12th Math Defi and Formulae
12th Math Defi and Formulae
Year 2024-25
MATHEMATICS
CLASS: XII
sin−1 𝑥 [−1, 1]
tan−1 𝑥 R
cosec−1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1,1)
sec−1 𝑥 𝑅 − (−1,1)
cot−1 𝑥 R (0, 𝜋)
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• sin−1(−𝑥) = − sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1]
• cosec−1(−𝑥) = − cosec−1 𝑥, |𝑥| ≥ 1
• tan−1(−𝑥) = − tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑥∈𝑅
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MATRICES
ORDER OF A MATRIX : A general matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 can be written as
• COLUMN MATRIX: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
Examples:
• ROW MATRIX: A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row
Examples:
• DIAGONAL MATRIX: A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-
Example:
• SCALAR MATRIX : A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal
Example :
• IDENTITY MATRIX: A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero
is called an identity matrix.
• ZERO MATRIX: A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
Examples : ,
EQUALITY OF MATRICES: Two matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 are said to be equal if (i)
• ADDITION OF MATRICES: Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 be two matrices of the same order.
elements of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
• DIFFERENCE OF MATRICES: Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 be two matrices of the same order.
elements of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
• MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES: The product of two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is defined if the number of
Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑗𝑘]𝑛×𝑝 . Then the product of the matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 is the matrix
𝐶 of order m × p. To get the (𝑖, 𝑘)𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑘 matrix 𝐶, we take the i th row of 𝐴 and 𝑘 th column of
𝐵, multiply them elementwise and take the sum of all these products. i.e
Example: Let
Example:
E
x
Example: .
A′ = – A, that is 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all possible values of i and j and 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0 for all i.(all the diagonal
Example:
INVERTIBLE MATRICES: If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square
called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A– 1. In that case A is said to be invertible.
PROPERTIES OF MATRICES:
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• Every square matrix can possible to express as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrices.
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where is symmetric matrix and is
• Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA. The matrix B will be the
inverse of A. Similarly, if we wish to find A–1 using column operations, then, write A = AI
and apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB. The matrix B will
be the inverse of A.
•
AI), if we obtain all zeros in one or more rows of the matrix A on L.H.S., then A –1 does not
exist.
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DETERMINANTS
DETERMINANT:
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MINORS: Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by
deleting its ith row and jth column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗
is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗.
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX: The adjoint of a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗] is defined as the transpose
of the matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗] , where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . Adjoint of the matrix A is
denoted by adj A.
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴−1𝐵
IMPORTANT NOTES:
Let
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• Product Rule:
• Quotient Rule:
• C
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SANJEEV KUMAR (PGT MATHS KV 3 BATHINDA) Page 10
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• Logarithmic Differentiation: Let 𝑦 = [𝑢(𝑥)]𝑣(𝑥)
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
9) Total cost = C(x), where C(x) isi Rupees of the production of x units Marginal cost
= 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑥
Marginal Revenue = 𝑑𝑅
𝑑𝑥
Let I be an interval contained in the domain of a real valued function f. Then f is said
to be
(ii) strictly increasing on I 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) < 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼 (iii) decreasing
(iv) strictly decreasing on I 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼
(i) If f ′(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through c, then c is a point
of local maxima and maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓( 𝑐) .
(ii) If f ′(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through c, then c is
a point of local minima and minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓( 𝑐) .
(iii) If f ′(x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is neither a point of local
maxima nor a point of local minima. Infact, such a point is called point of inflexion.
Second Derivative Test
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then
(i) 𝑥 = 𝑐 is a point of local maxima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ″(𝑐) < 0 The values f (c) is local maximum
value of f .
(ii) (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ″(𝑐) > 0 In this case, f (c) is local
minimum value of f .
(iii) The test fails if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ″(𝑐) = 0. In this case, we go back to the first derivative
test and find whether c is a point of maxima, minima or a point of inflexion.
Absolute maxima and absolute minima (maxima and minima in a closed interval)
• Given 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [𝑎, 𝑏]
• Find 𝑓’(𝑥)
• Let 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0
I N T E G R A T I O N
FORMULAS
n 1
x
x dx c ; 2. dx x c ;
n
1.
n 1
1
3
2 dx
3. x dx
3
x2 c ; 4. x 2
x
c;
dx
5. x
2 x c ; 6. e x dx e x c ;
x
a dx
7. a dx c; log x c
x
8.
log a x
9. sin xdx cos x c ; 10. cos xdx sin x c ;
11. sec 2 xdx tan x c ; 12. sec x . tan xdx sec x c ;
13. cos ecx . cot xdx cos ecx c ; 14. cos ec 2 xdx cot x c
dx 1 1 dx 1 1
15. sin x c cos xc; 16. sec x c cos ec xc
1 x x 1
2 2
x
dx 1 1
17. 1 x 2
tan x c cot xc; 18. sec xdx log sec x tan x c ;
19. cos ec xdx log cos ecx cot x c ; 20. tan xdx log sec x c
dx 1 a x
21. cot xdx log sin x c ; 22. a log c
2
x
2
2a a x
dx 1 xa dx 1 1 x
23. x 2
a
2
2a
log
xa
c ; 24. a 2
x
2
a
tan
a
c;
dx 1 x dx 1 x
25. sec c 26. sin c;
x a a a x a
2 2 2 2
x
dx dx
27. log x x a
2 2
c; 28. log x a x
2 2
c;
x a a x
2 2 2 2
x a x
2 2 2
a 1 x
a x dx c
2 2
29. sin
2 2 a
x a
2 2 2
x a
x a dx log x x a c;
2 2 2 2
30.
2 2
x a
2 2 2
x a
x a dx log x x a c
2 2 2 2
31.
2 2
32. f x . g x dx f x .G x G x . f x dx 1 I Inverse Trigonometry Functions
Here preference for first function in “BY PARTS” 2 L Logarithmic Functions
G(x)
is integration of g(x) 3 A Algebraic Functions
4 T Trigonometric Functions
SANJEEV KUMAR (PGT MATHS KV 3 BATHINDA) Page 14
5 E Exponential Functions
Important conversions
1 cos 2 m x 1 cos 2 m x
1. tan 2 x = sec 2 x -1 2. cot 2 x = cosec 2 x -1 3. cos 2 mx = 4. Sin 2 mx =
2 2
mx mx
5. 1 Sin x = 1 cos x 6. 1+ cos m x = 2 cos 2 7. 1- cos m x = 2 sin 2
2 2 2
Algebra of Integration
1. f x g x dx f x dx g x dx 2. f x dx f x dx
1
3. f ax dx F x c 4. f x b dx F x b c .
a
Types of integrations
1) In the integration if function have trigonometric ratio, logarithmic or exponential function in which the
index is f(x) put f (x) = t.
2) For Sin n xdx / Cos n xdx / sin n x .Cos n xdx here m or n is odd integer. Separate Sin x / Cos x having
odd index and express the balance as 1-Cos 2 x / 1- Sin 2 x and Put Sin x / Cos x = t.
3) For Sec n x .dx / Co sec n x .dx with n positive even integer .Separate Sec 2 x / Co sec 2 x and express the
balance as 1 + tan 2 x / 1 + cot 2 x and put tan x / cot x = t.
dx mn
4) For sin m
x . cos
n
x
with m + n = 2 k ,.Divide num. and deno. by Cos x and put tan x = t.
ax b
5) For ax b . cx d .dx OR n
cx d
dx Express a x + b = A (c x + d) + B and find A, B by
comparing
ax b
ax b . cx dx e .dx /
2
6) For dx
dx c
2
cx
Express a x + b = A (c x 2 + d.x + e) + B and find A, B by comparing.
7) If degree of Num. is greater than that of Deno. ,First divide Num. by Deno. And express as mix Fraction.
dx
8) , put x= t m.n 9. e x f ( x ) f ( x ) dx e x . f ( x ) c
n
x x m
cos . x sin . x dx
10) cos( x a ) dx OR sin( x a ) dx Put x a = t For sin( x a ) sin( x b )
Divide Num. and Den.
B
y
dx
sin (b-a ) and in Num. and express sin( b-a ) = sin[(x-a)-(x-b)] For sin x a cos x b
Divide
Num. and Den. By cos (b-a ) and express cos( b-a ) = cos[(x-a)-(x-b)]
SANJEEV KUMAR (PGT MATHS KV 3 BATHINDA) Page 15
11. e
ax
sin bx .dx OR e ax cos bx .dx integrate two times using “integrate by parts”
dx dx
12. Quadratic OR Quadratic
Express Quadratic as perfect square.
1
2
x
13. x
4
kx
2
1
dx , Divide Num. and Deno. by x 2 and express the denominator as perfect square with
sign opposite to that of num.
dx
14. a . sin 2
x b cos
2
xc
; Express c = c.1=c ( sin 2 x cos 2 x ) and divide num.& denominator by Cos
2
x and put tan x = t.
a sin x a cos x b sin x a sin x b cos x
15. dx , dx , dx ; Put Num.= A (Den.)+B dy/dx (Den.)
b sin x c . cos x c sin x d cos x d sin x e cos x
dx dx
16. ,multiply and divide by x n 1 17. , Put Linear = t
x x 1
n
linear linear
dx dx
18. Linear Qadratic
, Put Linear = 1 / t 19. Quadratic Linear
; Put Linear =t
n n 1 n n 1 2 n 1
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ---------- + n = ; 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + -----------+ n 2 =
2 6
n n 1
2
13 + 2 3 + 3 3 + ------------ + n 3 =
2
r 1 e 1
n h
(ii) a + ar + ar 2 + ---------+ ar n
= a iii) lim 1
r 1 h 0 h
Properties of definite intrigation:
a b a a a
1. f ( x ). dx 0 2. f ( x ). dx f ( x ). dx 3. f ( x ). dx f ( a x ). dx
a a b 0 0
4.
5. f ( x ). dx 0 if f ( x ) f ( x ) i .e . f ( x ) is odd function .
a
a
2. f ( x ). dx if f ( x) f ( x) i .e . f ( x ) is even function .
0
2a
6. f ( x ). dx 0 if f (2a x) f ( x)
0
a
2. f ( x ). dx if f (2a x) f ( x)
0
b b
7. f ( x ). dx f ( z ) dz
a a
b b
8. f ( x ). dx f ( a b x ). dx
a a
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
CURVE –
LINE
• CIRCLE
• PARABOLA
• ELLIPSE
STE
1)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Methods of solving First Order and First Degree Differential Equations
• Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
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• Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and in
• Then use variables and separables in terms of 𝑦 and 𝑣 only
• Let 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
•
• Substitute and
• Then use variables and separables in terms of and only
SANJEEV KUMAR (PGT MATHS KV 3 BATHINDA) Page 19
Steps to solve the Linear differential equation of the type:
VECTORS
Position vector of the point
Let then
Projection of
If are the direction cosines and are the direction ratios of a line then
2 2 2
where PQ= √ (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
Direction ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line.
S
k
ew lines are lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting. They lie in different planes.
The vector equation of a line which passes through two points whose position vectors are
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
(i)
LPP and its Mathematical Formulation
1. Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine
points(vertices) either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines intersecting at the point.
2. Evaluate the objective function Z=ax+ by at each corner point. Let M and m, respectively
denote the largest and smallest values of these points
.
3. (i) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum values of Z.
(ii) In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
4. (a) M is the maximum value of Z , if the open half plane determined by ax+ by >M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax+ by<m has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum value.
PROBABILITY
Concepts
(i) Conditional Probability
(ii)Multiplication theorem on probability
(iv) Baye’s theorem, partition of sample space and Theorem of total probability
P(E) =
It being assumed that the outcomes of the experiment in reference are equally likely.
(iii) If , , ……,
are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with an experiment
(i.e. if ,,,, ) = S and
= ∅ for i, j ∈ {1,2,3,…,k} i≠ 𝑗) then
P ( ) + P ( ) + P ( ) + …. + P ( ) = 1.
(iv) P (E) + P( ) = 1
** If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space of a random experiment, the
conditional probability of the event E given that F has occurred, i.e. P(E| ) is given by P(E| ) =
( )
provided P(F) ≠ 0
( )
** Multiplication rule of probability : P(E ) = P(E)P(F| )
= P(F) P(E| )
provided P(E) ≠ 0 and P(F)≠0.
** Independent Events : E and F are two events such that the probability of occurrence of one of
them is not affected by occurrence of the other.
Let E and F be two events associated with the same random experiment, then E and F are said to
be independent if P(E F) = P(E).P(F).
X: ……………