance to compute for the descriptive statistics

such as mean and variance together with the p-values. The mode of testing was

per indicator. The effectiveness of chicken eggshell chalk will be determined by

comparing the data collected through survey and testing with the used of

different properties. Based on the findings, the variance of chicken eggshell chalk

is more feasible than the commercial chalk. It is also clear by the results that the

p-values of the indicators are higher than the alpha, which is 0.05. Nonetheless,

there is no significant difference as to the commercial one and met the

requirements to be called effective. There are some properties that made the
chicken eggshell chalk an alternative ingredient like erasability, less scratchy

sound it produces, its capacity to be sturdy and firm. Hence, the chicken eggshell

is closely similar to the commercial chalk in different terms since it can be used

as an alternative when the demand of commercial chalk decreased or if the price

increased. However, that needs to be improved like the clearness of the chalk

when written and its texture. A room for adjustment is needed to be able to

withstand the standards of the commercial chalk.

As stated by Navneet Kuar, and K Singh (2022), a comparative study on

eggshell powder and commercially available CaCO 3 has been conducted. The

Raman spectra of eggshell powder show the bands of the calcite phase.

However, the bands of eggshell powder are more intense than the conventional

CaCO 3 . The peaks of eggshell powder also show some blue shift, which

indicates that the calcite phase of eggshell powder is more Raman sensitive than

the conventional CaCO 3 . Additionally, conventional CaCO 3 also exhibits some

extra bands of the aragonite phase. The photoluminescence spectra of eggshell

powder show a narrow band and merged band than the commercially used

CaCO 3 . This study indicates that eggshells could be a good and pure

alternative for commercially available calcium carbonate.

According to Irwan Lie Keng Wong (2016), waste chicken egg shell is

waste that is still rarely used, the results of research [1], states that composition

egg shell broadly consists of water (1,6%) and dry material (98,4%). The total dry

ingredients are there, in shell eggs contained mineral elements (95,1%) and

protein (3,3%). Based on the existing mineral composition, then the egg shells
are composed of crystalline CaCO3 (98,43%), MgCO3 (0,84%) and Ca3(PO4)2

(0,75%). This research was done by adding powdered chicken egg shell waste in

clay with a composition of 5%, 7,5%, 10% and 14% with physical properties test

and soil compaction test.

According to Adnife P. Azodo et. al (2020), the use and reuse function of

chalkboard produces chalk dust particles in the classroom entering into the

classroom occupants’ respiratory system through their mouths and

nasopharyngeal regions while talking or breathing. The potential impact of dust

particles of the respiratory system includes airflow resistance, lung volumes

impairment and lung damage. This study measured the expired volume of air

from the lungs during a guided maximal expiration to determine the effect of

chalk dust particles on the ultimate lung function in the classroom. The

sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were assessed using oral

interview while the assessment of the anthropometric data and the participants’

lung function indices was done through the use of a stadiometer and digital

spirometer, respectively. This study employed a quasi experimental research

design. It involved the exposed (n = 120) and control (n = 120) groups selected

from classrooms where chalkboards and marker boards were used, respectively.

The results revealed that among the lung functions indices investigated, there

were statistical significant differences between the exposed and the control

groups in FEV1 (%) (0.002), PEFR (L/s) (0.000), FEF25 (L/s) (0.000) FEF75 (L/s)

(0.000), FEF25-75 (L/s) (0.000), FEV1 (%) (0.002) but no significant differences

in FEV1 (0.135), FVC (0.493) and FVC (L) (0.506). Therefore, chalk dust
particles from chalkboard usage had a negative effect on the respiratory function

(lung function indices) in the classrooms.

As per A.M. King Ori (2011), eggshells can be utilized for various

purposes that minimize their effect on environmental pollution. Eggshells present

healthy, balanced calcium due to its trace amounts of other minerals and is

probably the best natural source of calcium. One whole medium sized eggshell

makes about one teaspoon of powder, which yields about 750-800 mgs of

elemental calcium plus other micro elements. Eggshell powder has been

reported to increase bone mineral density in people and animals with

osteoporosis. In laying hens in the late production phase, eggshell powder has

been found to increase egg production and improve the quality of shells.

Discarded eggshells are often used as a plant fertilizer and are effective liming

sources. This is because eggshells contain calcium that raises, or neutralizes,

the pH level of overly acidic soil. Chicken eggshells can be used as an alternative

soil stabilizer like lime since they have the same chemical composition. Such

stabilized soil can be used as subgrade materials in road construction works.

Eggshell membrane consists of collagen as a component. Collagen is a type of

protein, fibrous in nature that connects and supports other bodily tissues, such as

skin, bone, tendons, muscles and cartilage. Collagen has been isolated mainly

from bovine and swine skins and bones Collagen used in medicine, biochemical,

pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. After the outbreaks of bovine

spongioform encephalopathy, foot and mouth disease, autoimmune and allergic

reactions, restrictions on collagen uses from these sources were enforced.

Eggshell membrane collagen is very low in autoimmune and allergic reactions as

well as high in bio-safety and is of similar characteristics to other mammalian

collagen. Eggshells/shell membranes have multiple uses in nutrition, medicine,

construction and art works.

Based on Saffanah Khuder Mahmood (2022), increase in unconventional

resources of calcium (Ca+2) for fowls, aquaculture and native animals was

improved. This work was planned to define the most polymorph of calcium

carbonate (CaCO3) that take place in the two types of chicken eggshells (local

and imported type). In this research, the comparative analysis of calcium

carbonate (CaCO3) content was approved for nominated eggshells of native

strain and imported chicken via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope

(FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The results

demonstrate that native and imported chicken eggshells comprise calcite morph

that had shape between rhombohedral and spherical with distinguished pores

distribution in the surface and crystallization size (31) nanometer for local chicken

eggshells and (32) nanometer for import chicken eggshells respectively. The

authors brief their results that local and import chicken eggshells had the top

resources of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Based on Sagar Paruthi et. Al (2023), though the European Commission

classifies eggshell as a hazardous material, using eggshell powder in place of

cement can aid in waste reduction and contribute to sustainability initiatives.

Eggshell powder replaces cement in concrete manufacturing due to its high

calcium content. Eggshell is impermeable in nature, so it helps in reducing the

permeability of concrete. Eggshell powder fastens the process of hydration of

cement by the formation of monocarboaluminate during the mixing of material at

the time of casting.

Local Study

According to Alyanna Jane Azarcon et. al (2022), to help small companies

and businesses in the local chalk-making industry, a group of Malayan High

School of Science (MHSS) students tested various alternatives to plaster of

Paris. They produced school chalk made of crushed eggshells and easily

accessible and similar alternative bases like cornstarch, flour, and laundry starch.

Applying various tests to check the outputs’ pigmentation and erasability, density,

and durability, the researchers found the potential in using the alternative

ingredients as replacements for plaster of Paris base in school chalk recipes.

Based on Nuada, Dexter L. and Vizconde, Vic Angelo G. (2017), the most

common problem of soil, especially clay soil, encountered in the field is its poor

strength. And in order to address this, soil stabilization using commercially

available additives have been used. However, these additives are expensive and

cheaper alternatives are a welcome sight. Thus, the study aims to know the

effect of eggshell powder to the compressive strength of clayey soil. Eggshell

powder, in increments of 2.5% dry weight, was mixed with clayey soil from 0% to

10%. The maximum dry unit weights of the soil mixes were obtained by doing the

Standard Proctor Test, using an optimum moisture content of 21.89%. Moreover,

for the Unconfined Compression Test, soil mixes are prepared using an
improvised rammer setup and moist-cured using hessian cloth for 7 and 28 days.

Results of the Standard Proctor Test have shown an increasing trend in the dry

unit weight with respect to increasing amount of eggshell. For the 28-day result,

there is also an increasing trend behaviour versus eggshell content. However,

the 7-day result did not show expected increase in the strength of the soil and the

magnitude of the samples are higher than of those 28 days samples. No

optimum eggshell powder content can been observed in the results because the

trend behavior on both dry unit weight and unconfined compressive strength

continues up to 10% eggshell powder content.

As per Samantha Zylie (2021), the document is about mitigating the

toxicity of commercial ink through innovation such as using waste like eggshells.

With this, the researchers would be able to reduce waste by making a new

purpose to eggshell at the same time makes an alternative or solution to the

main problem.

As stated by Yiesha Kyra N. Estrada (2021), the amount of eggshell waste

continues to rise due to the increased consumption of eggs; thus, finding

methods to repurpose these waste materials would be beneficial. The estimated

number of eggshell wastes in the Philippines for 2019 is 63.28 thousand metric

tons. Moreover, eggshells also exhibit potential to have various applications due

to their polycrystalline structure and calcite crystal content. The performance of

eggshells in these applications can be maximized through thermal treatment,

which involves exposing the eggshells to high temperatures for a period of time.

Thus, this study aims to develop a framework using systematic mapping

approach to evaluate the application of calcined eggshells. Through this method,

relevant papers were collated, screened, analyzed, and evaluated. The findings

showed that the application of calcined eggshells can be classified into seven

general utilizations: catalysis, adsorption, additives, hydroxyapatite synthesis,

bacteria removal, biogas production, and biomass gasification. Additionally, the

resulting data indicated that chicken eggshells were the most used eggshell type

for these applications. It was also noted that the usual temperature and time for

thermal treatment ranges from around 500-1000°C for about 2-4 hours. Overall,

the results suggest the possibility for eggshells, given the significant eggshell

waste production in the country, to be utilized in different applications through

thermal treatment.

As per CoacgUniversityKngaroo59 (2020), the researchers aim to create

an affordable alternative to commercial chalk due to the crisis in the economy

and the destruction of the environment caused by improper garbage disposal.

They acknowledge their gratitude to their teachers, panel of examiners,

classmates, friends, and family for their support. The researchers highlight the

principle use of chalk in education and its various applications in different fields.

They emphasize the affordability and equal quality of homemade chalk compared

to commercial ones.

According to Johar H. Racho and Virna Jane M. Navarro (2021), the

continuous and excessive generation of eggshells as agricultural and industrial

waste results in various environmental problems. However, recent studies have

shown that eggshells contain essential compounds that promote plant growth
and soil condition. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of powdered

chicken eggshells (PCES) on the vegetative growth of Vigna radiata. Chicken

eggshells were air-dried, crushed, and powdered.

As stated by Kevin Roland A. Maranan et.al (2021), two hundred fifty-six

(256) chicks were randomly distributed into four (4) treatments following a

completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated eight (8) times

with eight (8) birds per replicate. The dietary treatments include control (0%

eggshell) and increasing levels of eggshell powder as a replacement to limestone

at 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. Commercial booster feeds were fed to the

birds from day 0-10 while the experimental diets were given from day 11-35. At

the starter stage (day 11-24), birds fed eggshell-containing diets had higher ADG

(P=0.04) compared to the control group. An increasing trend was observed on

BW24 (P=0.05), ADG (P=0.01), and ADFI (P=0.04) as the level of eggshells was

increased from 0 to 100%. However, birds fed 75% eggshell had lower ADG

(P=0.02) and poorer Feed:Gain (P=0.02) than the control group during the

finisher stage (day 25-35). For the overall performance (day 11-35), no

differences were observed among treatments on body weights, ADG, ADFI,

Feed:Gain, and mortality. Birds fed diets containing eggshells had a lower

dressing percentage (P=0.03) compared with the control group. For the bone

properties, birds fed 100% eggshell had lower bone breaking strength (P=0.03)

compared with the birds fed 0% and 50% eggshell. Although birds fed diets with

eggshells had higher tibia ash content (P=0.04), a quadratic trend (P=0.04) on

bone calcium has been observed as the level of eggshell in the diet increases.
Replacing limestone with eggshell powder resulted in similar overall production

performance of broilers but lower dressing percentage and bone breaking

strength. Further studies must be conducted to establish the optimum level of

eggshell powder in broiler diets.

Based on Maribel S. Tizo et.al (2018), the presence of heavy metals in

water resources brings hazard to health and the environment considering that

most of these cannot be degraded and may result in bioaccumulation in the food

chain. Its removal from aqueous solution can relatively be done through

adsorption, a known technique that efficiently reduces heavy metal

concentration. This study investigated the applicability and efficiency of waste

chicken eggshells as an adsorbent for the removal of Cadmium (Cd) heavy metal

in aqueous solution. The adsorbent dose, contact time and initial concentration

were the chosen variables of the study that were optimized through the Central

Composite Design of the Response Surface Methodology using Design Expert

7.0 software. The result of the study showed that the chicken eggshells as an

adsorbent could remove Cd in an aqueous solution up to 73%. The optimum

adsorption capacity was 146 mg g−1 obtained at 150 mg L−1 initial

concentration, 75 min contact time, 0.75 g adsorbent dose, and pH 6 at room

temperature. Heterogeneous adsorption occurred during the process as revealed

by isotherm studies with Freundlich model emerged having a higher coefficient of

determination (R 2 = 0.91) than the Langmuir model (R 2 = 0.86). Overall, the

study demonstrated that the chicken eggshell that is generally considered as

wastes in large quantities could become an economically advantageous raw

material for the removal of carcinogenic Cd from the water body.

According to Aldrin E. Salvador et.al (2023), in order to minimize the

problem and develop a useful, practical, and affordable construction material, the

researchers discovered the use of waste materials. Because of the scarcity, the

researchers are motivated to utilize the solid waste generated by households and

companies that use eggs in their production of goods. The researchers propose

using Egg Shells to develop an alternative cement for the concrete mixture. The

study has three main objectives: (1) to determine the 7-day, 14-day, and 28-day

compressive strengths of concrete when pulverized egg shells are used as a

partial replacement for cement; (2) to determine the water absorption percentage

of the concrete when the pulverized eggshell is used as a partial replacement for

cement in concrete; and (3) to perform a cost analysis in the preparation of a

concrete mix with pulverized eggshell as compared to the standard concrete

mixture. Also, using pulverized egg shells can reduce the cost of the project.

However, only a 10% replacement of eggshell is highly recommended.

According to Airvin John C. Palacio et. al (2020), waste disposal is one of

the issues that plague the society. Philippines is an agricultural country due to its

strategic location in the tropics. Because of this nature, the agricultural sector

tends to produce a huge amount of waste that if not disposed properly could

pose a threat to the society and to the environment. With the advance of

technology, it has been a challenge for researchers to improve the quality of

construction materials that is used in the industry. Study have been performed on
possibilities of incorporating agricultural waste to various construction materials

as a form of waste diversion. In order to address the problem with agricultural

waste as well as to improve the property of construction materials, a study on

coconut waste and eggshell waste was conducted as a constituent in concrete

brick production.

CHAPTER 3

THE RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this study titled “Experimental study of eggshell as an alternative chalk,”

the researcher utilizes a robust experimental design to thoroughly investigate the

suitability of eggshells as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional chalk.

This research, firmly rooted in experimental design principles, serves a

dual purpose by contributing to sustainable practices through the repurposing of

eggshells and addressing potential health impacts associated with their use in

chalk production. The findings are poised to provide valuable insights for
educators, researchers, and environmentally conscious individuals seeking eco-

friendly alternatives in educational materials.

Research Instrumentation

The researchers used a standardized questionnaire with their survey and

used it a way to the respondents which is, the students and teachers in Virginia

Ramirez Cruz National High School. The instruments contain of a questions that

are within the likert scale that can be answered by yes or no.

Research Locale

This research was conducted at Virginia Ramirez-Cruz National High

School is located in Siling Bata, Pandi Bulacan. This place was selected to know

the efficiency of Chalk made from Eggshells. This study has been implemented

on the students of VRCNHS from Grade 11 to Grade 12 as well as the Teachers

and for them to test the durability and quality of the Chalk made from Eggshells.

The research study was implemented inside the premises of Virginia Ramirez-

Cruz National High School, the rooms are clean and the respondents which are

the students and teachers are cooperative enough to fill out the forms and survey

of this research study.

Population of the Study

The respondents of the research are all the teachers and students of

Virginia Ramirez Cruz National Highschool, which is consist of 200 for teachers

and 13 sections for grade11 and grade12 students in Virginia Ramirez Cruz
National Highschool. The researchers selected their respondents that they will

take from 20 teachers and 30 per students in grade11 and grade12, total of 80

respondents. The researchers have only chosen respondents to test their works

to know how effective their work is, to try it if the product from this experiment will

be successfully produced. The researchers recommend it for teachers who use

chalk for their daily need in teaching the students and also to save the money.

Sampling/ Method Technique

As performing stratified random sampling, researchers assigned 20

teacher

and 30 grade 11 and 12 students with the total of 80 personnel from Virginia

Ramirez-Cruz National High School without bias. These respondents have been

surveyed about eggshell as an alternative chalk. The result will show how

effective the reseach is. The researcher used stratified random sampling

because it allows them to ensure that each relevant subgroup is represented by

selecting a sample population that most closely resembles the overall population

under study.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers created a permission letter to the school administration for

the survey that will going to conduct. After the permit is approved, the

researchers will discuss the summary of study with those volunteers that will

serve as participants. Then the researchers prepared a survey questions to be

distributed to the selected respondents after the project was tested on them.
After that, the questionnaire will be taken from them to see what the outcome of

their research is. Through this we will know if their research is successful and

has a good effect.

The personal information and privacy would not be included and remain

respected, so that the participants' opinions will not affect the observation of

other participants.

Statistical treatment of data

After the survey conducted by the researchers, they analyzed and

compiled it, and they moved to the statistical treatment of data to obtain the

results of the survey conducted. It shows below the formula used to get them;
Σ = population standard deviation

N = the size of the population

X_i = each value from the population

\mu = the population mean

Interpretation table

It is where you will find out what the results mean in each table in chapter 4. In

this interpretation table it has weighted mean, results, and results interpretation

Weighted mean Result Results interpretation

4.00 – 5.00 Strongly agree Very affective

2.00 – 3.50 Agree Effective

0.51 – 1.50 Neutral Neutral

0.27 – 0.50 Disagree Ineffective

0.00-0.25 Strongly disagree Very ineffective

 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered from the respondents, aiming to understand its function, usage and

perceived benefits in education.

The researchers combined the total results from the survey that was

answered by the 20 students and 10 teachers, total of 30 respondents

Summary of responses from the survey

Questions Gr.11 Gr.12 Teacher Total Perce

Student Students s entage

1.Is the researchers eggshell

2 7 0 9 30%
chalk dusty?

2. Is the experimental chalk

that the researchers

6 8 2 16 53%
provided better than the

traditional chalk?

3. Is it okay to use the

eggshell chalk of the 4 10 3 17 56%

researcher?

4.Is the use of experimental

6 9 9 24 80%
eggshell chalk environmently
friendly compared to

traditional chalk?

5. Do eggshell provide as

smooth surface when used

4 9 4 17 56%
as a replacement for

traditional chalk?

6. Can the eggshell chalk be

10 10 7 27 90%
erased easily from surfaces

such as blackboard?

7. Does eggshell produce a

similar texture to chalk when 4 10 2 16 53%

used for writing or drawing?

8. Is it possible to obtain

vibrant and clearmarks with 5 9 4 18 60%

eggshell as chalk?

9. Do you think the eggshell

6 10 5 21 70%
chalk bad in your health?

10. Is the experimental chalk

2 8 5 15 50%
has a good odor?

11. Is it possible to be in the

market due to cheapness of 4 10 2 16 53%

its components?
 Table 1

The table shows the percentage of how many answered the target answer

for each question. 90 % is the highest while 30% is the lowest, it means more

people agree with the question of no. 6 while fewer agree with the question of no.

1.

The questionnaire has 3 categories. Function, odor, and viable in the

market. Table 2 shows one of the categories which is function and the result of

its table.

A. Functions

Yes No Total Weighted

Questions
Mean

1.Is the researcher eggshell chalk dusty? 21 9 30 0.3

2. Is the experimental chalk that the 16 14 30 0.53

researchers provided better than the

trditional chalk?

3. Is it okay to use the eggshell chalk of the 17 13 30 0.56

researcher?

4. is the use of experimental eggshell chalk 24 6 30 0.8

environtmently friendly compared to

traditional chalk?

5. Do eggshell provide as smooth surface 17 13 30 0.56

when used as a replacement for traditional

chalk?

6. Can the eggshell chalk be erased easily 27 3 30 0.9

from surface such as blackboard?

7. Does eggshell produce a similar texture to 16 14 30 0.53

challk when used for writing or drawing?

8. Is it possible to obtain vibrant and 18 12 30 0.6

clearmarks with eggshell as chalk?

Mean Average 4.78

Table 2

The table shows the results of the category function, with a weighted

mean of 4.78. The weighted mean serves as an indicator of the overall trend or

average response among the respondents. The overall weighted mean of

4.78 for all questions indicates a generally positive response from

respondents towards the use of eggshell chalk, with a few areas of

slight uncertainty or divided opinions.

B. Odor

Respondents Yes No Total Weighted

mean

1. Do you think the eggshell chalk is bad for

9 21 30 0.7
your health?

2. Is the experimental chalk has a good

15 15 30 0.5
odor?
 Mean Average 1.2

Table 3

Table 4 shows the result of the respondents to each question on the

category odor. The overall weighted mean of 1.2 for both questions

indicate a moderate level of preference or opinion among respondents.

It can be said that, on average, most of respondents are not strongly

negative towards the properties of eggshell chalk and the odor of

experimental chalk.

C. Viable in the market

Respondents Yes No Total Weighted

mean

1. Is it possible to be in the market due 16 14 30 0.53

to cheapness of its components?

Mean Average 0. 53

Table 4

The table 5 shows the result of the category viable in the market. The

weighted mean of 0.53 shows that respondents are somewhat divided on

whether it is possible for the product to be in the market due to the cheapness of

its components, while there is somehow still disgreeing. The overall weighted

mean of 0.53 indicates a relatively neutral stance among respondents regarding

the possibility of the product being on the market due to the cheapness of its
components. This suggests that there is no strong consensus among

respondents, with opinions evenly distributed between "Yes" and "No”.

Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of findings

Eggshell chalk has gained popularity not only for its eco-friendly aspects

but also for the unique opportunities it presents for creativity. By repurposing

eggshells that would otherwise be discarded as waste, individuals can contribute

to reducing the impact on the environment and minimize the use of single-use

materials. This aligns with the growing trend towards sustainable practices and

responsible consumption.

The process of making eggshell chalk involves collecting and thoroughly

cleaning eggshells, drying them out completely, and grinding them into a fine

powder. This finely ground powder can then be mixed with water or other binding

agents to create a paste that can be shaped into chalk sticks. While the

preparation process may require some effort and time, the results can be

rewarding both aesthetically and environmentally.

One of the key benefits of using eggshell chalk is its potential for

customization. Depending on the type of eggshells used, the resulting chalk may

vary in texture and color. This opens a range of possibilities for artistic

expression and experimentation. Additionally, the natural properties of calcium

carbonate in eggshells can offer a different writing or drawing experience

compared to traditional chalk, adding a unique touch to creative projects.

However, it is important to note that eggshell chalk may not be as durable

or consistent as commercially produced chalk. Its softer consistency and

potential variations in texture could impact its performance, especially for tasks

requiring precision or longevity. Proper storage in a dry, airtight container is

essential to maintain the quality of eggshell chalk over time and prevent it from

becoming too brittle or crumbly.

In addition, the use of eggshell chalk as an alternative to traditional chalk

presents an exciting opportunity for individuals to explore sustainable and

creative practices. By incorporating DIY methods and experimenting with

different techniques, artists and educators can contribute to a more

environmentally conscious approach to art and education. Embracing the

versatility and potential of eggshell chalk can inspire innovation in various fields

and foster a deeper appreciation for resourcefulness and sustainability.

Conclusion

In this study, the researcher explored the feasibility of using eggshells as a

sustainable alternative to traditional chalk production. Through a series of

experiments and analyses, they discovered that a combination of eggshells,

flour, and gypsum powder can indeed produce eco-friendly chalk. Researchers'

findings highlight the potential of this novel approach to not only provide a

practical solution for waste reduction but also offer tangible benefits to
communities. By addressing the properties of eggshells, the preparation process,

and the key differences between eggshell chalk and traditional chalk,

researchers have laid the groundwork for future research and practical

applications. Furthermore, the researcher's investigation into effective methods

for crushing and processing eggshells has revealed valuable insights into

optimizing the production process. The environmental benefits of using

eggshells as a raw material for chalk production are significant, as it offers a

sustainable solution to waste management while reducing reliance on non-

renewable resources. Additionally, the potential economic advantages and

educational opportunities associated with this eco-friendly alternative warrant

further exploration. While challenges may arise in the utilization of eggshells as a

chalk substitute, such as ensuring product quality and addressing health

concerns, these obstacles can be overcome through continued research and

innovation. In conclusion, the researchers study demonstrates the potential of

eggshells as a viable and environmentally friendly raw material for chalk

production. By harnessing the power of natural resources and innovative

thinking, we can pave the way towards a more sustainable future while making a

positive impact on our communities and the environment.

Recommendation

1. Students: Schools are filled with students who often use chalk for their board

work and other classroom activities. Chalk is not just a teaching tool but an

integral part of students' daily activities. It is used for writing, jotting down

formulas and equations, recording key points in class, and more. Eggshell chalk
could serve as a more sustainable and eco-friendlier alternative to the traditional

chalk commonly used by students.

2. Implementation of Eggshell Chalk in Educational Settings: Given its potential

benefits for health and the environment, educational institutions should consider

adopting eggshell chalk as an alternative to traditional chalk. This could involve

providing training for teachers on its use and encouraging students to embrace

this eco-friendly option.

3. Health-conscious: Eggshell chalk may attract attention from individuals who

prioritize natural, non-toxic products, as it is made from simple ingredients and

avoids the chemicals found in some commercial chalk products.

4. Research and Development: Conduct more in-depth research and

development in the production of eggshell chalk. It needs to improve its quality

and effectiveness as an alternative material to traditional chalk. The various uses

and applications of eggshell chalk can also be studied, as well as its possible

uses in various industries.

Bibliography

References

Dave, S., Patil, S., & Sonawane, S. (2020, July 18). Utilization of eggshell in food

system as an alternative source of Calcium. ResearchGate. Retrieved

from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343040515_Utilization_of_eggsh

ell_in_food_system_as_an_alternative_source_of_Calcium
Mncwango, B. (n.d.). The viability of Eggshell Powder as a substitute in concrete

| IMIESA. IMIESA. Retrieved from

https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/ejc-imiesa_v46_n11_a24

Raji. (2015, September). Egg Shell As A Fine Aggregate In Concrete For

Sustainable Construction. Researchgate. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331833029_Egg_Shell_As_A_Fi

ne_Aggregate_In_Concrete_For_Sustainable_Construction

Bąk, J., Gustaw, S., & Kołodyńska, D. (2023, August 1). The use of eggshells,

boiler stone, chalk and marl for the synthesis of novel hydroxyapatite

modified biochars for the vanadium removal. Chemical Engineering

Journal. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144309

Nguyen, T. A., Nguyen, D., & tan quoc. (2022, December). Influence of chicken

eggshell powder as an alternative coagulant on the yield and textural

characteristics of tofu. Research Gate. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366590512_INFLUENCE_OF_C

HICKEN_EGGSHELL_POWDER_AS_AN_ALTERNATIVE_COAGULANT

_ON_THE_YIELD_AND_TEXTURAL_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_TOFU

Fabricius, I. L. (2007). Chalk: composition, diagenesis and physical properties.

Welcome to DTU Research Database. Retrieve from

https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/chalk-composition-diagenesis-and-

physical-properties
Faridi, H., & Arabhosseini, A. (2018, June 30). Application of eggshell wastes as

valuable and utilizable products: A review. Research in Agricultural

Engineering, 64(2), 104–114. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.17221/6/2017-rae

Zhonggang, Z., Xuefeng, W., & Yutong, Q. (2019, April 19). Making method for

eggshell dust-free chalk. SciSpace Paper. Retrieved from

https://typeset.io/papers/making-method-for-eggshell-dust-free-chalk-

1ozpr4ixrl

Baláž, M., Boldyreva, E. V., Rybin, D., Pavlović, S., Rodríguez-Padrón, D.,

Mudrinić, T., & Luque, R. (2021, January 27). State-of-the-Art of Eggshell

Waste in Materials Science: Recent Advances in Catalysis,

Pharmaceutical Applications, and Mechanochemistry. Frontiers in

Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.612567

Abdulrahman, I., Tijani, H., Abubakar, B. M., & Sulaiman, M. (2014, May

10). From Garbage to Biomaterials: An Overview on Eggshell Based

Hydroxyapatite. ResearchGate. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271373260_From_Garbage_to_

Biomaterials_An_Overview_on_Egg_Shell_Based_Hydroxyapatite

Abaquin, K. B., Adriano, J. E. V. L., & Feir, E. C. B. (2015). Eggshell polvoron.

Retrieved from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=10995

Alipio, M. M. (2019). Eggshells as Alternative Shielding Material Against

Diagnostic X-rays. Retrieve from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=16097

Moog, D. J. P., & Peralta, E. K. (2003). Mechanical Properties of Eggshell in

Relation to Its Handling and Transport. Retrieved from

https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=8691

Galgo, S. J., & Casumlong, J. A. (2020, September 29). Calcium Carbonate

Forms Applied to Purple Sweet Corn in Capiz Philippines. Retrieved from

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3814775

Kafll. (2020, December 17). Eggsheron. Coursehero. Retrieved from

https://www.coursehero.com/file/76487262/EGGSHELL1docx/

Her, S., Park, J. Y., Li, P., & Bae, S. (2022, March 1). Feasibility study on

utilization of pulverized eggshell waste as an alternative to limestone in

raw materials for Portland cement clinker production. Construction &

Building Materials. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126589

Razaq, k, Yousif, A., & Tayh, A. (2018). Characterization of Hot Mix Asphalt

Modified by Eggshell Powder. Google Scholar. Retrieved from

https://scholar.google.com/scholarhl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=experimental

+study+of+eggshell+as+an+alternative+chalk&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1713

869763978&u=%23p%3DMK-LWfXw08oJ
Trinidad, S. A. M. (2019, December 18). Chicken Eggshells (Gallus domesticus)

as Potential Chalk. Retrieved from

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/2948

Kaur, N., & Singh, K. (2023, April 12). Decompositional and chemical reaction

kinetics study of eggshell powder waste for value-added materials. Journal

of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148(13), 6451–6463. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12146-9

Wong, I. L. K. (2016). Study Added of Waste Chicken Eggshell in Soils.

International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research.

Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18178/ijscer.5.3.207-211

Azodo, P. (2020, December 12). Effect of Exposure to Airborne Chalk Dust

Particles on Students’ Respiratory Function. Mindanao Journal of Science

and Technology, 18 no. 2(Vol 18 No 2 (2020): July-December 2020).

Retrieved from https://mjst.ustp.edu.ph/index.php/mjst/article/view/546

King`ori, A. (2011, October 15). A Review of the Uses of Poultry Eggshells and

Shell Membranes. International Journal of Poultry Science, 10(11), 908–

912. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.908.912

Mahmood, S. (2022, February 1). Calcium carbonate nanoparticles of quail’s

eggshells: Synthesis and characterizations. Uomosul. Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/70175998/Calcium_carbonate_nanoparticles_o

f_quails_egg_shells_Synthesis_and_characterizations
Paruthi, S., Khan, A. H., Kumar, A., Kumar, F., Hasan, M. A., Magbool, H. M., &

Manzar, M. S. (2023, July). Sustainable cement replacement using waste

eggshells: A review on mechanical properties of eggshell concrete and

strength prediction using artificial neural network. Case Studies in

Construction Materials, 18, e02160. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02160

Malayan Science researchers test school chalk alternatives to help local

manufacturers and public-school teachers. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://malayanscience.edu.ph/News.aspx?NewsID=1319

Description: A study on the strength improvement of local clayey soil using

powdered eggshells. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/UP-99796217612935559/Description

Eggshell Ink as an Alternative to Commercial Ink - Work

Immersion/Research/Career - Studocu. (n.d.). Studocu. Retrieved from

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/sti-college/work-

immersionresearchcareer-advocacyculminating-activity/eggshell-ink-as-

an-alternative-to-commercial-ink/19254473

Estrada, Y. K. N., Santiago, N. J. P., & Zialcita, A. B. O. (n.d.). Paper Review for

Application of Thermally Treated Eggshell Waste: Systematic Approach.

Animo Repository. Retrieved from

https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/conf_shsrescon/2021/paper_see/10/
Eggshell as chalk. (2020, October 24). Coursehero. Retrieved from

https://www.coursehero.com/file/71375146/Eggshell-as-chalkdocx/

Racho, H., & Navarro, M. (2021, August 30). Effects of powdered chicken

eggshells as a soil amendment on the vegetative growth of Vigna radiata.

PublicScience, 4(1). Retrieved from

http://publiscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Effects-of-PCES-as-a-

soil-amendment-on-the-vegetative-growth-of-V.-radiata.pdf

Maranan, K. R. A., Bueno, C. M., Adiova, C. B., & Recuenco, M. C. (2021, July

1). Effects of increasing levels of eggshell powder on the productipn

performance, carcass characteristics, and bone properties of broiler

chicken. | Philippine Journal of Veterinary &amp; Animal Sciences |

EBSCOhost. Retrieved from https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd

%3A10%3A10210922/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco

%3Agcd%3A156045886&crl=c

Tizo, M. S., Blanco, L. A. V., Cagas, A. C. Q., Dela Cruz, B. R. B., Encoy, J. C.,

Gunting, J. V., Arazo, R. O., & Mabayo, V. I. F. (2018, November).

Efficiency of calcium carbonate from eggshells as an adsorbent for

cadmium removal in aqueous solution. Sustainable Environment

Research, 28(6), 326–332. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.09.002

Salvador, A. E., Atienza, J. B. B., Bravo, J. B., Del Rosario, P. A. C., Misiera, M.

D. S., Martin, K. S. S., Vergara, J. C. A., Malonzo, A. S., & Villanueva, M.

 B. (2023, June 21). Thesis: An investigation study on pulverized eggshell

as a partial replacement of cement for non-load bearing concrete hollow

blocks. IJARIIT. Retrieved from https://www.ijariit.com/manuscript/an-

investigation-study-on-pulverized-eggshell-as-a-partial-replacement-of-

cement-for-non-load-bearing-concrete-hollow-blocks/

Palacio, A. J. C., Furiscal, N. G., Abalos, K. M. L., Alferez, D. A. A., Bade, E. A.,

Carumba, J. J. C., Rodolfo, C. E., & Santos, F. D. (2020, July 15). Study

of Coconut Charcoal Powder and Eggshell Powder as Partial

Replacement to Fine Aggregates and Cement in Load Bearing Concrete

Bricks. Key Engineering Materials. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.120

Holdings: Characterization of flour from Philippine sweetpotato (ipomoea

batatas) varieties as potential functional food ingredient. (n.d.). Retrieved

from https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/UP-1685954869149768737
Appendices

Appendix A

Letter to the School Administrator

February 02, 2024

Lourdes Valondo

School Principal

Virginia Ramirez-Cruz National High School

Pandi, Bulacan

Dear Ms. Valondo:

Greetings!

We, the researchers, Thalia Acosta, Jozette Cayeta, Glaze Aubrey

Madrazo, Kimberly Buere, Charmine Apondar, Zarry Salvan, STEM students

from Golden Minds Colleges currently conducting a study entitled “Experimental

Study of Eggshell as an Alternative Chalk”

In pursuit of the success of the objective of our study we would like to ask

permission from your good office to conduct a survey, provided that our

Research Teacher and our Academic Coordinator signed and approved this

letter.

In this regard, we'd like to borrow a few minutes to conduct our survey. We

will require 30 respondents in grades 12 and 11, each from one section, and 20

teachers. 20 minutes for a section of grade 12, 20 minutes for a section of grade

11, and 2 minutes for each teacher. We will highly appreciate the time you may

allot to us upon conducting our survey. Your response to this letter is crucial in

providing the necessary information in our study to help us achieve the factual

result.

Your response and time are greatly appreciated. We are hoping for your

kind approval and support regarding this under staking.

Thank you and God bless you!

Respectfully Yours,

The Researchers

Noted by:

MICA HAZEL VALDERAMA, LPT

Subject Teacher
 DANISSE ALTHEA CELIS, LPT

Academic Coordinator

Approved by:

LAURDES VALONDO

School Principal

Appendix B

Research Questionnaire

This survey aims to gather insights about your experience with the researchers

product. They’re kindly request for your time and effort to answer the following

questions that are essential and helpful for the study's completion. Your honest

opinions will help to enhance the product and better cater to your needs. All

responses will be kept confidential, and any information provided will only be

used for research purposes.

Your positive response and cooperation are very much appreciated.

Name(optional):___________________________________________________

Teacher () Student () Grade/Strand & Sec.:_____________________________

Questions: Yes No
FUNCTIONS:

1. Is the researchers eggshell chalk dusty?

2. Is the experimental chalk that the researchers provided better

than the traditional chalk?

3. Is it okay to use the eggshell chalk of the researcher?

4. Is the use of experimental eggshell chalk environmently

friendly compared to traditional chalk?

5. Do eggshell provide as smooth surface when used as a

replacement for traditional chalk?

6. Can the eggshell chalk be erased easily from surfaces such

as blackboard?

7. Does eggshell produce a similar texture to chalk when used

for writing or drawing?

8. Is it possible to obtain vibrant and clearmarks with eggshell as

chalk?

ODOR:

9. Do you think the eggshell chalk bad in your health?

10. Is the experimental chalk has a good odor?

VIABLE IN THE MARKET:

11. Is it possible to be in the market due to cheapness of its

components?

Approved By:

Ms. Mica Hazel Valderama, LPT

Research Adviser

Ms. Danisse Althea Celis, LPT

Academic Coordinator

Appendix C

Mean and Standard deviation

Respondents Possible P(×) E(×) X-m (×-m)² (x-m²) •

(x) P(x)

Grade 11

Students

•Functions

1.) 2 0 0/10 = 0 0 -2.2 4.84 0

2.) 8 1 3/10 = 0.3 -1.2 1.44 1.452

3.) 8 2 0.3 0.4 -0.2 0.04 0.288

4.) 1 3 2/10 = 0 0.8 0.64 0

5.) 1 4 0.2 1 1.8 3.24 0.324

6.) 4 5 0/10 = 0 0 2.8 7.84 1.568

1/10 =
 7.) 1 6 0.1 0 3.8 14.44 0

8.) 2 7 2/10 = 0.1 4.8 23.04 0

9.) 5 8 0.2 Mean = 5.8 33.64 3.364

10.)5 0/10 = 0 2.2 Variants =

0/10 = 0 6.996

1/10 = Standard

0.1 deviation=

√6.996

= 2.64

•Odor

1. 0 0 3/10 = 0 -0.9 0.81 0.243

2. 1 1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.01 0.005

3. 1 2 5/10 = 0.4 1.1 1.21 0.242

4. 1 0.5

5. 1 2/10 = Mean = Variants =

6. 1 0.2 0.4 0.49

7. 1 Standard

8. 0 deviation

9. 0 = √0.49

10. 2 = 0.7
•Viable in the 0.096

market 0.144

1. 0 0 6/10 = 0 0.4 0.16 Variants=

2. 1 1 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.36 0.21

3. 1 4/10 = Standard

4. 0 0.4 Mean = deviation

5. 0 0.4 = √0.21

6. 1 = 0.46

7. 0

8. 0

9. 1

10. 0

Grade 12

Students

•Function

1. 6 0 0/10 = 0 0 -7.2 51.84 0

2. 6 1 0/10 = 0 0 -6.2 38.44 0

3. 6 2 0/10 = 0 0 -5.2 27.04 0

4. 8 3 0/10 = 0 0 -4.2 17.64 0

5. 8 4 0/10 = 0 0 -3.2 10.24 0

6. 8 5 0/10 = 0 0 -2.2 4.84 0

7. 7 6 3/10 = 1.8 -1.2 1.44 0.432

8. 7 7 0.3 1.4 -0.2 0.04 0.008

9. 8 8 2/10 = 4 0.8 0.64 0.32

10. 8 0.2 Variants =

5/10 = Mean = 0.76

0.5 7.2 Standard

Deviation

= √0.76

Final

Answer =

0.87

•Odor

1. 2 0 0/10 = 0 0 -1.7 2.89 0

2. 2 1 3/10= 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.49 0.147

3. 2 2 7/10 = 1.4 0.3 0.09 0.63

4. 1 0.7 Mean = Variants =

5. 1 1.7 0.777

6. 1 Standard

7. 2 Deviation

8. 2 = √0.777

9. 2 Final

10. 2 Answer =
 0.88

•Viable in the 0

market 0

1. 1 0 0 -1 1 Variants =

2. 1 1 0/10 = 0 1 0 0 0

3. 1 10/10 = Mean = Standard

4. 1 1 1 Deviation

5. 1 = √0

6. 1 Final

7. 1 Answer =

8. 1 0

9. 1

10. 1

Teachers

• Function

1. 5 0 0/10=0 0 -3.3 10.89 0

2. 2 1 3/10 = 0.3 -2.3 5.29 1.587

3. 3 2 0.3 0.2 -1.3 1.69 0.169

4. 1 3 1/10 = 0.6 -0.3 0.09 0.018

5. 1 4 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.49 0.049

6. 7 5 2/10 = 0.5 1.7 2.89 0.289

 7. 1 6 0.2 0.6 2.7 7.29 0.729

8. 3 7 1/10 = 0.7 3.7 13.69 1.369

9. 4 8 0.1 0 4.7 22.09 0

10. 6 1/10 = Mean = Variants =

0.1 3.3 4.21

1/10 = Standard

0.1 Deviation

1/10 = = √4.21

0.1 Final

0/10 = 0 Answer =

2.05

• Odor

1. 1 0 2/10 = 0 -1 1 0.2

2. 1 1 0.2 0.6 0 0 0

3. 0 2 6/10 = 0.4 1 1 0.2

4. 1 0.6

5. 1 2/10 = Mean = Variants =

6. 2 0.2 1 0.4

7. 1 Standard

8. 0 Deviation

9. 1 = √0.4

10. 2 Final
 Answer =

0.63

•Viable in the

market

1. 0 0 1. 0 -0.2 0.04 0

2. 0 1 2. 0.2 0.8 0.64 0.128

3. 0 Mean = Variants =

4. 0 8/10 = 0.2 0.128

5. 0 0.8 Standard

6. 1 2/10 = Deviation

7. 0 0.2 = √0.128

8. 0

Final
9. 0
answer
10. 1
= 0.53

Functions - 12.7 Functions - 5.56

Odor - 3.1 Odor - 2.21

Viable in the market- 1.6 Viable in the market -

0.82

Mean = 17. 4 Standard deviation =

 8.59 = √8.59 = 2.93

Appendix D

Researchers Profile
 Appendix E

Grammarian’s Certificate

This is to certify that the undersigned has reviewed and went through all the

pages of research study entitled “Experimental Study of Eggshell as an

Alternative Chalk” by Charmine G. Apondar, Jozette S. Cayeta, Hannah

Thalia D. Acosta, Kimberly Buere, Glaze Aubrey B. Madrazo, and Zarry

Salvan, aligned with the set of structural rules that govern the composition of

sentences, phrases, and words with the English language.

Signed:
 Ms. Danisse Althea Celis

Grammarian

The date signed: 05/ /24

Acknowledgments

This study would not have been possible without the continuous support and

guidance of the people and the institution that helped us throughout this journey.

With this, the researchers would like to extend their deep gratitude and

appreciation to the following:

To our Research Adviser, thank you for your unwavering guidance, invaluable

insights, and endless patience throughout the research process. Your shared

knowledge has been instrumental in shaping the direction of our research.

To the school of Virginia Ramirez Cruz High School, we are very grateful for your

trust and agreement to conduct a survey in your area even though we are from

another school. Your acceptance and continuation of us in your school is a great

help in our research and development of our knowledge. Again, thank you very

much for your kindness.

And lastly, to the researcher who conducted this research, thank you very much

for going through all of this, despite the challenges such as fees, activities and

problems that come along in the middle of doing it. Your dedication and hard

work has paid off. Thank you for your commitment to research and for your

valuable contributions.