Object Oriented

Programming (OOP)
Teaching Assistant: Nourchene OUERHANI
([email protected])

2023-2024 Master DS-AI-HT & DS-AI-I4.0

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Objectives

Objectives
1. Understand the fundamental concepts of object oriented
programming
2. Illustrate and understand inheritance concepts.
3. Understand the impact of exception handling to prevent abnormal
termination of program.
4. Understand the Java principles, as well as the syntax that will be
needed for the rest of the program.
5. Have a fairly complete idea of the notions you need to know in
order to be able to program in Java.

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Plan

PLAN
1. OOP Introduction
2. JAVA language syntax
3. OOP Fundamentals: JAVA OOPL
4. Exception Handling

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Plan

Object-oriented programming
Introduction

1. What is OOP?
2. What is JAVA?
3. JAVA uses
4. JAVA Environment

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming Introduction

Brainstorming TIME !

Website: https://app.wooclap.com
OOP?

Code: OOPJAVA

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming Introduction

What is OOP?

● Programming paradigm.
● The program is written as a set of interactive classes and
objects.
● Object is the basic and most fundamental entity.
● Only objects are used for all computations.
● Data is prioritized over function.

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Pair work

Programming Paradigms?

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Pair work

OOP VS POP

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OOP vs POP
● It prioritizes data over function. ● It prioritizes function over data.
● Code easy to modify and maintain ● "Spaghetti" code → Difficulty of
● Offers the feature to reuse any Maintaining and adding new
existing codes in it by utilizing a features
feature known as inheritance. ● No feature of reusing codes
● It achieves inheritance in three ● It does not provide any
modes- protected, private, and inheritance.
public. ● Does not offer any method of
● Hiding data is possible due to the hiding data.
abstraction. ● It is not very suitable for solving
● It is suitable for solving any big or any big or complex problems.
complex problems.

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OOP vs POP
Example:
We want to make a personnel management program for an IT
company.
In this company we can find:
● Engineers: F.Name , L.Name, Phone number, Specialty, list of
diplomas, Hire date, Salary
● Technicians: F.Name , L.Name, Phone number, Specialty, Hire date,
Salary
● Directors: F.Name , L.Name, Phone number, fax number, office
number, service, Salary

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OOP vs POP
Example:
1st solution: Procedural Oriented Programming
→ What do we want to do?
Struct firstName readEngineer() Struct firstName readTechnician()
Engineer lastName displayEngineer() Technician lastName displayTechnician()
phonenNumber calcSalary() phonenNumber calcSalary()
salary salary
hireDate hireDate
diplomaList speciality
speciality

Struct firstName readDirector()

Director lastName displayDirector()
phonenNumber calcSalary()
faxNumber
officeNumber
salary
service

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OOP vs POP
Example:
2nd solution: Object-oriented programming class Staff Class name
firstName
→ What are we talking about? lastName Class attributes
salary
phoneNumber

readStaff()
displayStaff()
Class methods

class Engineer class Technician class Director

hireDate faxNumber
hireDate
specialty officeNumber
specialty
diplomaList service

calSalEngineer() calSalTechnician() calSalDirector()

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming Introduction

JAVA History
1 2
+ 9 0
James Sun
9 0
Gosling Microsystems
5 9

OAK Green Java coffee

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming Introduction

What is JAVA?
● Class based, object oriented programming language.
● High level language.
● Can be considered both a compiled and an interpreted
language.
● Uses syntax that is extremely similar to the C language.
● Platform-independent: write once, run anywhere
→ run on any device that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
installed.
● Portable: it is easy to migrate Java bytecode between
different platforms.
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What is JAVA?
● A Java programmer writes his source code, in
the form of classes, in files whose extension is Example
“.java” Source Code test.java
● The Javac compiler then converts this source
code into bytecode and saves the outcome in a Compiler javac test.java
file with the extension ".class"
● The bytecode must be interpreted by the Java Bytecode test.class
virtual machine (JVM) which then transforms
the compiled code into machine code
Interpreter Java test
understandable by the operating system.
→ This is the reason why Java is a portable Machine Code Virtualisation
language.
NB: The bytecode remains the same regardless Operating Operating
System System
of the execution environment.
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Why Java?
TIOBE Index April 2023 (www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/)

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Why Java?
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2022

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Why Java?
GitHub Octoverse Report 2022

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Why Java?
IEEE Spectrum Ranking 2022

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Why Java?
PYPL PopularitY of Programming Language Index 2023

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming Introduction

Why Java?

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming Introduction

JAVA Uses
● Desktop GUI applications
● Web applications
● Mobile applications
● Enterprise applications like ERP
● Banking, Insurance, Ecommerce, etc.
● Scientific applications
● Embedded Systems, Big Data Technologies, Distributed
Applications, Cloud-based Applications
● Web servers and Application servers, Software Tools, and Gaming
Applications etc.

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Popular Projects on Java

NASA World Wind

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Advantages
1. Platform Independence: One of the biggest advantages of Java is its ability to
run on any device that has a JVM installed.

2. Object-Oriented: it allows for the creation of reusable code modules in the

form of objects.

3. Garbage Collection: Java provides automatic memory management through

its garbage collection feature. This means that developers do not need to
manually allocate and deallocate memory, which can help to reduce the risk
of memory leaks and other memory-related issues.

4. Large Community: Java has a large and active community of developers,

which means that there are many resources available for learning and support.

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Advantages
1. Large Standard Library: Java provides a large standard library that includes a
wide range of tools and utilities for developing applications. This can help to
streamline development and reduce the amount of time and effort required
to build a complex application.

2. Rich Ecosystem: Java has a large and vibrant ecosystem of libraries,

frameworks, and tools that can be used to extend and enhance the language.
This includes popular frameworks like Spring and Hibernate, which can help to
simplify development and streamline the development process.

3. Performance: While Java is not as fast as low-level languages like C or C++, it is

still a high-performance language that can be used to build complex
applications that require fast processing times.

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Disadvantages
1. Performance: Java can be slower than other programming languages like C
or C++. This is because Java code is first compiled to bytecode and then
interpreted by the JVM at runtime.

2. Memory Consumption: While Java's automatic memory management can be

an advantage, it can also lead to high memory consumption. This can be a
problem for devices with limited memory resources.

3. Complexity: Java is a complex programming language with many advanced

features and concepts, which can make it difficult for beginners to learn.

4. Security: Java's popularity also makes it a popular target for hackers and
malware developers. While Java has many built-in security features, it is still
vulnerable to certain types of attacks.

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Java Environment
To be able to program in Java, JDK is needed, which represents the
environment in which the Java code is compiled so that the virtual
machine (JVM for Java Virtual Machine) can interpret it.
JDK contains:
● The Java compiler (javac)
● The archiver (jar)
● The documentation generator (javadoc)
● The debugger (jdb)
● The Java Runtime Environment (JRE).

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Java Environment
To compile and run a program in Java, there are two methods:
1. Call the commands directly on a console:
a. javac for compilation
b. java for execution
2. Use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE): This IDE, in
collaboration with the JDK, facilitates the realization of all the steps of
compilation and execution, thanks to a dedicated graphical interface.
There are several IDEs that can be used (Netbeans, Eclipse, Intellij,
JDeveloper, JBuilder...).

→ The IDE we are going to use is: Eclipse.

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Java Environment: ECLIPSE

● Eclipse is an extensible, universal and versatile open source

integrated development environment for creating development
projects that implement any programming language.
● Eclipse IDE is mainly written in Java (using IBM's SWT graphics
library).
● The specificity of Eclipse IDE comes from its architecture totally
developed around the notion of plugin (in accordance with the
OSGi standard): all the functionalities of this software workshop
are developed as a plug-in.

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Java Environment: ECLIPSE

Work space Class VieW

Editor

Other Views

Console

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Java Environment: ECLIPSE

Steps to Create a Project on Eclipse
1. Open the Eclipse IDE, you will be asked to
choose the workspace in which you find
the projects.
2. Type the path of the directory created on
the desktop. Otherwise, Eclipse will create
it.
3. Close the welcome window that appears:
We are in the workspace.
4. Create a new Java project. To do this, press
File → New → Java Project
5. The following window will appear: Type the
name of the project as indicated.
6. Keep the default settings, and press Finish.
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Java Environment: ECLIPSE

Steps to Create a Project on Eclipse
6. In the workspace, under the Package Explorer tab, we can see that the
project is created, and that it already contains a src directory (which must
contain all the source files created), and JRE System Library, which is used
to compile your code.
7. Create a package under the src directory: right-click on src, and choose
New -> Package.
8. Name the package.
9. Create a class: Right-click on the package which must contain the class
then New -> Class.
10. Name the class.
11. Ability to automatically generate the main method by checking the
public static void main(String[]args) box.
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Java Environment: ECLIPSE

Steps to Create a Project on Eclipse

● NB: If the class is not defined in a package (which is not

recommended), redo the last operation from the src directory.
The generated class will appear under the chosen package.
● Double-click on it to modify its code in the editor: a skeleton of
the class is proposed. Just finish the rest of the code.
● With Eclipse, there is no need to explicitly compile the code: the
compilation is done in real time. In addition, syntax errors will be
displayed while writing the code, with suggestions for
corrections.

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Activity 1: Answer the questions

1. To distribute your application on different platforms, how many versions of
Java do you need to create?

2. A file Hello.java containing the text below:

class Hello
{ public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Hello"); }
}
Which of the following command lines are incorrect and why?

1. javac Hello.java
2. java Hello.java
3. javac Hello.class
4. java Hello.class
5. java Hello
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Activity 1: Answer the question

1. To distribute your application on different platforms, how many versions of
Java do you need to create?
2. A file Hello.java containing the text below:
public class Hello
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello"); }
}
Which of the following command lines are incorrect and why?
1. javac Hello.java
2. java Hello.java Java is a command to run, and .java is a line source file
3. javac Hello.class Conversely, javac is a compilation command and
.class is a bytecode
4. java Hello.class No need to specify the .class extension
5. java Hello
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Activity 2:

1. Create a new Helloworld project as indicated in the previous

part.
2. Create a package named helloWorldPack, containing a
Helloworld class that contains a main method.
3. In the main method, write " System.out.println("Hello World!");
4. Run your program by clicking directly on the icon.
5. The display will appear at the bottom, under the Console tab.

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Activity 3:
In this activity, you will add arguments to the class.
1. Create in the same Helloworld project, a new package named
helloArgsPack, containing a Helloworld class which contains a
main method.
2. In the main method code, write:
System.out.println("Hello "+args[0]+"!");
3. To set arguments to the class, click the arrow next to the run icon
and select Run Configurations, or click the class you want to run,
and go to Run as -> Run Configurations

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Activity 3:

4. Select the Arguments tab

5. In Program arguments: type
your name.
6. Then click on Run.
7. In the console window the
display
Hello your_name!

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Plan

PLAN
1. OOP Introduction
2. JAVA language syntax
3. OOP Fundamentals: JAVA OOPL
4. Exception Handling

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JAVA language syntax

1. Code Example
2. Print Method
3. Java Comments
4. Java Variables
5. Java Operators
6. Java Control Statements
7. Java Array
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Code Example
public class Hello
{
static public void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}

Every line of code that runs in Java

must be inside a class

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Code Example
public class Hello
{
static public void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}
A class should always start with an
uppercase first letter.
Java is case-sensitive: The terms
"Hello" and "hello" are different.

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Code Example
public class Hello
{
static public void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
The }main() method is required in every Java program.
The method main() is the main entry point into a Java program; this is
where the processing starts. Also allowed is the signature public static
void main(String… args).
Each Java program has a class name that must correlate to the
filename, and each program must have the main() method.

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Example
public class Hello
{
static public void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
}
Each code statement must end with a
semicolon ;

The curly braces { } marks the beginning and the end of a block of
code.
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Print Method
System.out.println("Hello");
● The println() method is used to output values or print text to the
screen.

● Text must be wrapped inside double quotations marks "".

● To print numbers we don't put them inside double quotes:
System.out.print(3);
● There is also a print() method, that is similar to println().
System.out.print(3);
● The only difference is that it does not insert a new line at the end of
the output.
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Java Comments
● Java supports single-line and multi-line comments very similar to C
and C++.
● All characters inside any comment are ignored by Java compiler.

// Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//).

System.out.println("Hello");

System.out.println("Hello");// This is another single-line comment

/* Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */

Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by Java.*/
System.out.println("Hello");
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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) JAVA language syntax

Java Variables: Declaring

Variables are containers for storing data values.
To create a variable, we must specify the type and assign it a value:
type variableName = value;
or
type variableName;
variableName = value;
String firstName = "Nour";
System.out.println(firstName );

int number;
number= 15;
System.out.println(number);

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Java Variables: Declare multiple variables

To declare multiple variables of the same type: use a comma-separated
list.

int x = 5;
int y = 6;
int z = 50;
System.out.println(x + y + z);

int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;
System.out.println(x + y + z);

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Java Variables: One value to multiple variables

Assign the same value to multiple variables in one line.

int x, y, z;
x = y = z = 50;
System.out.println(x + y + z);

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Java Variables: Identifiers

Identifiers are the names of local variables, instance and class variables,
and labels, but also the names for classes, packages, modules and
methods.
● All identifiers should begin with a letter, a currency symbol ($) or
an underscore (_).
● According to the convention, Names should start with a lowercase
letter and it cannot contain whitespace
● The first character of identifiers can be followed by any combination
of letters, digits, currency symbols and the underscore. The
underscore is not recommended for the names of variables.

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Java Variables: Identifiers

● Constants (static final attributes and enums) should be in all

Uppercase letters: PI, HEIGHT
● Most importantly identifiers are case-sensitive (firstName ≠
FirstName ≠ firstname)
● A keyword cannot be used as an identifier since it is a reserved word
and has some special meaning.

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Java Variables: Types

Data types are divided into two groups:
● Primitive data types:
○ A primitive data type specifies the size and type of variable
values, and it has no additional methods.
○ There are eight primitive data types in Java: byte, short, int,
long, float, double, boolean and char
● Non-primitive data types: String, Arrays, Classes, Interfaces, etc.
int intNumber = 5; // Integer
float floatNumber = 5.99f; // Floating point number
char charvar = 'D'; // Character
boolean boolVar = true; // Boolean
String textVar = "Hello"; // String

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Java Variables: Types

Main difference between primitive and non-primitive data types

● Primitive types are predefined in Java.

● Non-primitive types are created by the programmer and is not defined
by Java (except for String).
● Non-primitive types can be used to call methods to perform certain
operations, while primitive types cannot.
● A primitive type has always a value, while non-primitive types can be
null.

● A primitive type starts with a lowercase letter, while non-primitive

types starts with an uppercase letter.

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Java Variables: Types

There are different types of variables.
byte
● Size = 1 byte = 8 bits
● Stores whole numbers from -128 (-2^7) to 127 (2^7 - 1)
● Example: byte a = 100, byte b = -50

short
● Size = 2 byte = 16 bits
● Stores whole numbers from -32,768 (-2^15) to 32,767 (2^15 - 1)
● Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000

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Java Variables: Types

int
● Size = 4 byte = 32 bits
● Stores whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 (-2^31) to 2,147,483,647
(2^31-1)
● Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000

long
● Size = 8 byte = 64 bits
● Stores whole numbers from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (-2^63) to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (2^63 - 1)
● Default value is 0L
● Example: long a = 100000L, long b = -200000L
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Java Variables: Types

float double
● Size= 4 bytes = 32 bits ● Size= 8 bytes = 64 bits
● Stores fractional numbers. ● Stores fractional numbers.
● Sufficient for storing 6 to 7 ● Sufficient for storing 15 decimal
decimal digits digits
● Default value is 0.0f ● Default value is 0.0d
● Example: float f1 = 234.5f ● Example: double d = 45.5d

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Java Variables: Types

boolean
● Size = 1 byte
● There are only two possible values: true and false
● Default value is false
● Example: boolean one = true

Char
● Size = 2 bytes = 16 bits
● Stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'.
● Char values are surrounded by single quotes
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Java Variables: Java Typecasting

Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to
another type.
In Java, there are two types of casting:
● Widening Casting: Implicit Type Casting
○ Done automatically when passing a smaller size type to a larger
size type:
byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
● Narrowing Casting: Explicit Type Casting
○ Converting a larger type to a smaller size type.
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte
○ Must be done manually by placing the type in parentheses in
front of the value
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Java Variables: Java Typecasting

Widening Casting Narrowing Casting

public class Narrowing{

public class Widening{
public static void main(String[] args){
public static void main(String[] args){
float f=10.5f;
int a=10;
//int a=f;//Compile time error
float f=a;
int a=(int)f;
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(f);
System.out.println(f);
System.out.println(a);
}}
}}

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Java Variables: String

● Stores text, such as "Hello".
● String values are surrounded by double quotes
● A String in Java is an object, which contain methods that can
perform certain operations on strings:
○ The length of a string can be found with the length() method.
○ toUpperCase() and toLowerCase()
○ The indexOf() method returns the index (the position) of the first
occurrence of a specified text in a string (including whitespace).

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Java Variables: String

String txt = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
System.out.println("The length of the txt string is: " + txt.length());

String txt = "Hello World";

System.out.println(txt.toUpperCase()); // Outputs "HELLO WORLD"
System.out.println(txt.toLowerCase()); // Outputs "hello world"

String txt = "Please locate where 'locate' occurs!";

System.out.println(txt.indexOf("locate")); // Outputs 7

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Java Variables: String Concatenation

The + operator can be used between strings to combine them.

→ This is called concatenation

We can also use the concat() method to concatenate two strings.

String firstName = "Nourchene";

String lastName = "Ouerhani";
System.out.println(firstName + " " + lastName);

String firstName = "Nourchene ";

String lastName = "Ouerhani";
System.out.println(firstName.concat(lastName));

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Java Variables: Type conversion from int to String

valueOf() method of the Java String class is used to convert the int type
variable into a string.
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// create int type variable
int num = 10;
System.out.println("The integer value is: " + num);

// converts int to string type

String data = String.valueOf(num);
System.out.println("The string value is: " + data);
}}

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Java Variables: Type conversion from String to int

parseInt() method of the Java Integer class is used to convert a string
type variable into an int variable.
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// create string type variable
String data = "10";
System.out.println("The string value is: " + data);

// convert string variable to int

int num = Integer.parseInt(data);
System.out.println("The integer value is: " + num);
}}

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Java Variables: String Special Characters

● Because strings must be written within quotes, Java will misunderstand
string containing double quotes, and generate an error.
● The solution to avoid this problem, is to use the backslash escape
character.
● The backslash (\) escape character turns special characters into string
characters.

String text = "We are students at "Pristini" school of AI.";

String text = "We are students at \"Pristini\" school of AI.";

String text = "I\'m fine.";
String text = "The character \\ is called backslash.";

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Java Variables
1. Local Variable
● A variable declared inside the body of the method
● Used only within that method and the other methods in the class
aren't aware that the variable exists.
● A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.
2. Instance Variable
● A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the
method.
● It is not declared as static.

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Java Variables

3. Static variable: A variable that is declared as static.

4. Final variable
● Used to prevent overwriting existing values.
● Unchangeable and read-only
● To declare the variable as "final" or "constant", use the final keyword.

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Java Variables
public class Hello
{ static int staticVar=18;//static variable
final int constantVar= 26;
constantVar= 30; // will generate an error: cannot assign a value to a final
variable
public void methodLocalVar()
{ int localVar=10;//local variable
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ int instanceVar=125;//instance variable
} }

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Java User Input

The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in the
java.util package.

To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use any of the
available methods found in the Scanner class documentation.
import java.util.Scanner; // Import the Scanner class form java.util package
public class Hello{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner objectScanner= new Scanner(System.in); // Create a Scanner object
System.out.println("Enter first name");
String userName = objectScanner.nextLine(); // Read user input (String)
System.out.println("Username is: " + userName); // Output user input
}}

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Java User Input

Method Description

nextBoolean() Reads a boolean value from the user

nextByte() Reads a byte value from the user
nextDouble() Reads a double value from the user
nextFloat() Reads a float value from the user
nextInt() Reads a int value from the user
nextLine() Reads a String value from the user
nextLong() Reads a long value from the user
nextShort() Reads a short value from the user

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Java Arithmetic operators

Operator Name Description Example

+ Addition Adds together two values x + y

- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x - y
* Multiplication Multiplies two values x * y
/ Division Divides one value by another x / y
% Modulus Returns the division remainder x % y
++ Increment Increases the value of a variable by 1 ++x
-- Decrement Decreases the value of a variable by 1 --x

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Java Assignment operators

Operator Example Same As

= x = 5 x = 5

+= x += 3 x = x + 3

-= x -= 3 x = x - 3

*= x *= 3 x = x * 3

/= x /= 3 x = x / 3

%= x %= 3 x = x % 3

&= x &= 3 x = x & 3

|= x |= 3 x = x | 3

^= x ^= 3 x = x ^ 3

>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3

<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) JAVA language syntax

Java comparison operators

Operator Name Example

== Equal to x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x > y
< Less than x < y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y

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Java logical operators

Operator Name Description Example

&& Logical and Returns true if both x < 5 && x < 10
statements are true
|| Logical or Returns true if one of x < 5 || x < 4
the statements is
true
! Logical not Reverse the result, !(x < 5 && x < 10)
returns false if the
result is true

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Java Control Statements: Java Conditions

Java has the following conditional statements:
● Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified
condition is true
● Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same
condition is false
● Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is
false
● Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

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Java Control Statements: Java Conditions

Here are some condition examples

● Less than: a < b
● Less than or equal to: a <= b
● Greater than: a > b
● Greater than or equal to: a >= b
● Equal to a == b
● Not Equal to: a != b

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Java Control Statements: if Statement

Use the if statement to specify a block of Java code to be executed if a

condition is true.

if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
}

int time = 22;

if (time > 10) {
System.out.println("Good evening.");}

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Java Control Statements: else Statement

Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the
condition is false.
if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
} else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is false
}

int time = 22;

if (time < 10) {
System.out.println("Good morning.");}
else {
System.out.println("Good evening.");}

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Java Control Statements: else if Statement

The else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is
false.

if (condition1) {
// block of code to be executed if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is
true
} else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is
false
}

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Java Control Statements: else if Statement

int time = 22;

if (time < 10) {
System.out.println("Good morning.");
} else if (time < 20) {
System.out.println("Good day.");
} else {
System.out.println("Good evening.");
}

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Java Control Statements: Short Hand If...Else

There is also a short-hand if-else, which is known as the ternary operator
because it consists of three operands.

It can be used to replace multiple lines of code with a single line, and is
most often used to replace simple if-else statements:

variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

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Java Control Statements: Short Hand If...Else

int time = 20;
if (time < 18) {
System.out.println("Good day.");
} else {
System.out.println("Good evening.");
}

int time = 20;

String result = (time < 18) ? "Good day." : "Good evening.";
System.out.println(result);

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Java Control Statements: Switch

Instead of writing many if..else statements, you can use the switch
statement.
The switch statement selects one of many code blocks to be executed:

switch(expression) {
case x:
// code block
break;
case y:
// code block
break;
default:
// code block
}

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Java Control Statements: Switch

● The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case.
● If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed.
● The break keyword is optional
○ When Java reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch
block.
○ This will stop the execution of more code and case testing inside
the block.
○ When a match is found, and the job is done, it's time for a break.
There is no need for more testing.
● The default keyword is optional and specifies some code to run if
there is no case match.

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Java Control Statements: Switch

int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 6:
System.out.println("Today is Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Today is Sunday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Looking forward to the Weekend");
}

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Java Control Statements: While loop

The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified
condition is true.

while (condition) {
// code block to be executed
}

int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

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Java Control Statements: Do/While Loop

The do/while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the
code block once, before checking if the condition is true, then it will
repeat the loop as long as the condition is true.

do {
// code block to be executed
}
while (condition);

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Java Control Statements: Do/While Loop

The example below uses a do/while loop. The loop will always be
executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code
block is executed before the condition is tested.
int i = 0;

do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

while (i < 5);

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Java Control Statements: for Loop

When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a
block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop.
for (initialization; test; update){
// code block to be executed
}

Initialization Expression: Initialize the loop counter to some value: int i=1;

Test Expression: In this expression, we have to test the condition. If the condition
evaluates to true then, we will execute the body of the loop and go to update
expression. Otherwise, we will exit from the for loop: i <= 10;
Update Expression: After executing the loop body, this expression
increments/decrements the loop variable by some value: i++; / i—- / i+2

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Java Control Statements: for Loop

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i = i + 2) {

System.out.println(i);
}

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Java Control Statements: Nested Loop

It is also possible to place a loop inside another loop. This is called a
nested loop.

The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer
loop":

// Outer loop
for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Outer: " + i); // Executes 2 times

// Inner loop
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
System.out.println(" Inner: " + j); // Executes 6 times (2 * 3)
}}

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Java Control Statements: for-each Loop

There is also a "for-each" loop, which is used exclusively to loop through
elements in an array.

for (type variableName : arrayName) {

// code block to be executed
}

The following example outputs all elements in the cars array, using a
"for-each" loop.
String[] cars = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};
for (String i : cars) {
System.out.println(i);
}

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Java Control Statements: Break

The break statement was used to "jump out" of a switch statement.
The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop.
This example stops the loop when i is equal to 4:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
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Java Control Statements: Break

The break statement was used to "jump out" of a switch statement.
The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop.
This example stops the loop when i is equal to 4:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
Use while loop
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
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Java Control Statements: Continue

The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified
condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.

This example skips the value of 4:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
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Java Control Statements: Continue

The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified
condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.

This example skips the value of 4:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
Use while loop
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
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Break
VS
Continue

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Java Arrays
Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead of
declaring separate variables for each value.
To declare an array, define the variable type with square brackets:

String[] cars;

We have now declared a variable that holds an array of strings. To insert

values to it, you can place the values in a comma-separated list, inside
curly braces.
String[] cars = {"Renault", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};
int[] setNumbers= {10, 20, 30, 40};

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Java Arrays
An array element is accessed by referring to the index number.
Array indexes start with 0:
● [0] is the first element.
● [1] is the second element, etc.

String[] cars = {"Renault", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};

System.out.println(cars[0]);

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Java Arrays
Use the index number to modify the value of a particular element.

String[] cars = {"Renault", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};

cars[0] = "Opel";
System.out.println(cars[0]);

Use the length property to determine how many elements an array

contains.

String[] cars = {"Renault", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};

System.out.println(cars.length);

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Java Arrays
Loop through the array elements with the for loop, and use the
length property to specify how many times the loop should run.

String[] cars = {"Renault", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};

for (int i = 0; i < cars.length; i++) {
System.out.println(cars[i]); //outputs all elements in the cars array
}

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Java Arrays
There is also a "for-each" loop, which is used exclusively to iterate
through elements in arrays.
String[] cars = {"Renault", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};
for (String i : cars) {
System.out.println(i); for each String element (called i) in cars,
} print out the value of i.

Comparing for loop to for-each loop

● Easier to write,
● Does not require a counter (using the length property)
● More readable.

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Java Arrays: Multidimensional Arrays

A multidimensional array is an array of arrays.
To create a two-dimensional array, add each array within its own set of
curly braces:

int[][] setNumbers= { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7} }; //setNumbers

is an array with two arrays as its elements.

To access the elements of the setNumbers array, specify two indexes:

● One for the array
● One for the element inside that array

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Java Arrays: Multidimensional Arrays

This example accesses the third element (2) in the second array (1) of
setNumbers:

int[][] setNumbers= { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7} };

int x = setNumbers[1][2];
System.out.println(x); // Outputs 7

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Java Arrays: Multidimensional Arrays

To get the elements of a two-dimensional array, we use a for loop inside
another for loop :

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] setNumbers= { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7} };
for (int i = 0; i < setNumbers.length; ++i) {
for(int j = 0; j < setNumbers[i].length; ++j) {
System.out.println(setNumbers[i][j]);
}}}}

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Plan

PLAN
1. OOP Introduction
2. JAVA language syntax
3. OOP Fundamentals: JAVA OOPL
4. Exception Handling

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OOP Fundamentals: JAVA OOPL

1. Class
2. Object
3. Inheritance and composition
4. Abstraction
5. Interface

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Class: Naming Convention

● It should start with the uppercase letter.
● It should be a noun such as Color, Button, System, Thread,
etc.
● Use appropriate words, instead of acronyms.

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Class
● The mold, the plan, the recipe for any object.
● A template for several similar objects, sharing common
characteristics.
● A logical entity. It can't be physical.
● A class in Java can contain:
★ Fields
★ Methods
★ Constructors
★ Blocks
★ Nested class and interface

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Class: Create a class

To create a class, use the keyword class.
class className{
//attributes
//methods
}

Let’s create a class named "Person" with a variable age:

public class Person{

int age = 50;
}

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Object: Definitions
● An object is a real-world entity.
● An object is a runtime entity.
● An object is an entity that has state and behavior.
● An object is an instance of a class.
● We can create any number of objects of a class.
● It can be physical or logical (tangible and intangible).

➔ The banking system is an intangible object.

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Object: Definitions
● A physical object is tangible and has a physical presence in the world. It can be
seen, touched, and interacted with in a physical way.
○ Examples of physical objects include rocks, tables, chairs, and people.

● A logical object is intangible and does not have a physical presence in the
world. It exists only in the mind and is created through abstract thinking and
reasoning.
○ Examples of logical objects include concepts such as love, justice, and
democracy, as well as mathematical constructs like numbers and equations.

● Some objects may have both physical and logical aspects:

○ A book is a physical object that can be held and read, but the ideas and
concepts contained within the book are logical objects.
○ Computer program is a logical object that exists as a series of instructions
and code, but it requires a physical device to run on.
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Object
In OOP, an object has three fundamental characteristics: state, behavior, and
identity.
● State: refers to the data or values that an object holds at a particular point in
time. This data can be stored in instance variables, which are defined within the
class and hold specific values for each object.
○ For example, if we have a class representing a person, the state of an object
of that class might include attributes such as the person's name, age, and
address.
● Behavior : refers to the actions or methods that an object can perform. These
methods can manipulate the object's state, interact with other objects, and
produce some kind of response.
○ For example, if we have an object representing a person, the behavior of
that object might include methods for walking, talking, eating, and
sleeping.
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Object
● Identity: In most OOP languages, the responsibility of giving a
unique identifier or identity to an object is handled by the
language's runtime environment or the underlying virtual machine,
such as the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or .NET Common Language
Runtime (CLR). This ID is used internally by the runtime
environment to manage the object's memory and state.
→ The developer does not need to worry about generating or
managing these identifiers themselves.
→ The developer is responsible for defining the object's behavior and
state, including any methods or instance variables that the object
will have.
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Class VS Object

Class

Object

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) OOP Fundamentals: JAVA OOPL

Class VS Object

Class
Object

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Object
Syntax
This statement has three parts:
ClassName objectName = new ClassName();
1. Declaration
2. Instantiation
OR 3. Initialization

ClassName objectName;

objName= new ClassName();

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Object: Example

public class Person{

public class Person{
int a = 50;
int a = 50;
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String[] args)
{ Person myObject;
{ Person myObject = new Person();
myObject = new Person();
System.out.println(myObject.a);}}
System.out.println(myObject.a);}}

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Object: Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Object

A reference variable can be declared on its own line.
For example: Person myObject;
➔ Value will be undetermined until an object is actually created and
assigned to it.
➔ Declaring a reference variable does not create an object.
➔ Use the new operator
A variable in this state can be illustrated as follows:
● Variable name: myObject
● A reference pointing to nothing
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Object: Instantiation
Creating an object of the class is called instantiation.
→ That means to specify the class name, followed by the object name, and use
the keyword new.
The new operator requires a single, postfix argument: a call to the constructor
of a class .
The new operator returns a reference to the object it created. This reference is
usually assigned to a variable of the appropriate type, like:

Person object = new Person(50);

The reference returned by the new operator does not have to be assigned to a
variable. It can also be used directly in an expression. For example:

int a = new Person().a;

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Object: Initialization
Here's the code for the Person This class contains a single constructor.
class:
The constructor in the Person class takes
public class Person { one integer arguments, as declared by
public int a = 0; the code (int a).
//constructor
The following statement provides 50 as
public Person(int x)
{ a = x; value for this argument:
} Person manObject=new Person (50);
}

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Object
A Person object

personObject a 50

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Object
public class Person{

int a = 50;

public static void main(String[] args) {

Person myObj1 = new Person(); // Object 1

Person myObj2 = new Person(); // Object 2
System.out.println(myObj1.a);

System.out.println(myObj2.a);

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Object: Using Multiple Classes

This is often used for better organization of classes:

● Classes that have all the attributes and methods

● Class that holds the main() method (code to be executed).

The name of the java file should match the class name.

Let’s create two files in the same package

● Main.java
● Person.java

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Object: Using Multiple Classes

Person.java Main.java

public class Person{ public class Main {

int a = 50; public static void main(String[] args) {

} Person myObj1 = new Person(); // Object 1

Person myObj2 = new Person(); // Object 2

System.out.println(myObj1.a);

System.out.println(myObj2.a);

}}

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Attributes
We used the term "variable" for x in the Person class.

➔ It is an attribute of the class.

➔ class attributes are variables within a class:

Let’s create a class called "Person" with two attributes: age and height:
public class Person {
int age = 50;
float height = 180;
}

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Attributes: Access
To access attributes:
● Create an object of the class
● Use the dot syntax (.)
The following example will create an object of the Person class, with the
name myObj. We use the age attribute on the object to print its value:

public class Person {

int age = 50;

public static void main(String[] args) {

Person myObj = new Person();
System.out.println(myObj.age);}}

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Attributes: Modification
Let’s set the value of age to 32: Let’s override the value of age:

public class Person { public class Person {

int age; int age=50;

public static void main(String[] args) public static void main(String[] args)
{ Person myObj = new Person(); { Person myObj = new Person();
myObj.age=32; myObj.age=14;
System.out.println(myObj.age);}} System.out.println(myObj.age);}}

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Attributes: Modification
Let’s set the value of age to 32: Let’s override the value of age:

public class Person { public class Person {

int age; int age=50;

public static void main(String[] args) public static void main(String[] args)
{ Person myObj = new Person(); { Person myObj = new Person();
myObj.age=32; myObj.age=14;
System.out.println(myObj.age);}} System.out.println(myObj.age);}}

How to disable overriding existing values?

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Attributes: Modification
Let’s set the value of age to 32: Let’s override the value of age:

public class Person { public class Person {

int age; int age=50;

public static void main(String[] args) public static void main(String[] args)
{ Person myObj = new Person(); { Person myObj = new Person();
myObj.age=32; myObj.age=14;
System.out.println(myObj.age);}} System.out.println(myObj.age);}}

How to disable overriding existing values?

➔ Declare the attribute as final

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Methods
● Block of code or collection of statements or a set of code grouped
together to perform a specific task or operation.
● Used to achieve the reusability of code.
● Written once and used many times.
● Provides the easy modification and readability of code.
● Executed only when it is called or invoked.

DRY Principle in Java?

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Methods: Naming Convention

● Method should start with lowercase letter.

● Java follows camelcase syntax for naming the class, interface,
method, and variable.
➔ If the name is combined with two words, the second word
will start with uppercase letter always such as
performTask(), getName()

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Methods Method
Signature

Access Return Method Parameter

specifier type name List

public double sum (double x, double y) Method

Head
{
//Method body
}

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Methods
Method Signature: Every method has a method signature. It is a part of the
method declaration. It includes the method name and parameter list.

Access Modifier: Access specifier or modifier is the access type of the method. It
specifies the visibility of the method. Java provides four types of access modifiers:

● public: The method is accessible by all classes in our application.

● private: The method is accessible only in the classes in which it is defined.

● protected: The method is accessible within the same package or

subclasses in a different package.

● default: Java uses default access specifier, when we do not use any access
modifier in the method declaration. It is visible only from the same
package.

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Methods
Return Type: Return type is a data type that the method returns. It may have a
primitive data type, object, collection, void, etc. If the method does not return
anything, we use void keyword.

Method Name: It is a unique name that is used to define the name of a method. It
must be corresponding to the functionality of the method. Suppose, if we are
creating a method for subtraction of two numbers, the method name must be
subtract(). A method is invoked by its name.

Parameter List: It is the list of parameters separated by a comma and enclosed in

the pair of parentheses. It contains the data type and variable name. If the method
has no parameter, left the parentheses blank.

Method Body: It is a part of the method declaration. It contains all the actions to
be performed. It is enclosed within the pair of curly braces.
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Methods: Method overloading

With method overloading, multiple methods can have the same name
with different parameters:

int myMethod(int x)
float myMethod(float x)
double myMethod(double x, double y)

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Methods: Method overloading

static int sum(int x, int y) {
static int sumInt(int x, int y) { return x + y;
return x + y; }
}
static double sum(double x, double y)
static double sumDouble(double x, double y) {
{ return x + y;
return x + y; }
}
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String[] args) { {
int sum1 = sumInt(8, 5); int sum1 = sum(8, 5);
double sum2 = sumDouble(4.3, 6.26); double sum2 = sum(4.3, 6.26);
System.out.println("int: " + sum1); System.out.println("int: " + sum1);
System.out.println("double: " + sum2); System.out.println("double: " +
} sum2);
}

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Methods: Main
The main() is the starting point for JVM to start the execution of a Java program.
JVM will not execute the program without the main() method.

The syntax of the main() method is: public static void main(String[]args)

● public: public keyword must be used before the main() method so that JVM
can identify the execution point of the program. If private, protected, and
default are used before the main() method, it will not be visible to JVM.
● static: the main() method must be called without creating an object. Static
methods are the method which invokes without creating the objects, so no
need to create an object to call the main() method.
● void: In Java, every method has the return type. Void keyword acknowledges
the compiler that main() method does not return any value.

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Methods: Main
main(): It is a default which is predefined in the JVM. It is called by JVM to
execute a program line by line and end the execution after completion of
this method.

String[] args: The main() method also accepts some data from the user.
It accepts a group of strings, which is called a string array.

● What happens if the main() method is written without String[]

args?
➔ The program will compile, but not run, because JVM will not
recognize the main() method.
➔ NB: JVM always looks for the main() method with a string type array
as a parameter.
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Constructor
● A special method that is used to initialize objects.
● Called when an object of a class is created.
● Used to set initial values for object attributes.

Rules for creating Java constructor

1. Constructor name must be the same as its class name

2. A Constructor must have no explicit return type
3. A Java constructor cannot be abstract, static, final, or synchronized

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Constructor: Types
Default constructor (no-arg constructor)
● A default constructor is called if there is no constructor available in
the class. In such case, Java compiler provides a default constructor.
● Default constructor provides the default values to the object like 0,
null, etc. depending on the type.
Syntax:

ClassName(){}

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Constructor: Types
Default constructor (no-arg constructor)

public class Person {

int age;
String name;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person myObj = new Person();
System.out.println(myObj.age);
System.out.println(myObj.name);}}

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Constructor: Types
Parameterized Constructors

● A constructor which has a specific number of parameters is called a

parameterized constructor.
● The parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to
distinct objects. However, you can provide the same values also.

Syntax:
ClassName(){

//block code

}
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Constructor: Types
Parameterized Constructors
public class Person {
int personAge;
String personName;
public Person(String name, int age) {
personAge = age;
personName= name;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person myObj = new Person("Ahmed", 23);
System.out.println(myObj.age);
System.out.println(myObj.name);}}

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Constructor: Types
Difference between constructor and method in Java

Constructor Method
The constructor name must be same as the The method name may or may

class name. not be same as the class name.

The Java compiler provides a default constructor The method is not provided by the
compiler in any case.
if you don't have any constructor in a class.

A constructor is used to initialize the state of A method is used to expose the

an object. behavior of an object.

A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return type

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Modifiers

Modifiers are divided into two groups:

● Access Modifiers: controls the access level.

● Non-Access Modifiers: do not control access level, but
provides other functionality.

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Modifiers: Access Modifiers

For classes, public or default modifiers are used:
● public: The class is accessible by any other class.
● default: The class is only accessible by classes in the same package.
This is used when you don't specify a modifier.
For attributes, methods and constructors, you can use the one of the
following:
● public: The code is accessible for all classes.
● private: The code is only accessible within the declared class
● default: The code is only accessible in the same package.
● protected: The code is accessible in the same package and
subclasses.

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Modifiers: Access Modifiers

Private Class In Java?

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Modifiers: Access Modifiers

Private Class In Java

Yes, we can declare a class as private but these classes can be only inner
or nested classes.
We can’t a top-level class as private because it would be completely
useless as nothing would have access to it.

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Modifiers: Non-Access Modifiers

For classes, final or abstract modifiers are used:

● final: The class cannot be inherited by other classes
● abstract:The class cannot be used to create objects
For attributes and methods, you can use the one of the following:
● final: Attributes and methods cannot be overridden/modified
● static: Attributes and methods belongs to the class, rather than an
object
● abstract: Can only be used in an abstract class, and can only be used
on methods.

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Modifiers: Non-Access Modifiers

static Class In Java?

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Encapsulation
To make sure that sensitive data is hidden from users.
● Declare class variables/attributes as private
● Provide public get and set methods to access and update the value of a
private variable
Getters and Setters
● private variables can only be accessed within the same class.
→ Access them by providing public get and set methods:
○ The get method returns the variable value
○ The set method sets the value.
● Syntax: Method starts with get or set, followed by the name of the variable,
with the first letter in upper case.
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Encapsulation
public class Person{
class Main{
private String name;
public static void main(String[] args){
//getter method for name
Person p= new Person();
public String getName(){
//setting value in the name member
return name; }
p.setName("Ahmed");
//setter method for name
//getting value of the name member
public void setName(String n)
System.out.println(p.getName()); }}
{ name=n } }

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Encapsulation

public class Person{

class Main{
private String name;
public static void main(String[] args){
//getter method for name
Person p= new Person();
public String getName(){
//setting value in the name member
return name; }
p.setName("Ahmed");
//setter method for name
//getting value of the name member
public void setName(String name)
System.out.println(p.getName()); }}
{ this.name=name } }

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This keyword
this is a reference variable that refers to the current object.

● this can be used to refer current class instance variable.

● this can be used to invoke current class method
● this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
● this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
● this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.

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Encapsulation: Advantages
The fields of a class can be made read-only or write-only.
A class can have total control over what is stored in its fields

//Read-only class //Write-only class

public class Student{ public class Student{

private String university="PRISTINI"; private String university="PRISTINI";

//getter method for university //getter method for university

public String getUniversity(){ public void setUniversity(String university){

return university;}} this.university=university;}}

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

Association
Association is a relation between two separate classes which establishes through
their Objects. Association can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one,
many-to-many. In Object-Oriented programming, an Object communicates to
another object to use functionalities and services provided by that object.
Composition and Aggregation are the two forms of association.

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

Example:
Two separate classes Department and Student are associated through
their Objects.
Department can have many Student, So it is a one-to-many relationship.

Department Student

departmentName: String name: String

1..*
getdepartmentName(): String getName(): String
setdepartmentName(String name): void setName(String name): void

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

Aggregation
It is a special form of Association where:
● It represents Has-A relationship.
● It is a unidirectional association i.e. a
one-way relationship. For example, a
College can have students but vice
versa is not possible and thus
unidirectional in nature.
● In Aggregation, both the entries can
survive individually which means
ending one entity will not affect the
other entity.

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

Composition
Composition is a restricted form of
Aggregation in which two entities are
highly dependent on each other.
● It represents part-of relationship.
● In composition, both entities are
dependent on each other.
● When there is a composition
between two entities, the
composed object cannot exist
without the other entity.

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

Composition VS Aggregation
In object-oriented programming, both composition and aggregation are
used to describe the relationship between objects. The main difference
between them is the level of ownership and the lifecycle of the contained
objects:

Composition: One object is composed of one or more other objects. The

containing object owns the contained objects, and the contained objects
cannot exist without the containing object.

For example, a car is composed of an engine, wheels, and other components.

The car owns these components, and they cannot exist independently
without the car.
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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

Composition VS Aggregation
Aggregation: one object has a reference to another object, but the
contained object can exist independently of the containing object.
The containing object does not own the contained objects, and the
contained objects can belong to multiple containing objects.
For example, a university has many departments, and each department
has many professors. The professors can exist independently of the
department, and they can also belong to other departments.

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

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Composition VS Aggregation in Java

Composition Java code example:
public class Engine {//Engine implementation}

public class Car {

private Engine engine;
public Car() {this.engine = new Engine();}
//Car implementation}

The Car class has a composition relationship with the Engine class:
→ Car class owns an instance of the Engine class.
→ The Engine object should be created within the constructor of the Car
class, because its lifecycle is tied to the lifecycle of the Car object.
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Composition VS Aggregation in Java

Aggregation Java code example:
public class Book {// Book implementation}

public class Library {

private List<Book> books;
public Library(List<Book> books) {this.books = books;}
// Library implementation}

The Library class has an aggregation relationship with the Book class:
→ The Library class contains a reference to one or more instances of the
Book class, but does not own them.
→ The Book objects are just passed into the constructor of the Library
class, and their lifecycle is not tied to the lifecycle of the Library object.
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Object Oriented Programming (OOP) OOP Fundamentals: JAVA OOPL

COURSERA
https://www.coursera.org/learn/java-programming

Solve the problem of WEEK 2:

Programming Exercise: Finding a Gene and
Web Links

Deadline

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Inheritance
● One of the crux concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
● Mechanism in which one class acquires the properties of another
class.

● Represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a

parent-child relationship.
● A child class inherits features from a parent class.
→ Through this hierarchical process the classes share various
features, attributes, methods, etc.
● Facilitates the code reusability.

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Inheritance: Terms used in Inheritance

● Sub/Child/Derived/Extended Class: The class that inherits the
other class.
● Super /Parent/Base Class: The class from where a subclass
inherits the features.
● Code reusability: All subclasses share the code that was written in
the superclass. The parent class's code can be used directly by
child classes.

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Inheritance: Types
There are five types of inheritance:

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Inheritance: Types
1. Single Inheritance 2. Multilevel Inheritance
A single subclass extends from a A subclass extends from a
single superclass. superclass and then the same
subclass acts as a superclass for
another class. Class A
Class A

Class B
Class B

Class C
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Inheritance: Types
3. Hierarchical Inheritance 4. Multiple Inheritance
Multiple subclasses extend from A single subclass extends from
a single superclass. multiple superclasses.

Class A Class A

Class B Class C Class B Class C

→ Java doesn't support multiple

inheritance.
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Inheritance: Types

Class A

5. Hybrid Inheritance
A combination of two or more Class B Class C
types of inheritance.

Class D

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Inheritance: Java Syntax

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that
derives from an existing class.
The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name

//methods and fields

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Inheritance: Java Syntax

1. Single Inheritance
class Animal{

void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");} }

class Cat extends Animal{

void meow(){System.out.println("meowing...");} }

class TestInheritance{

public static void main(String args[]){

Cat c=new Cat();

c.meow();

c.eat(); }}

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Inheritance: Java Syntax

2. Multilevel Inheritance
class Animal{
void eat(){
System.out.println("eating...");} class TestInheritance2{
}
public static void main(String args[]){
class Cat extends Animal{
void meow(){ BabyCat c=new BabyCat();
System.out.println("meowing..."); c.weep();
}
} c.meow();

class BabyCat extends Cat{ c.eat(); }

void weep(){ }
System.out.println("weeping...");
}
}

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Inheritance: Java Syntax

3. Hierarchical Inheritance
class Animal{
void eat(){
System.out.println("eating...");} class TestInheritance3{
}
public static void main(String args[]){
class Cat extends Animal{
void meow(){ Dog d=new Dog();
System.out.println("meowing..."); \\d.meow(); Compile-time error
}
} d.bark();

class Dog extends Animal{ d.eat(); }

void bark(){ }
System.out.println("barking...");
}
}

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Inheritance: Java Syntax

Why multiple inheritance is not supported in java?

→ To reduce the complexity and simplify the language

Example:

A, B, and C are three classes: C class inherits A and B classes.

If A and B classes have the same method and you call it from child class
object, there will be ambiguity to call the method of A or B class.

Since compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders
compile-time error if you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have same
method or different, there will be compile time error.

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Inheritance: Java Syntax

Why multiple inheritance is not supported in java?
class A{
void msg(){
System.out.println("Hello");}
}
class B{
void msg(){
System.out.println("Welcome");}
}
class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were

public static void main(String args[]){

C obj=new C();
obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?}
}
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Inheritance: Object Class

● Object class is the default superclass and is present in java.lang
package.
● Every class in Java is directly or indirectly derived from the Object
class:
➔ If a class does not extend any other class then it is a direct child
class of Object and if extends another class then it is indirectly
derived.
● Object class methods are available to all Java classes.

● Object class is the root of the class hierarchy.

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Inheritance: Object Class

getClass() wait()
clone()

Lorem ipsum
tempus
notify() notifyAll()

Object Class
Methods
Lorem ipsum
toString() hashCode()
tempus

equals() finalize()

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Inheritance: Super Keyword

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable which is used to refer

immediate parent class object.

1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance

variable.
2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.
3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

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Inheritance: Super Keyword

1. Super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable

class Animal{
protected String color="white"; } class TestSuper1{

public static void

class Dog extends Animal{
main(String args[]){
private String color="black";
Dog d=new Dog();
void printColor(){
System.out.println(color);//prints color d.printColor();
of Dog class }}
System.out.println(super.color);//prints
color of Animal class
} }
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Inheritance: Super Keyword

2. Super can be used to invoke parent class method
class Animal{

public void eat(){System.out.println("eating...");}}

class TestSuper2{
class Dog extends Animal{
public static void
public void eat(){
main(String args[]){
System.out.println("eating bread...");}
Dog d=new Dog();
public void bark(){
d.work();
System.out.println("barking...");}
}}
public void work(){

super.eat();

bark(); }}

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Inheritance: Super Keyword

3. super is used to invoke parent class constructor
class Animal{

public Animal(){System.out.println("animal
class TestSuper3{
is created");}}
public static void
class Dog extends Animal{
main(String args[]){
public Dog(){
Dog d=new Dog();
super();
}}
System.out.println("dog is created");
}}

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Inheritance: Super Keyword

class Person{
protected int id;
protected String name; class TestSuper5{
public Person(int id,String name){ public static void
this.id=id;
this.name=name; }} main(String[] args){

Emp
class Emp extends Person{
e1=newEmp(1,"ankit",45000);
private float salary;
public Emp(int id,String name,float salary){ e1.display();
super(id,name);//reusing parent constructor
}}
this.salary=salary; }
public void display(){System.out.println(id+"
"+name+" "+salary);}}

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Inheritance:
● Code reuse is the most important benefit of inheritance because
subclasses inherits the variables and methods of superclass.
● Private member inheritance: A subclass does not inherit the
private members of its parent class. However, if the superclass has
public or protected methods(like getters and setters) for accessing
its private fields, these can also be used by the subclass.
● Superclass members with default access is accessible to subclass
ONLY if they are in same package.
● Superclass constructors are not inherited by subclass.

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Inheritance:
● We can create an instance of subclass and then assign it to
superclass variable, this is called upcasting.
Cat c = new Cat(); //subclass instance
Animal a = c; //upcasting, it's fine since Cat is also an Animal

● When an instance of Superclass is assigned to a Subclass variable,

then it’s called downcasting.
Cat c = new Cat();
Animal a = c;
Cat c1 = (Cat) a;
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Polymorphism
● The term polymorphism from the Greek means the ability to take
several forms
➔ Polymorphism means "many forms", the same entity (method or
operator or object) can perform different operations in different
scenarios.
● Inheritance lets us inherit attributes and methods from another
class. Polymorphism uses those methods to perform different tasks.
This allows us to perform a single action in different ways.
● An entity is polymorphic if at runtime it can refer to different class
instances.

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Polymorphism
class Animal {
public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The animal makes a sound");
}}

class Cat extends Animal {

public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The cat says: meow meow");
}}

class Dog extends Animal {

public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The dog says: bow wow");
}}

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Polymorphism
We can achieve polymorphism in OOP using the following ways:

1. Method Overloading:This is an example of compile time or static

polymorphism

2. Method Overriding: This is an example of runtime time or dynamic

polymorphism

3. Operator Overloading

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Polymorphism: Overriding
During inheritance in Java, if the same method is present in both the
superclass and the subclass. Then, the method in the subclass
overrides the same method in the superclass.

➔ This is called method overriding.

It is an example of runtime time (or dynamic) polymorphism.

In this case, the same method will perform one operation in the
superclass and another operation in the subclass.

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Polymorphism: Overriding

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Polymorphism: Overloading

● In a Java class, we can create methods with the same name

if they differ in parameters.

● This is known as method overloading in Java.

● The same method will perform different operations based on

the parameter.

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Polymorphism: Overloading

The method demo() is overloaded 3 times: first method has 1 int parameter,
second method has 2 int parameters and third one is having double parameter.

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Polymorphism: Operator Overloading

Some operators in Java behave differently with different operands.

● + operator is overloaded to perform numeric addition as well as

string concatenation
● operators like &, |, and ! are overloaded for logical and bitwise
operations.
In languages like C++, we can define operators to work differently for
different operands. However, Java doesn't support user-defined
operator overloading.

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Inheritance and composition

● In object-oriented programming, inheritance and

composition are two ways that allow the reuse of
classes
● Inheritance translates the term “Is a”
● The composition translates the term “has a”

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Java inner Class

● In Java, it is also possible to nest classes (a class within a
class). The purpose of nested classes is to group classes
that belong together, which makes your code more
readable and maintainable.
● To access the inner class, create an object of the outer
class, and then create an object of the inner class.

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Java inner Class

class OuterClass {
private int x = 10;

class InnerClass {
private int y = 5;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass myOuter = new OuterClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.y + myOuter.x);
}
}

// Outputs 15 (5 + 10)

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Java inner Class

Private Inner Class
An inner class can be private.
→ Outside objects can not access the inner class when it is declared as a
private class.

Static Inner Class

An inner class can be static.
→ It can be accessed without creating an object of the outer class.

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Java inner Class

class OuterClass {
int x = 10;

private class InnerClass {

int y = 5;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass myOuter = new OuterClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.y + myOuter.x);
}
}
//an error occurs Main.java:13: error: OuterClass.InnerClass has private access in
OuterClass OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = myOuter.new InnerClass();

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Java inner Class

class OuterClass {
int x = 10;

static class InnerClass {

int y = 5;
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass.InnerClass myInner = new OuterClass.InnerClass();
System.out.println(myInner.y);
}
}

// Outputs 5
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Abstraction: Abstract Class

● Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing
only essential information to the user.
● Abstraction can be achieved with:
○ Abstract classes
○ Interfaces
● The abstract keyword is a non-access modifier, used for classes and
methods:
○ Abstract class: is a restricted class that cannot be used to create
objects (to access it, it must be inherited from another class).
○ Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract class, and it
does not have a body. The body is provided by the subclass.

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Abstraction: Abstract Class

Abstract Method
1) Abstract method has no body.
2) Always end the declaration with a semicolon
public abstract void sound();
3) It must be overridden: An abstract class must be extended and in a
same way abstract method must be overridden.
4) A class has to be declared abstract to have abstract methods.

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Abstraction: Abstract Class

// Abstract class
abstract class Animal {
// Abstract method (does not have a body)
public abstract void animalSound();
// Regular method
public void sleep() {
System.out.println("Zzz");}
}

// Subclass (inherit from Animal)

class Cat extends Animal {
public void animalSound() {
// The body of animalSound() is provided here
System.out.println("The cat says: meow meow");}
}

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cat cat = new Cat(); // Create a Cat object
cat.animalSound();
cat.sleep();}
}

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Abstraction: Abstract Class: WHY?

We have a class Animal that has a method sound() and the subclasses: Dog,
Lion, Horse, Cat etc.
→ The animal sound differs from one animal to another.
→ There is no point to implement this method in the superclass.
→ Every child class must override this method to give its own implementation
details, like Cat class will say “Meow” in this method and Dog class will say
“Woof”.
→By making this method abstract we made it compulsory to the subclasses
to implement this method( otherwise you will get compilation error).
This way we ensures that every animal has a sound.

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Abstraction: Abstract Class

● Abstract class can have abstract methods(methods without body) as well as
concrete methods (regular methods with body).

● An abstract class can not be instantiated, which means it is not allowed to

create an object of it.

● An abstract class outlines the methods but not necessarily implements all of
them.

● If a child class does not implement all the abstract methods of an abstract
parent class, then the child class must be declared abstract as well.

● Since abstract class allows concrete methods as well, it does not provide 100%
abstraction.

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Abstraction: Abstract Class

● A non-abstract class is referred as Concrete class: it cannot have
abstract methods. (Animal is an abstract class and Cat is a concrete
class).
● An abstract class has no use until it is extended by some other
classes.
● If an abstract method is declared in a class then the class must be
declared abstract.
● If a class is not having any abstract method, it can be marked as
abstract.

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Abstraction: Interface
Interface looks like a class but it is not a class.
An interface can have methods and variables just like the class.
The methods declared in an interface are public abstract by default.
The variables declared in an interface are public static final by default.

// interface
interface Animal {
void animalSound(); // interface method (does not have a body)
void run(); // interface method (does not have a body)
}

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Abstraction: Interface
With the addition of default methods in Java 8, an interface can now
provide a default implementation for a method using the default
keyword.

// interface
interface Animal {
default void animalSound(){
System.out.println(“Making sound”);//default method having a
//default code
};
}

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Abstraction: Interface
To access the interface methods, the interface must be "implemented" (kinda like
inherited) by another class with the implements keyword (instead of extends).
// Interface
interface Animal {
void animalSound(); // interface method (does not have a body)
void sleep(); // interface method (does not have a body)}
// Cat "implements" the Animal interface
class Cat implements Animal {
public void animalSound() {
// The body of animalSound() is provided here
System.out.println("The cat says: meow meow");
}
public void sleep() {
// The body of sleep() is provided here
System.out.println("Zzz");}}
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cat cat= new Cat(); // Create a Cat object
cat.animalSound();
cat.sleep();}}

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Abstraction: Interface
● Like abstract classes, interfaces cannot be used to create
objects
● Interface methods do not have a body - the body is provided
by the "implement" class
● When implementing an interface, all of its methods must be
overridden.
● An interface cannot contain a constructor.

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Abstraction: Interface
Why And When To Use Interfaces?
1) To achieve security - hide certain details and only show the
important details of an object (interface).
2) Java does not support "multiple inheritance" (a class can only
inherit from one superclass)
→ However, it can be achieved with interfaces, because the class can
implement multiple interfaces.
Note: To implement multiple interfaces, separate them with a
comma.

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Abstraction: Interface
interface FirstInterface {
void firstMethod(); // interface method
}

interface SecondInterface {
void secondMethod(); // interface method
}

class DemoClass implements FirstInterface, SecondInterface {

public void firstMethod() {
System.out.println("First interface..");}

public void secondMethod() {

System.out.println("Second interface...");}
}

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DemoClass myObj = new DemoClass();
myObj.firstMethod();
myObj.secondMethod();}
}

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Abstraction: Abstract Class VS Interface

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Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

That’s All Folks

Just for this lesson😉
Nourchene OUERHANI