A CASE STUDY OF PATIENT WITH COUGH

BY

ABDUSSALAM YA’U
C22/006

PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH,

KATSINA STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY (KANKIYA IRO SCHOOL OF HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY KANKIA)

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF CERTIFICATE

IN JUNIOR COMMUNITY HEALTH EXTENSION WORKER
(JCHEW)

SEPTEMBER, 2024
 APPROVAL PAGE

This report has been read and approved as it meet the requirement for the
award of National Certificate in Community Health in the School of Health
Technology Kankia, Katsina State.

SUPERVISOR:
Malam Hussaini Kallah

Sign:________________________________________

Date:________________________________

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT (HOD):

Malam Jabir Muhammad Kurfi

Sign:________________________________________

Date:________________________________

EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

Sign:________________________________________

Date:________________________________

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 DEDICATION

This case study is dedicated to Almighty Allah (S.W.T). It is also dedicated to

my beloved parents, Malam Ya’u Idris and Malama Suwaiba Musa for their
and love and maximum support.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I’m very grateful to Almighty Allah (S.W.T) for providing me with good health
and courage to receive training in this Institution.
My parents deserve special recommendation for their assistance to see my
source in this course.
I would like to express my gratitude to my friends and other relatives for their
support throughout this training.
I’m also grateful to my expert supervisor Malam Husaini Kallah Kankia, who
guided me throughout this case study writing.
My School Principal Malam Lawal Ahmad Bindawa, and HOD Malam Jabir
Muhammad Kurfi deserve commendation for their role in my studies.
Lastly, special thanks goes to the entire staff of the Community Department
and other staff in the Kankiya Iro School of Health Technology Kankia.

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 ABSTRACT

This peace of study focused on the incidence of cough among children, a case
study in Bindawa Local Government Area, Katsina State. It was written in
order to find the major causes of cough and role of Government and Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs) toward controlling and prevention of
cough.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i
Approval Page - - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iv
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - v
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - vi
Part One 1
Introduction 1
Related Anatomy and Physiology 1
Definition 1
Causes 2
Complication 2
Signs and Symptoms 2
Prevention and Control 3
Part Two 4
Patient Personal Data 4
Family Social History 4
Past Medical History 6
Drugs Use on Admission 6
Laboratory Investigation 6
Reaction to Hospitalization 7
Management 7
Physical Care 7
Psychological Care 8
Discharge and Home Instruction 8
Prognosis Complication 8
Part Three 9
First Visit 9
Second Visit 11
Conclusion 14
Recommendations 14

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INTRODUCTION

The cough is a spontaneous reflex, when thing such as mucus, germ or dust

Irritate your throat and airways your body automatically responds by coughing,

similar to other reflexes such as sneezing or blinking.

A cough is a natural defense mechanism that allow clearance of Bronchial tree

secretions and elimination of inhaled foreign particles

A cough is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing, passage which

help clearance of fluid, irritant, foreign particles and microbes.

So that a cough are very common in children and adult, which they constitute a

major sector of the illness in practice office mostly self-liming they leading

course of morbidity and mortality rate.

Related Anatomy and Physiology of Cough

Irritation of cough receptors causes the vocal cord to open more widely,

allowing more to enter the lungs. The external intercostal muscles and

diaphragm then contract causing expansion of the chest cavity, increasing intra

thoracic pressure.

Definition of Cough: Is the body’s way of responding when something irritate

the throat or air ways.

An irritant stimulate nerve that send a message to your brain. The brain then Tell

muscles in your chest and abdomen to push air out of your lungs to force out

irritant.
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Causes of Cough

1. Lung infection such as pneumonia or acute bronchitis

2. Sinusitis with post nasal drip

3. Allergies that involve the nose or sinuses

4. The common cold flu or other viral infection

5. Gastro esophageal reflux disease (Gerd)

Complication of Cough

1. Sleeping disturbance

2. Headache

3. Dizziness

4. Vomiting

5. Excessive sweating

6. Fracture of the ribs

Signs and Symptoms of Cough

1. A runny nose or stuffy nose

2. Wheezing and shortness of breath

3. Sore throat

4. Heart burn

5. In rare cases coughing with blood

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Prevention and Control of Cough

1. Hand Hygiene:

Regular hand washing with soap and water or using hand sanitizer can reduce

the risk of infection

2. Vaccinations:

Getting vaccinated against preventable respiratory infection, such as influenza or

pertussis can reduce the risk of cough

3. Avoiding Tobacco Smoke:

Avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke and other environmental pollutant can

prevent respiratory irritant

4. Allergen Management:

Identify and Avoiding allergens that trigger coughing in individual with allergies

5. Using Mask;

During period of increased respiratory infection wearing mask can provide an

additional layer of protection, especially in crowded or enclosed setting.

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PATIENT PERSONAL DATA

Name: Abdulmalik Ya’u

Address: Bayan Asibiti Shibdawa

Age: 8years

Sex: Male

Tribe: Hausa

Nationality: Nigeria

Date of Admission: 11/5/2024

Ward: 2

Bed Number: 20

Diagnosis: Cough

Doctor’s Name: Ahmad Lawal

Hospital: General Hospital Katsina

State: Katsina State.

Family Social History

The patient’s father is a Muslim in religion and Hausa by tribe, and also the

mother the same like father both religion and tribe, And father has only one wife

and four children the father is a civil servants.

The Family of Malam Ya’u

Head of the Family: Malam Ya’u

Age: 50 years
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 Gender: Male

Address: Bayan Asibiti shibdawa

Duration: 4 years

Religion: Islam

Number of Children: 4

Total Number of Family: 6

Type of the Family: Nuclear Family.

MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY

Relationship
S/N Name Age Sex Marital Educatio with the Occupatio Income
Status n Head of the n
Family
1. Malam Ya’u 50yrs Male Married Degree Head of the Civil 150,000
Family Servant
2. Fatima Ya’u 30yrs Female Married Secondary House Wife None None
3. Saminu Ya’u 25yrs Male Married Diploma Senior Civil 35,000
Brother Servant
4. Maryam Ya’u 20yrs Female Single Diploma Sister Civil 35,000
Servant
5. Hussaini Ya’u 15yrs Male Single Secondary Junior None None
Brother
6. Yahaya Ya’u 12yrs Male Single Secondary Junior None None
Brother

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PAST MEDICAL HISTORY

The patient hard measles attack 2month ago and was treated adequately as an

outpatient in which he recovered by the fever continued on and off for two

month and child was brought to the hospital for treatment as an outpatient.

History of presented illness after fever has subsides, few day he begin to appear

gradually patient cannot eat well he was always have difficulty in breathing.

Patient was taken to hospital and was referred to pediatrician who admitted him

in the children Ward on 22/6/2024 with treatment.

Drugs Used on Admission

Ivf. 4.3 Dextrose Saline 500mg start

IV. Ceftriazone 500mg, 12hour×24hours

Syrup. Coflin 5ml tds×3/7

Tabs. Paracetamol π tds×3/7

Laboratory Investigation

AFB Test

MPs.

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REACTION TO HOSPITALIZATION

The mother of the child was worried concerning the recovery of the child illness

and even having fear of death.

As her first time of being admitted in the hospital she was worried about the rest

of the family at home since there was no body to take care of the child beside

husband.

I reassured her that the child will recover soon without any complication and

will be discharged.

MANAGEMENT

The management is divided in to medical and nursing care.

The nursing care include physical, psychological and social need.

PHYSICAL CARE

The patient was admitted in well ventilated room and was place in an upright

position to easy the dyspnea a tight cloth ware loosened and the window near

him opened for proper ventilation.

 Urine was tested for protein which is ++

 Patient was weight which is 8.6kg

 Vital sign were taken and recorded as follows:

Temperature: 38°c

Pulse: 88 beat per minute

Respiration: 21 breathe per minute

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Tepid sponging was done to reduce temperature

The proscribed drug serve accordingly

Oral hygiene was done in order to stimulate appetite.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CARE

The mother was reassured that the child soon recover the family will allowed to

visit the child so that he will be courageous fear and anxiety should be allayed

through careful listening understanding and tactful approach in solving all her

problem.

DISCHARGE AND HOME INSTRUCTION

The patient was discharge home on 7/8/2024 with the same drugs proscribed by

the doctor.

Patient was advice to come back for follow up after one week that was

14/8/2024 and patient was advice on:

High protein diet.

Local carbohydrate but caloric diet.

High meal was advice.

And restriction of salt intake

PROGNOSIS COMPLICATION

The child condition was improved and was discharge home with treatment

without any complication.

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FIRST VISIT

On Monday 10th of June 2024 at around 9:30am, I make my stay at the front of

the house of Malam Aliyu Hamisu, He directed me to enter the house, Malam

Aliyu was already waiting for my visit, as his wife had explained more to him

about my visit, I have every nice welcome from them, which they entertained me

very well, After the normal greeting from them, so also member of the family

call me to the room where I saw the patient was sleeping, I ask them about the

patient sickness and they told me he is responding to treatment and they are now

happy with his recovery from his illness.

Therefore, I start explaining the purpose of visit to their home and then we

should discuss and nutrition I then start with definition for example.

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TITTLE: NUTRITION

Introduction

Is the food played every significance role in the food security life either

primitive or cutinized poor or rich the term health after confused with nutrition

however health is broad concept that include nutrition as an essential factor thing

nutrition does reflect begin with food but involves more than food alone.

FAMILY FEEDING PATTERN

Feeding pattern show that they are using and type of food they get but they

depend heavily on carbohydrates as our discussion with them.

The following table indicating feeding pattern of the family.

S/N TIME PERIOD TYPES OF FOOD

1. Morning Break fast Tea and Bread
2. Afternoon Lunch Rice and Beans
3. Night Dinner Tuwo and Green vegetable soup

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

Shibdawa is town which is enough water in the well and other sources but the

only problem is that the water is not well treated they are using as they get that

sources

WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

The family are disposing their waste at outside of their houses but not in proper

way because I saw some dirty and descanted material with the houses compound

near to cooking place which is has dangerous of them and their children.

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KITCHEN

In the house they are using of the stove and stone for cooking when it is raining

season they are using of stove to enter the room with it.

While in dry season they are used stone inside the houses at outside beside the

room. There are no any kitchen appliance with them except pot ladie spoon and

vowel.

TOILET

The family produce one toilet the same with bathroom there is pit latrine which

cover with a proper tray is enough ventilation and waste water passing from

toilet to the outside of the houses.

SECOND VISIT

This time around 9:30am on Sunday I was at Malam Aliyu Hamisu house,

Because he told me that he want go to village this weak the reason of my visit

time is to see their source of water supply, which I saw it was poor and they use

for drinking and I told him I want to discuss with his wife on the method of

purification of water.

I only discussed with wife and other member of the houses but the problem

drinking contaminated water.

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TITTLE: METHOD OF WATER PURIFICATION

Introduction

Water is necessary for a life and living thing to services in the rural community

drinking from water which is always suspicious that can be adverse effect on

human health if not being treated properly, However we must utilize way of

purifying water for drinking and domestic purposes to make it free from

contaminated.

METHOD OF WATER PURIFICATION

1. Filtration: This can commonly be conducted with clean nylon covering the

mouth of the container then water are been poured gradually through the

nylon which is filer the mouth of the container, the water is located in the

container is pure.

2. Boiling Method: This is the physical process of disinfected water it’s right

reliable when the water stay for good 10–15 minute from the point, i.e. 1000

centigrade

3. Storage: Water can be store in clean container from certain period of time

the particles germ will sink down of the container there by making it clean.

4. Sedimentation Method (Chemical Method): Using small particle can be

sediment using certain chemical the common method is the use of aluminum

sulphate (Alum).

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OBJECTIVES

1. To ensure that the water is properly treated to overcome water bounds

diseases.

2. To instruct the family not drinking from unfamiliar water which

contaminated by the harmful (microorganisms).

3. To enable the family know the actual picture of drinking water.

4. To teach the family how they should purify their water for Drinking and

other uses.

5. To ensure that the purification method is maximally understood.

EVALUATION

As I make an appointment with the family, I revisit them after some time by the

time I arrived at the house, after I normally greeted them, I asked them which

method of purifying water did they used from that time; and they said filtration.

As I understand there is improvement because I asked some question and they

answered to me.

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CONCLUSION

The case study highlights a child suffering from cough in Bindawa Local

Government Area, Katsina State. Cough, as discussed, is a common symptom

that can be triggered by various irritants such as infections, allergens, and

environmental factors. The child's condition improved with medical

intervention, but it also underscored the need for proper family care, nutrition,

and hygienic practices. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding

the causes of cough, its prevention, and management strategies to mitigate its

effects, particularly in children.

The family's nutrition and hygiene patterns were assessed, revealing a reliance

on carbohydrates and inadequate water treatment. This situation puts them at risk

of other diseases, including waterborne illnesses. Furthermore, the patient’s

mother experienced significant emotional stress, highlighting the need for

psychological support during hospitalization.

RECOMMENDATIONS

There should be more public education on the cause of the diseases condition as

regard to its spread early treatment in order to prevent any condition.

The hospital should employ more pathology staff for spread and effective

investigation and proper diagnosis of the diseases condition, provision of

adequate drugs for patient with cough and lastly prevention of renal disease by

providing adequate water supply.

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