INFORMATION RESOURCES SHARING STRATEGIES AND

UTILIZATON FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES IN UNIVERSITY

LIBRARIES IN KATSINA STATE

BY

YUSUF HAMZA
SPS/19/MLS/00038

SUPERVISOR
PROF. A.A MAIDABINO

BEING A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCES, FACULTY OF EDUCATION
BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

MAY, 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page………………………………………………………………………..….i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………..ii
1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1
1.1Background of the Study……..…………………………………………………1
2.0 Review of Related Literature…………………………...………………………5
2.1 Concept of Information Resource Sharing…….……………………………….5
2.2 Development of Information Resource Sharing………………………………13
2.3 Significance of Information Resource Sharing to Researchers…………….…15
2.4 Types of information Resources in University Libraries……………………..16
2.4.1 Print Information Resources………………………………………………...17
2.4.2 Non-Print Information Resources………………………………………...…20
2.5 Types of Information Sharing………………………………………………....21
2.6 Aims of Information Resource Sharing in University Libraries……………...25
2.7 Requirements of Information Resource Sharing in University Libraries……..29
2.8 Areas of Resource Sharing in university Libraries…………………………....33
2.9 Methods of Resource sharing among University Libraries………………..….35
2.10 Benefits of Resource Sharing among University Libraries…………….……41
2.11 Policy framework for Information Resource Sharing for Enhancing Service
Delivery…………………………………………………………………..…44
2.12 Service Delivery among University Libraries……………………………....52
2.13 Challenges Hindering Effective Information Resources Sharing among
University Libraries………………………………………………………....54
2.14 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………...57
2.14.1 Social Capital Theory……………………………………………………...62
2.14.2 Weakness of the Theory………………………………………...…………63
2.14.3 Strength of the Theory……………………………………………………..63
2.15 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………..…..63
2.16 Summary of the Review and Uniqueness of the Study…………………...…66
3.0 Statement of the Problems…………………………………………………….69
4.0 Research Questions……………………………………………………………72
5.0 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………..72
6.0 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………...73
7.0 Research Methodology………………………………………………………..75

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7.1 Research Approach……………………………………………………………75
7.2 Research Design……………………………………………………………....76
7.3 Preliminary Study Objectives and Findings…………………………………..77
7.4 Research Setting……………………………………………………………....79
7.5 Population of the Study…………………………………………………….…80
7.6 Sampling Technique………………………………………………………..…81
7.7 Sample Size………………………………………………………………..….82
7.8 Research Instrument………………………………………………………..…83
7.9 Procedure for Data Collection………………………………………………...85
7.10 Trustworthiness of the Instrument…………………………………………...85
7.11 Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………….87
8.0 Scope and Limitations of the Study………………………………………..….88
9.0 Operational Definitions of Terms……………………………………………..88
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...….90
APPENDIX….………………………………………………………………......100

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The study of information resource sharing for enhancing service delivery among

University libraries in Katsina State is essential for promoting access, efficiency,

collaboration, and innovation within the higher education sector and contributes

to the academic and intellectual development of the area.

Nwalo (2008) defines library resources sharing as a cooperative association of

libraries of different types and its purpose is to share human and information

resources so that the collective strength of the institutions facilities the resources

and learning of members constituent. Information resources is phrase use to

describe an arrangement where two or more libraries come together to pull their

information resources together and make it available to their respective users

meanly to supplement their collections. Chatterjee (2010) is of the opinion that

information resources sharing does not merely mean mutual sharing of

information sources among libraries. It will mean utilizing information resources

of one’s library for generating services of another library information resources

and library resources are not synonymous library resources may include other

resources, besides information resources, like staff and equipment. Ibrahim

(2006) reports that most librarians and information workers would define

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resources sharing as the information resources typically collected by the libraries

and made available under conditions to the users in order to disseminate

information properly.

From the above definitions information resources sharing can be seen as the

accommodation of deal between two or more libraries to share their educational

resources and services among themselves for the purpose of satisfying the need

of their customers and development of teaching, learning and research activities

of the institutions.

Information resource sharing is very essential tool for libraries especially in this

era of exponential growth of information being produced and the dwindling

economy where libraries find it difficult to discharge their official mandates

occasioned by high rate of procuring physical resources and subscription to

electronic database to achieve their visions and missions. In other words

information resource sharing has come to aid or overcame enormous cost of

procuring information resources by libraries and information centers. Information

resources is therefore, essential and worldwide acceptable as a means of

optimizing resources in libraries and information centers.

Mbofu and Chaula (2020), information resources refers to mutual agreement

between libraries to share their resources for providing better services to their

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clients. Such resources may include: books, journals and other electronic

resources.

Mohammed (2012) views resource sharing to denote a working arrangement

were two or more libraries make their stock available to their respective users

and as well as many include the collective sharing of their respective function. In

other words, resources sharing refers to activities that occurs when two or more

libraries works together to provide more developed services to their respective

users. The emphasis is to provide more developed services to their respective

users within their limited financial resources.

With the above definition, therefore, an information resource sharing is the

mutual understanding of different libraries to make their materials available

between them to serve the needs of the users must effectively and efficiently. It

also seen as the process through which member libraries within the system

collaborate in the sharing of resources and services for the improvement of

academic activities.

Resource sharing in libraries offers a wide array of benefits, including increased

access to information and resources, improved research and learning outcomes,

enhanced collaboration opportunities, cost savings, and improved operational

efficiency. It plays a crucial role in enriching the library experience for users and

maximizing the utilization of available resources.

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Effective service delivery is an essential goal of the performance management

matrix that compares plan with actual status, indicating deviations (if any), re-

planning or corrective actions might result. Effective service delivery can be

maintained for relatively long period if organizations take necessary procedures

to avoid performance setback. In a bid to develop and maintained effective

service delivery, Olowu and Adamolekum (2005), state that it is more essential

to secure and manage competent human resource as the most valuable resource

of any organization, because of the need for effective and efficient delivery of

services by libraries.

Academic libraries all over the world are established to support their parent

institutions in actualizing their objectives of teaching, learning and research.

Information and Communication Technology (ICTs) plays a vital role in bringing

about changes in our society es. The range of service provided also increase life

style, business, educational systems, as well as social and political values. The

accelerated adoption and use of ICTs has resulted in the globalization of

information and knowledge resources (Etokudo, 2009). That is why it has

become very important to adopt the technology for the good of education sector.

Dunmill and Arslangic (2006) stated that, ICTs are diverse set of technological

tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store and

manage information. The technologies have made communication and access to

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information very convenient and timely to the users from the comfort of their

homes, offices and where ever they are, while in the move with their phones.

These have forced libraries, to explore strategies such as information resources

sharing with greater intensity in order to provide more of the technology growth

that enables libraries to construct a powerful infrastructure of sharing.

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consist the following sub headings ; concept, development and

significance of information resource sharing, types of information sharing, types

information resources sharing, aims of information resource sharing, requirement

of resource sharing, areas of resource sharing, methods of resource sharing,

benefits of resource sharing, policy framework for information resource sharing

among university libraries, service delivery among university libraries,

challenges faced in using information resource sharing, theoretical and

conceptual framework, summary of the review and uniqueness of the study.

2.1 The Concept of Information Resource Sharing

Information is integral to our experience of the world and to personal, social and

organizational functioning. Information is all around us; our senses collect and

our brains filter and organize it every minute of the day. At very fundamental

levels, information colors our perception of the world around us and thereby

influences our attitudes, emotions and actions. It is an indispensable resource to

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individuals and corporate groups, especially in the ever–widened complexity of

our modern society.

Information is a collection of data that has been processed, organized, or

structure in a meaningful way to convey knowledge, ideas, or instruction. Such

as text, images, audio, or video, and can be accessed and shared through multiple

channels such as books, websites, and social media.

At its core, information is a representation of reality, and it is used to convey

knowledge about the world around us. It can be factual, subjective, or even

fictional and can take many different forms depending on its purpose and

audience.

Information is a data that has been organized, processed, or structured in a

meaningful way to provide context, relevance, and value to users. It can take

many forms, such as text, images, audio, or video, and can be communicated

through various means, such as books, websites, social media, or conversation.

Information is essential for decision-making, learning, and communication and it

plays a critical role in shaping our understanding of the world around us. The

quality and accuracy of the information can significantly impact individual and

collective outcomes, making it crucial to critically evaluate and verify the

sources and reliability of the information we consume.

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According to Prytherch (2016), information is an assemblage of data in a

comprehensive form capable of communication. This may range from content in

any format such as written or printed on paper, stored in electronic databases,

collected on the internet, etc. to the personal knowledge of staff of an

organization.

The value of information lies in its ability to help us make informed decisions,

solve problems, and communicate effectively with others. It is a crucial resource

for individuals, organizations, and society as a whole and plays a vital role in

driving progress and innovation in all areas of human endeavor.

As technology continues to evolve, the amount of information available to us is

growing exponentially. This has created new challenges around accessing,

processing and using information effectively. However, with the right tools and

strategies, we can harness the power of information to drive positive change and

achieve our goals.

According to Judge (2011), information, in its most restricted technical sense, is

an ordered sequence of symbols that record or transmit a message. It can be

recorded as signs or conveyed as signals by waves. This means that any sound

that conveys a message from a sender to a receiver is information and a sign that

sends message from sender to receiver or reader of the sign becomes information.

7
Mohammed (2012) added that it can also be conceived as the by-product of our

conscious and unconscious actions and inactions that adds to our existing

knowledge, ideas, skills and experiences that enable us to given stimulus

instantaneously or a later period of time as a form of reaction of decision taking

or to be take. Bello (2006) defined information as ‘’any idea or organized data,

principles, polices, laws, conventions, etc. generated through human interactions,

for harmonious coexistence and correlation, survival and continuity of human

race

The current information overload (availability of information in different verities,

formats and sources) requires people to validate and assess it to know its

reliability. Recognizing its importance, information is increasingly sought in an

increasing number of situations by an increasing number of people (Ugah, 2007).

This has increased the volume of the available information. The advancement of

knowledge is made possible through research by scholars in all fields coupled

with the fusion and fragmentation of disciplines and knowledge. Academic

activities, governance, public services, industries and commerce would not take

place without a regular flow of up to date, relevant and timely information. This

is why individuals, institutions, and organizations with the required technological

capability are developing systems for collecting, managing and sharing

information through networking and use. In the new information environment,

8
information is not only used in effective and ethical ways but also understanding

economic, legal, social issues surrounding its sharing.

As observed by Agoulu (2008), adequate information can increase our awareness

and our reasons; it can also help to educate our people, accelerate progress and

provide the source of data that is required for the solutions of our increasingly

complex, economic, scientific and social problems. Similarly, Ayinda (2014),

state that the information need of various professional groups is essential, as it

helps in planning, implementing and operation of the information system and

services in particular work setting, which also apply to researchers in carrying

out the institute mission and vision. This is because the working environment and

duties performed by researchers shape their information needs and the way they

acquire, share and use information.

Furthermore, according to Nkachi (2011), the concept of information is very

complex and difficult than ordinarily meets the eyes. It is evident in the various

definitions and attributes of the concept notwithstanding the fact that information

is as old as man and that it affects and is affected by all aspects of human

activities.

Utor and Utor (2007) opened that information is vital to the rural dwellers in that

it will not only make for better understanding and appreciation of government

programmers, it will also encourage a closer link between initiators and

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beneficiaries of the development of efforts. It is in realization of this amongst

others. Idoka (2003) asserted that nothing then is important for mankind than to

bring within reach all what can widen his horizon, making discoveries and

literacy transformation that can make the individual a more valuable member of

the society.

It is clear that information is vital in daily life, as an essential part of a nation’s

resources access to which is a basic fundamental right. Information is not only

vital for technological, scientific and economic progress as erroneously seen by

people; it is also a medium of social transformation and communication.

Therefore, in order to participate fully in any program and community

development, they most have good access to information. This is because the

working environment and type of duties or task performed by

individuals/researchers shape their information needs and the way they acquire,

select and use this information.

Information resources are the total means available and organized in a library for

the support of learning teaching and research. Popoola and Haliso (2009)

reported that information resources are those information bearing materials in

both print and non-print, such as text books, journals, indexes, abstracts,

newspapers and magazines, reports, CD Rom databases, internet/ Email, video

tapes/cassettes, diskettes, magnetic disc computers, micro forms, etc. these

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information resources are materials that libraries acquire, catalogue, stock, and

made available to the patrons for effective use as well as the provision of other

services.

Information resource sharing is the process of exchanging relevant information

resources between libraries, team members, departments, government agencies,

or even organizations for the purpose of teaching learning and research activities.

Information sharing is a process of establishing a network for communicating

ideas and knowledge between individuals, groups and communities for effective

achievement of common goals. Sharrat (2006), in their research title:

Understanding knowledge sharing in Online Communities of Practice state that

sharing is the process whereby a resource is given by one party and received by

another. Information sharing is a central process through which team members

collectively utilize their available information resources, (Jessica, 2009). Stasser

et-al, (2007), in the research conducted in information sampling in structured and

unstructured discussions on six groups, they concluded that information sharing

is “the way through information is distributed among group members before

discussion” Bunderson (2007), observe that, conscious and deliberate attempts on

the part of team members to exchange work-related information, keep one

another appraised of activities, and inform one another of key developments.

Jehn (2006) view information sharing as making statement to other group

11
members about their task. Mirinda (2008) information sharing refers to oral and

writing discussion of information among group members. Moberg et-al. (2019)

observes that sharing information is a key ingredient for organizations seeking to

remain competitive. The understanding and practice of information sharing is

becoming increasingly essential for organizations to stay competitive and boost

profitability. It focuses on collaborative and integration among groups,

departments, and organizations.

According to Tsui (2006) information sharing is defined as the process of

exchanging knowledge (skills, experience, and understanding) among

researchers, policymakers, and service providers.

According to Wang and Noe (2010) information sharing refers to sharing with

others that occurs in experimental studies in which participants are given lists of

information, manuals, or programs.

According to Zannah and Sumadhinata (2013) information sharing are share

knowledge between one organization against another organization, each other

exchange information, experience, and knowledge of them to produce the power

of performance can be useful for the performance of organization.

Kumar (2017).Sharing is an important concept of library collection development.

It has played an important role in the formation of consortia in library

management. It has replaced the earlier traditional concept of space, limited

12
budget, and highest cost and as an economic means. An independent library

cannot satisfy the need of users. So this problem has been overcome by the use of

resource sharing. Resource sharing of the library involves co-operative

acquisition which includes access to the catalogue, in a process and on order

information of the participating libraries, an interlibrary loan which comprises

determining the location of the required resources by verifying its availability

and physical transfer and common storage for the material used. The services and

procedure of resource sharing include bibliographic access to holding catalogues

for cataloguing and classification.

2.2 The Development of Information Resource sharing

The concept of sharing is a need-based activity framed around the age-old

concept of given taken. In general it is as old as the civilization. In the field of

libraries we might trace the history of resource sharing since their inception in

various forms viz. shared cataloguing, library cooperation, interlibrary loan and

union catalogue etc. the term library resources include any and of the materials,

functions and services, which constitute a modern library system. It is

amalgamation of people, processes, ideas, material and money which forms the

substances of a library and can be described as its resources. Malyawat (2012)

Resources sharing are a sort of implied agreement among participating libraries

13
where in each participant is willing to share its resources with other members and

in turn privileged to share the resources of its partners as and when the arises.

Geronimo and Claudia (2005) posit that the first initiative develops library

network come about in the United States, in the middle of 19 thcentury, with the

foundation of the American library association and the start of a cooperative

cataloguing program. The delivery of catalogue cards by the library of congress

was the next step forwards the development of library networks and consortia.

In the last six to seven years, library and information activities in libraries and

information centers have entered a new era. Individual libraries are coming out of

the proverbial “Berlin wall” around them. They are trying to form a larger

community in an effort to tackle the ever increasing demand for better services,

qualitatively and quantitatively, in an environment already over strained by

financial pressures.

This has resulted in discernible change in the information scenario. Resources

sharing today invite libraries to cooperate as members or partners and not impose

a centrally set out organizational structure. It invites cooperation based on the

library’ strength and needs. Computer technology now makes the prospects of

resources sharing brighter because it brings together resources of libraries

separated by great distances (Walden1999).

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The National library of Nigeria (NLA) was charged with the responsibility of

being the clearing house for all exiting libraries in the country. And by October

19973, an inter-library lending unit was set up in the national library of Nigeria.

Ali and Owoeye (2010).

In 20014 the committee of university of the Nigerian universities (CULNU)

formed the Nigerian university libraries consortium (NULIC). The objectives

were to:

 Promote resources sharing among members libraries.

 Make the academic resources of member library available to others.

 Ensure that member institutions contribute meaningfully towards

sustaining the consortium.

2.3 Significance of Information Resource to Researchers

Researchers need information about current research and the development

activities of their socio-economic importance and the growth in pursuit of

knowledge and careers in personal life socialization. They need information from

colleagues, organizations for collaboration with other relevant bodies,

stakeholders. According to Ajiboye (2007), information is data value in planning,

decision making and evaluation of any program. He goes further to say that it is

data that have been subjected to some processing functions capable of answering

user query or simply collected that would help the decision making.

15
University Library Glossary (2014) see information as data presented in readily

comprehensible form, to which meaning has been attributed within a context for

its use in a more dynamic sense, the message is conveyed by the use of a medium

of communication or expression. Bruce (2005) states that, information plays a

significant role in our daily professional and personal lives and we are constantly

challenged to take charge of the information that we need for work, fun and

everyday decisions and tasks.

Moberg (2019) observed that information sharing is a key ingredient for the

organization seeking to remain competitive. The understanding and practice of

information sharing is becoming increasingly essential for the organization to

stay competitive and boost profitability. In this digital era, research on it has

taken more important worldwide. As such this research is directed towards

information Resources Sharing for enhanced service delivery among University

Libraries in Katsina State.

2.4 Types of Information Resources in University Libraries

Information resources are the tools with which the library services are performed.

They include books, microforms, tapes, computers and dairies among others. The

importance information resources can be seen from the fact that if they are

removed the library is ceases to exist as what will be left is only building. The

library is made up of both the building and the materials and none of them can

16
function effectively without the other. There are many types of information

resources available in libraries. They are usually categorized into two forms of

print and non-print resources.

2.4.1 Print Information Resources

Print Information Resources Print information resources in the library are those

items that are printed on paper which appear in book form. The uses of these

materials must be able to read as that is the only way print materials can be used.

Print materials consist of the following:

Book: A book is a print material printed and often bound in one or more

volumes. It may be written by one or more individual persons or corporate

bodies.

Dictionary: This is another reference material and it lists words or terms of

general or particular subject, profession, usually providing certain basic

information about them. Dictionaries are also arranged in an alphabetical order.

Some of the basic information which a dictionary provides are words and terms

include their meanings, spellings, origin, pronunciation, use and abbreviations

among others. There are both general and subject dictionaries. Examples include:

Advanced Learners Dictionary, Longman Contemporary English Language

Dictionary.

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Directory: Is a reference material that lists persons, companies, institutions and

organizations giving their names and addresses. There are 29 directories for

telephone services, government parastatals, trade and business, example Nitel

Telephone Directory.

Almanacs and Year Books: Are yet other types of reference book. These two

perform the same function or role of covering activities and events within a

period of one year and presenting them in descriptive and or statistical form.

Topics covered are politics, economy, business, culture, education, music,

science and sports statesman’s yearbook, Whitaker’s Almanac and Nigerian year

book are examples of Almanacs and year books.

Handbooks and Manuals: Are reference books that provide relevant

information in a concise form on different aspects of knowledge. An example

includes Guinness Book of World Records. Other types of reference books

include abstracts, indexes, gazettes, gazetteers, biographies and bibliographies.

Serials/ Periodicals: These are information resources published in successive

parts (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or annually) and intended to be

continued indefinitely, serials are also called periodicals and they are considered

essentials in libraries. Examples of serials include journals, newspapers and

magazines.

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Government Publications: These include all official documents published by all

levels of government (local, state and federal). In addition 30 to these are

documents emanating from international organizations such as the United

Nations and its agencies, African Union (AU), Economic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS), Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC) and

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Documents ranked as

government publications are published laws, acts of parliament. Military decrees,

state edicts, by-laws, constitutions of countries, correspondences between the

three arms of government, books are pamphlets emanating from government.

Maps and Atlases: These are another type of print resources available in

libraries; maps are drawings and illustrations of the earth’s surface usually

showing countries, rivers, seas, lakes and mountains. On the other hand an atlas

is a collection of maps.

Pamphlets: A pamphlet or a piece of writing appearing with soft covers that

deals with an issue of current interest. It is usually less than 50 pages.

Clippings: which are pieces of paper cut out from newspapers or magazines.

Clippings which are also called cuttings contain very important information of

current interest such as job advertisement.

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Manuscripts: These are books or paper writing by hand or with a typewriter

intended for publication. It is from a manuscript that books are subsequently

published.

2.4.2 Non-print Information Resources

These are library materials that are not printed on paper. They come in forms

other than in book form and are also called non-book materials or audio-visual

materials. Some of them are listened to, some are viewed while others can be

both listened to and viewed. Non-print information resources being products of

the new information technology cannot be used on their own like books, rather

they require certain equipment to facilitate their use. The non-print information

resources into three: audio, visual and audiovisual.

a) Audio Information Resources: These are information resources that can

only be listened to but cannot be viewed or read. Examples include audio

tapes or cassettes, phonon discs and other sound recordings. The use of these

information resources requires good listening skill which is the only way to

receive the information contained in them. Most of them require a radio-

cassette medium or record player for their use.

b) Visual Information Resources: These are those that can only be used by

viewing as they do not have any sound and cannot be heard. There are many

library materials in use today that fall into this category: Examples include:

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 i. Transparencies: These are those with images that are seen only when

light is passed through them. They include filmstrips and slides.

ii. Microforms: These are information resources that contains information

in greatly reduced form .Microform is composed of microfilms, micro,

microfiche and micro cards, microfilm has become a great space saver

for uncomputerized libraries as it is used to store back stock of

newspapers with minimal space. Transparencies require a projector in

order to operate while microforms must be backed up with what is

known as a Reader. This is an equipment that enlarges and displays the

words or pictures contained in the microforms.

c) Audio-Visual Information Resources: These are materials that combine

both the audio and visual effects in the transmission of information. The full

benefit of these information resources is received when the user implores both

his listening and viewing skills. Resources that are audio-visual in nature

include television, motion pictures (sound film), veiled films and video disks.

In addition to the above examples, advanced technology has provided other

audio-visual materials such as computer aided compact disks (CD) and video

compact dices (VCD). Equipment required to use these materials include film

projectors, video players, compact disks players and computers.

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2.5 Types of Information Sharing

Information sharers can be characterized as super-sharers, shares, occasional, or

non-sharers, according to the extent in which they engage in information sharing

and/or collective seeking. However, individual scholars can simultaneously

engage in different kinds and level of information sharing activities. Lecturers

usually belong to many different kinds of networks with different levels of

information sharing. They can simultaneously work with different research

themes and topics, each topic enabling different pattern and levels of networking

and sharing. We view, for instance, super-sharing and non-sharing as social and

cultural phenomena; that is, phenomena that are affected primarily by factor

other than individuals, attitudes, attributes, and information seeking styles.

To develop a more in-depth understanding of the contextual factors affecting

information sharing, it is useful to distinguish between the different goals,

purpose, and task accomplished by information sharing practices in different

contexts. Erdelez (2007) the empirical findings gave basis to the following

classification of the types of information sharing:

Strategic Sharing: Information sharing as conscious strategy of maximizing

efficiency in a research group.

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Paradigmatic Sharing: Information sharing as means of establishing a novel

and distinguishable research approach or area within a discipline or across

disciplines.

Directive Sharing: Information sharing between teachers and students.

Social Sharing: Information sharing as a relationship and community building

activity.

Super-Sharing: Takes place in longitudinal closely-knit research projects in

which information sharing has been adopted as a conscious productive strategy.

All types of information sharing take place in such projects.

Sharers Work Together: In temporary writing projects or research groups

combined with an interest in making sense of or establishing a novel research

problem, approach, or area. All types of information sharing take place in such

groups.

Occasional Sharing: Take place between colleagues who do not share the same

research interest or subject, or between teachers and students. The forms of

sharing are mainly limited to sharing information about relevant documents and

about ways of finding relevant documents or documents and information about

the contents of relevant documents are less often shared.

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Non-Sharing: Is combined with research projects that are unique in the sense

that no one else either in the immediate work community or in virtual research

communities shares the same research interest or subject.

Information sharing therefore, can be seen as the comprised of transactions by

which a library makes its materials available to the clientele of another library

upon request.

They further stated that “the internet has emerged as a major source of

information in today’s IT age. Researchers from all corners of the earth are

finding that their work thrives in a network environment, immediate access to the

work of colleagues and virtual library of millions of thousands of papers and the

ability to incorporate a huge amount of knowledge. It only provide a number of

services like email, file transfer, video conference, social media, etc. but also

facilitates 24hrs access to information from the comfort of one’s home or work

place. Rahim (2013) stated that “nowadays mobile devices are intensively used

for querying, retrieving information and gaining knowledge”. Recently, a

common use of mobile devices and their features (e.g. accessing the internet or

sharing knowledge) is for educational and research purposes. Mobile

technologies are enabling the development and assessment of research

environment. Oduwale (2004) stated that researchers and students have access to

this opportunity by accessing the digital contents of digital materials, asserting

24
that the most prominent of ICT today is the internet, which provides the largest

reservoir of vital information in all kinds of disciplines all over the world. In

addition, Aqil and Ahmad (2011) opened that “ an aspect of our day to day life,

which is affected by internet, whether it is shopping, business banking,

communication, paying bills, learning, education, etc. the internet is everywhere,

making our life easier and smooth, especially when it came to education and

research.

Sujatha, G. (1999) identify the types of information resource sharing available

for university libraries to enhance access and availability for library users. It

involves sharing of physical items such as books, periodicals, audiovisuals

materials, and electronic resources like e-books and databases.

2.6 The Aims of Information Resource Sharing in University Libraries

Information sharing has strong impacts on group outcomes, on one hand.

Research finds that in many instances when groups engage in information

sharing, they capable of integrating knowledge (Cruz, Boster and Rodriguez,

1997), displaying collective intelligence (Woollsey, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi

and Malone, 2010) and achieving excellent performance, cohesion and decision

satisfaction (Mesmer-Magnus and Dechurch, 2001). When groups do not shape

information, their members have large differences in preferences and opinions

(Mayo and Langfred, 2004) and coordinate their tasks inefficiently (Andres and

25
Smud 2001). On the other hand , in a few situations, information sharing leads to

inefficiency during group tasks in which people can make decisions based on

heuristics (De Dreu and Beersman, 2010; De Dreu, Nijstad and Van Knippenberg

2008)

Workshops, Training and Seminars are the main information sharing activities

among researchers in academic environment. In traditional causes, people listen

to the presenter without interrupting. More and more this approach has given way

to much dynamic and stimulating group leaving processes. This may involve a

workshop, training session or seminars. The trend in learning activities is now for

people or researchers to interact with their peers and share what they know.

People discuss things and benefit from each other’s views and experience.

Several information sharing activities can be used in a seminars, training session

or workshops, social media like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Research-

Gate, Linked in the institutes Library and other library website and portals. These

methods can be tailored in their needs. For example, they invite key people from

outside the organization; they can make presentation and you can discuss them.

Tanvir (2009) Explosion in published output increases in bibliographic access of

literature through internet and offline database, on CDs, of static, and in many

cases decreasing library budgets along with high cost of published output had

made it virtually impossible for libraries and documentation/information centers

26
to fulfill information needs of their primary clientele. Under such squeezing

situation the best option left with the libraries is to optimize their resources

through extensive sharing.

Rahman (2006) highlighted the aims objectives of resource sharing follows:

Increase Access to Information and Resources for Library Users: Resource

sharing aims to ensure that library users have access to a wide range of materials

and information, regardless of size or holdings of their local library. By sharing

resources among libraries, users can benefit from a larger pool of resources and

have a better chance of finding the information they need.

Reduce the Duplication of Resources among Libraries: Resource sharing

helps prevent unnecessary duplication of materials across libraries. Instead of

each library acquiring the same resources independently, they can share and

borrow from each other, thus optimizing the use of available resources and

reducing cost.

Improve the Efficiency of Library Operations: By sharing resources, libraries

can streamline and use their resource more efficiently. Rather than maintaining

extensive collections in every library, resource sharing allows libraries to focus

on their areas of expertise and rely on other libraries for materials that are not

frequently used.

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Save Money for Library: Resource sharing can lead to significant cost savings.

Instead of purchasing every item users request, libraries can borrow or access

resources from partner libraries. This reduces the need for expensive acquisitions

and allows libraries to allocate their budgets more effectively

Promote Cooperation and Collaboration among Libraries: Resource sharing

fosters a spirit of cooperation and collaboration among libraries. Libraries can

form partnerships, consortia, or networks to facilitate sharing resources,

knowledge, and expertise. This collaboration promotes the exchange of ideas,

best practices, and joint initiatives, leading to improved services and better

outcomes for library users.

Access to a Wider Range of Resources: Resource sharing aims to expand

access to a diverse and extensive pool of resources beyond the individual

holdings of a single library. By sharing resources, libraries can provide their

patrons with a broader selection of books, journals, multimedia materials, and

digital content, increasing the chances of meeting the diverse information needs

of users.

Enhanced Library Services: Resource sharing enhances the quality and

effectiveness of library services. By tapping into shared resources, libraries can

offer their users a more comprehensive range of materials and information. This

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enriches research opportunities, supports academic endeavors, and promotes

lifelong learning by catering to library patrons’ diverse needs and interests.

Collaboration and Networking: Resource sharing fosters collaboration and

networking among libraries. It encourages libraries to collaborate, share expertise

and develop mutually beneficial relationships, through partnerships and

consortia, libraries can established cooperative resource sharing arrangements,

leading to improved service delivery, joint initiatives, and shred best practices.

Equal Access and Inclusivity: Resource sharing ensure equitable access to

information for all users, regardless of their geographic location, socio-economic

background, or institutional affiliation. By facilitating access to resources beyond

the local library, resource sharing addresses disparities in information access and

promotes inclusivity, benefiting users who may not have access to certain

resources in their immediate vicinity.

2.7 Requirements for Information Resource Sharing in University Libraries

Wang (2014) considers the online computer library center as a model of library

cooperation and network. According to him; it grew from a regional cooperative

network in the state of Ohio, USA to a national network in USA and then further

grew to what is now: An international network of over 23,000 libraries and

information centers in 63 countries and territories. He further highlighted and

discussed the pattern is follows:

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Local Cooperative Network: proximately it is the key factor in the evolution of

local cooperative network. Libraries and other international institution like

museum, archives etc. house located within the same state capital can network

their services and resources for the benefit of all. The academic libraries should

network with each other to meet the needs of their users.

State Network: this is the network that involves the extension of the local

network to cover the entire state. With this the academic libraries can go beyond

locality, for instance Bayero University can network with Umaru Musa Yar’adua

University at Katsina.

International Network: it is worth knowing that national network is a pre-

requisite for participation in an international network. This is because national

network bring into the international network its information resources, sources,

staff and services. These international networks cover countries and contain

continent.

The Internet: This is the largest of the entire network. This network enables

information profession to access networks or institution in any part of the globe.

Omekwu (2004), cited Bannigo (2001), that effective participation in internet-

based information activities, academic Libraries need to establish computer-

based information systems.

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The resource sharing will be successful when several key requirements will be

made successfully. Appropriate communication technology and delivery system

are the key requirements. There should also be a mutual understanding (in

respect of acquisition policy, sharing of resources, loan period, bibliographic

control, renewal etc.) among the participating libraries. It should be governed by

a strong management or other government mechanisms. Successful resource

sharing involved the use of modern technology and a less amount of behavior

modification.

Internet plays an important role in resource sharing which requires less effort and

required less resource for proprietary networking solution. All the libraries which

are digitized should have a high-speed internet connection so that good user

interface can be provided to the web browser which will enable integration and

will be able to access the shared resources.

The World Wide Web and the internet have given a strong policy for consortia

based sharing of resources, electronic journals, and bibliographic databases.

Chatterjee (2010) is the opinion that information resources sharing do not merely

mean mutual sharing of information sources among libraries but utilizing

information resource of one liberating for generating services of another library.

For instance, librarians in any library in Nigeria can easily find out any

information concerning any book in the library of congress in United State of

31
America within a couple minutes without leaving the confines of their library

building. The fact is that ICT has become indispensable to libraries in the

provision of timely information to users and in fact, to the progress of

librarianship as a profession.

A “network” is essentially, an interconnected group or system. A library and

information network is, therefore, a group of libraries or information centers that

are interconnected or linked for the purpose of resources sharing. Kaul (2002)

gives the view that a library network can bridge the digital divide and content,

managing content for dissemination. Improving access to resources, contributing

the growth of trained man power and so on.

In the some context, consortia-based subscription of e-journals is one the major

and most popular activities undertaken by library networks. The exponent ion

growth of information and escalating cost have prompted the libraries to look for

a collective arrangement which will provide them with a better bargaining power

to have access to maximum information with possible minimum cost (Siddan

Gouda, 2013).

According to Webster (2006), open sources software is another requirement at

work in libraries. The open sources movement in general; resources. Each

individual open sources project. However, modern information technology has

made the task of resources sharing very simple and convenient. The new

32
technology brings service which has changed the nature of fundamental library

objectives and operation.

The process of resources sharing largely involves on two major factors. One is

the availability of resources in library and the other is the sufficient numbers of

library willing to join with resources sharing civilities. The following are the sum

of basic requirements for effective resources sharing as provided by Chatterjee.

There should be a communication link or system between the cooperative

libraries; most of all libraries are willing to join with these resources sharing

activities, necessary technology and equipment should need to be available in the

library, standardized for library software, hardware and database for sharing of

library resource, operating polities on the type of information and archives,

which users can access, there should need an agreement, upon which the whole

resources sharing activities may run.

2.8 Areas of Resource Sharing in University Libraries

Some of the areas of resource sharing in university libraries are:

Cooperative Acquisition: Cooperative acquisition refers to agreement among

libraries so that each specializes in certain subjects whereby jointly they are able

to achieve good coverage of publications in all subjects. The scheme would cover

purchase of materials, procurement of item and permanent storage of all

documents in allocated subject.

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Cooperative Cataloguing: this is referred to as sharing of the work of producing

a catalogue by two or more independent libraries for the mutual benefits.

Creation of union catalogue on the basis of data supplied by individual libraries

is a good example of cooperative cataloguing.

Inter-Library Loan: this is an agreement between two or more libraries to share

materials corporately so as to provide one another with the resources that might

otherwise not available to an individual institution. This area of resource sharing

involves in the process of leading and borrowing of books, journals and audio

visual, is very common among libraries. Sometime vital document can be

allowed to photocopy by libraries.

Cooperative Storage: It refers to the creation of common facility for storing

little used documents. It should be considered as means to an end. The

underlying idea is that it will be built on cheap land using compact storage and

cost of storage would be lower than otherwise.

Development of the Network: it is built around a bibliographic data based in

machine readable form maintained on cooperative basic. The network is linked

by means of telecommunication system, it is essential that librarians should pool

together resources and know how to establish cooperative ventures has been done

in the developed countries, OCLC is an excellent example of its kind.

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Cooperative Delivery: this is the process where two or more librarians agreed to

take a delivery of their resources. Libraries come together to undertake or fund

delivery of items like donation and importation materials.

Sharing of Manpower Resources: This is a process whereby two or more

libraries engage in exchange of staff especially in technical and ICTs unit in the

libraries.

2.9 Methods of Resource Sharing among the University Libraries

The scope of resource sharing activities in academic libraries is quite broad and

includes digitization, provision of reference and instruction services,

development and sharing of union catalogue, enabling circulation of information

and ensuring access to shared information (Posner, 2017). Initially, resource

sharing was limited to interlibrary loans, document delivery and lending from

commercial document suppliers. Recent advancements in technology has enabled

the transition of resource sharing from a request and supply service for physical

documents, to a service that handles information requests and services for

documents in a variety of formats with workflows linked with other core library

services (Chisita&Fombad, 2019). Digital technology has greatly influenced

progressive change in the prevailing methods of resource sharing across time and

the adoption of more efficient technology based resource sharing options. The

rapid development of networks enabled the creation of networked information

35
systems while the introduction of cloud computing further revolutionized

resource sharing (Yuravaj, 2015). This study examined the various methods of

resource sharing in adoption in academic libraries: monolithic interlibrary

lending, document delivery services, and library consortia, shared collections,

cooperative purchasing, cooperative cataloging, digital resource sharing, resource

sharing network

Monolithic Interlibrary Lending:

Monolithic interlibrary loan services are an age-old model of interlibrary loans in

which the library makes use of a centralized service to share resources with other

libraries (Saarti & Tuominen, 2020). Interlibrary lending refers to costumer

centered efforts made by a library to provide information that meets the specific

information needs of a user, often made in the form of a formal request (Posner,

2017). Interlibrary lending serves a very important role in libraries because no

library has access to information that exhausts its users’ needs. In addition, it is a

cost-effective mechanism of providing information to users since some academic

libraries charge fees for information provided through interlibrary lending

platforms (Posner, 2017). Interlibrary lending helps libraries improve overall

collection development through the determination of existing gaps in collection,

and areas of priority upon analysis of interlibrary lending data (Posner, 2017).

Technology has driven change in interlibrary lending including the use of

36
automated request management systems, the introduction of user notification and

the networking of several centralized services (Posner, 2017). Despite the

opportunities interlibrary lending offer to libraries, it is often not a core service in

several academic libraries because it requires heavy commitments in financial

costs, time and training (Posner, 2017: 5). Most often interlibrary lending

services are poorly funded, underutilized or lack capacity to process so many

requests (Posner, 2017). The most widely used monolithic resource sharing

platform today is the OCLC’s World Cat Resource Sharing which offers

centralized interlibrary loan services and bibliographic services to libraries.

Document Delivery Services:

Document delivery is slightly different from interlibrary lending in that it

involves the delivery of information directly to the users using technology

applications such as facsimile and specialized applications such as Ariel and

Odyssey to delivery information (Kristof, 2018). Document delivery can also

make use of regular emails and secured websites to deliver requested

information. Digitization has greatly affected document by reducing the need to

scan documents prior to document delivery and by enabling the development of

user-cantered services and more efficient tools for document delivery (Braggioli,

2018). However, the use of technology to track electronic materials for example

has impeded the use of information and has limited document delivery to the use

37
of particular routes or access to only a few sections of a document at a time, in

line with license agreements (Classen, 2019). OCLC’s Article exchange is the

best known example of a global document delivery service (Kristof, 2018).

Library Consortia:

Libraries also engage in other arrangements that can satisfy at least some

percentages of their patrons needs at lower cost and with foster fulfillment than a

monolithic interlibrary loan service. By binding together in consortia, libraries in

Katsina State Tertiary institutions are able to pool their resources to gain various

benefits. The ability to draw from materials distributed across a larger group of

libraries can significantly increase the size of the collection effectively available

to patrons and reduce the number of request made to higher-cost services.

Pereira & Franco (2020) defined a library consortium as a group of libraries or

library systems that work together on the basis of a formal agreement to facilitate

resource sharing among other objectives. The emphasis on resource sharing in

academic libraries has been largely attributed to the development of new

technology and the funding crisis in academic libraries (Kalbande, 2018).

Consortia resource sharing is a more efficient and cost effective than other

methods because it establishes a shared pool of resources for member libraries

and their users. Technology has a critical role to play in resource sharing and the

adoption of technology in library consortia has enabled the management and

38
streamlining of workflows and the reduction of staff intervention through the

adoption of information technology. Babaryka-Amelchanka et-al. (2019)

categorizes library consortia into discipline specific or general. Discipline

specific consortia usually collect information resources for academic libraries in

the same academic discipline such as the Global Network of Agricultural

Libraries (Agilenet) (Babaryka-Amelchanka et-al., 2019). Library consortia

support resource sharing through cooperative bibliographic services facilitating

collection development, inter library loans, training and the sharing of

technology (Saini, 2017). Online Computer Library Center is the largest library

network in the world, and its World Share ILL is used by several thousand

libraries across the world to obtain access to a globally shared pool of

information resources (Classen, 2019).

Shared Collections:

Shared collections involve libraries joining forces to create a collective collection

of materials that all participating libraries can access. This approach allows

libraries to diversify their collections and offer their users a wider range of

resources. Shared collections can contribute be physical, where libraries

contribute and lend items to one another, or digital, where university libraries in

Katsina State pool electronic resources for joining access.

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Cooperative Purchasing:

Cooperative Purchasing involves libraries acquiring materials to build shared

collections jointly. By pooling their resources, university libraries in Katsina

State can negotiate better prices, discounts, or licensing terms for purchasing

books, or other resources. Cooperative purchasing can be organized at the local,

regional, or national level, allowing libraries to expand their collections and

access resources they might not be able to afford individually.

Cooperative Cataloging:

Cooperative Cataloging involves libraries working together to create and

maintain bibliographic records for materials. This collaboration ensures that

resources are cataloged consistently and efficiently across university libraries in

Katsina State, reducing duplication of effort and improving access to

information. Cooperative cataloging initiatives often employ shared standards,

such as MARC (Machine e-Readable Cataloging), to facilitate interoperability.

Digital Resource Sharing:

With the growth of digital resources, university libraries in Katsina State can

share electronic materials more easily. Digital resource sharing involves sharing

e-books, e-journals, databases, and other digital content among libraries.

Libraries can participate in digital resource sharing programs or consortia that

40
provide access to a wide range of digital materials, ensuring that users can access

diverse online resources.

Resource Sharing Networks:

Resource sharing networks bring together libraries, organizations, or consortia to

facilitate the exchange of resources. These networks create platforms or systems

that enable university libraries in Katsina State to share materials, information,

and expertise. University libraries in Katsina State can joint these networks to

access shared catalogs, request materials, and collaborate with other members on

resource sharing initiatives.

Therefore, these methods of resource sharing can empower university libraries in

Katsina State to optimize their collections, increase access to materials enhance

service delivery and leverage their collective strengths to benefit their users.

Resource sharing among university libraries plays a crucial role in improving the

efficiency and effectiveness of library operations while expanding the availability

of resources for patrons.

2.10 Benefits of Resource Sharing among University Libraries

The benefits of information resource sharing for university libraries in Katsina

State, including cost savings, increase access to diverse collections, improved

research outcomes, and enhanced user satisfaction.

41
Resource sharing in libraries offers several key benefits. Firstly, it expands

access to broader range of resources for library users. Through interlibrary loans,

shared collections, and access to electronic resources, patrons can access

materials that may not be available in their local library, enriching their research

and learning experiences. Secondly, resource sharing promotes cost efficiency by

reducing duplication of materials and allowing libraries to share the cost of

acquisitions. This enables libraries to optimize budgets and allocate resources to

other essential services. Additionally, resource sharing fosters collaboration and

networking among libraries, facilitating the exchange of expertise, best practice,

and joint initiatives. It promotes equal access to information, ensuring that users,

regardless of location or library size, have access to a diverse array of resources.

Resource sharing strengthens library services, enhances user experiences, and

supports the goal of providing equitable access to information for all.

There are many benefits to resource sharing, including:

Increased Access to Information: Resource sharing allows libraries users to

access a broader range of information sources, including books, journals, articles,

and digital resources. This expanded access enables users to explore diverse

perspectives, conduct comprehensive research, and enhance their knowledge

base.

42
Increase Access to Resources: Through resource sharing, libraries can tap into

the collective holdings of multiple libraries, making a broader range of resources

available to their users. This ensures patrons have access to materials that may

not be available in their local library, enriching their learning and research

experiences.

Improve Research: Users can conduct more in-depth and comprehensive

research by accessing a broader pool of resources. They can explore various

perspectives, access specialized materials, and make informed decisions based on

a wider range of information sources.

Enhanced Learning: Resource sharing facilitates access to educational

materials and resources, empowering users to engage in self-directed learning. It

broadens the educational opportunities available to library users, allowing them

to explore new topics, deepen their understanding, and pursue personal and

professional growth.

Increase Opportunities for Collaboration: Resource sharing encourages

collaboration among libraries, promoting knowledge exchange, expertise sharing,

and joint initiatives. Libraries can collaborate on research projects, organize

events and workshops, and engage in cooperative collection development,

leading to enriched collaborations and improve services for library users.

43
Reduced Cost of the Library: Resource sharing helps libraries reduce cost by

minimizing the duplication of resources. Instead of acquiring every item

individually, libraries can share resources, borrow from partner libraries, or

participate in consortium purchases, resulting in significant cost savings.

Improve Efficiency: Resource sharing optimizes library operations by

streamlining resource acquisition and management processes. It eliminates the

need for redundant efforts in acquiring materials that are already available in

partner libraries, allowing libraries to allocate their resources more efficiently

and focus on providing high quality services to their users.

2.11 Policy Framework for Information Resource Sharing for Enhancing

Service Delivery among University Libraries

The local library, whether public, school, academic, or special has the

responsibility of locally meeting as many of its patrons’ needs as feasible.

However, for a variety of reasons, this may not always be possible. Properly

used, resource sharing is an excellent method to help supplement the local

library’s collection. Reciprocal access, interlibrary loan, and reciprocal

borrowing are all components of resource sharing. Reciprocal borrowing,

interlibrary loan, and reciprocal access are not to be used as a substitution for the

financial support and collection management of an individual library; they

augment the provision of library services by the local library.

44
One point that must not be lost is that the library service of resource sharing is

not free. Ultimately, all residents of library must share the cost. Residents who

are not taxed for library service will share the cost through nonresident fees.

Participation in several kinds of resource sharing as a condition of full

membership in a library system. All full member libraries must follow the

ILLINET Interlibrary Loan Code. In addition, full member libraries must provide

reciprocal borrowing to resident patrons of other libraries that are full members

of the library system and shall also honor library cards issued to non-residents of

the system area if the library does not opt out of the non-resident card program.

Any changes to this system Resource Sharing policy are subject to prior approval

of the Librarian. All policies governing all aspects of the system’s Resource

Sharing Plan, including any and all fees that may apply, shall be posted on the

system’s web site.

A. Reciprocal Borrowing

1. Responsibilities of All Member Libraries

a. Provide accurate information to patrons on the reciprocal borrowing rules and

procedures in the system.

b. Issue library cards that meet the minimum guidelines for reciprocal

borrowing, including an expiration date, the patron’s name, unique borrower’s

number, and the name of the issuing library.

45
c. Annually review its nonresident fee policy and report to the system the

method adopted by the library to determine the local use nonresident fee, the

amount of the fee, and the effective date of the fee.

2. Responsibilities of the Card Issuing/Home Library

a. Assist with the retrieval of delinquent material borrowed by one of its

registered patrons.

b. Reimburse lending library for reciprocally borrowed items not returned by

patrons. The reimbursement will be made within eight weeks of receipt of the

bill from the lending library.

i. Upon receipt of a bill, the Card Issuing/Home Library will replace or

reimburse the lending library for lost or damaged material not paid for by

the reciprocal borrower, in a manner consistent with the lending library’s

policy.

ii. If reimbursement is not made within three months of receipt of a bill, the

lending library may appeal to the system grievance procedure for further

action. Such action may include loss of full member status or suspension

from the system.

c. A library shall not sell a separate use card to residents who live in another

legally established library service area that taxes for library service.

46
d. A library may choose to sell a nonresident card. If a library chooses to sell

nonresident cards, the cards shall be issued; and nonresident fees shall be

calculated according to appropriate library Statute and the library

Administrative Code. The purchase of this card enables the purchaser to have

reciprocal borrowing privileges at other libraries. Nonresident cards must be

clearly marked “Nonresident.”

e. Provide a means for non- libraries to notify member libraries of patrons

reported as delinquent.

3. Responsibilities of the Lending Library

a. Lend to reciprocal borrowers all materials in any format, as generously as

possible.

1. A library is expected to provide 60% or more of local circulation to their

cardholders. A library which experiences an imbalance as a net lender in

reciprocal borrowing may restrict (but not terminate or set to zero)

reciprocal borrowing by the patrons of those libraries who have created a

significant imbalance for the lending library. Such restrictions shall not

include the charging of any fee that is not also charged to the patrons of

the lending library that has experienced an imbalance.

2. No library is expected to lend more than 15% of their total circulation to

cardholders of another single library. To solve this imbalance, the

47
 lending library is expected to initiate communication with the card-

issuing library to solve the issue according to best practices. If a solution

is not determined by the libraries involved, one of the parties may request

that the system’s grievance procedure be used to resolve the problem.

3. The limiting library’s Board of Trustees shall review any limits imposed

on reciprocal borrowers at least annually to determine whether the

conditions justifying such restrictions still pertain and the limits imposed

remain fair and reasonable. Any restrictions imposed by a limiting library

must be reported to the system for posting on the system website.

b. Agrees to honor the delinquency thresholds of other system libraries and not

circulate materials to delinquent patrons, whether a local patron or a patron of

another library, until the delinquency is cleared. When in doubt, the library

should contact the Card Issuing/Home Library for verification of the patron’s

status.

c. Have a policy by which delinquent borrowers will be refused service until the

borrower resolves the delinquency to the satisfaction of the lending library. A

reciprocal borrower is subject to the same overdue, lost, or damaged material

circulation policies as the lending library’s patrons.

d. Notify reciprocal borrowers of overdue materials in order to recover materials

or collect payment directly from the patron and assist with the retrieval of

48
 delinquent material borrowed by one of its registered patrons if requested by

the lending library.

e. Card Issuing/Home Library will reimburse lending library for reciprocally

borrowed items not returned by patrons. The reimbursement will be made

within eight weeks of receipt of the bill from the lending library.

f. Agree to extend intersystem reciprocal borrowing privileges to patrons with

valid borrower’s cards from libraries outside the system, provided the library

reciprocal borrowing privileges to card holders outside its library system.

g. Maintain and report adequate statistics concerning reciprocal borrowing

transactions as required by the appropriate governing body, the system and/or

the Library. Libraries members maintain reciprocal borrowing statistics

through their online catalog. Member’s libraries will maintain reciprocal

borrowing statistics locally.

4. Responsibilities of the System

a. Designate a staff member to coordinate, monitor, and guide the reciprocal

borrowing program.

b. The system will provide problem resolution for libraries experiencing

inequities in reciprocal borrowing.

c. Monitor reciprocal borrowing use patterns.

d. Distribute current state and system agency policies to member libraries.

49
e. Mediate, through a grievance procedure, reciprocal borrowing disputes,

including, but not limited to the reimbursement settlement between the

lending and the home libraries.

5. Suspension of Reciprocal Borrowing Privileges

a. Violations of this policy may lead to the suspension of the reciprocal

borrowing privileges of a library’s cardholders, the loss of full member status

for libraries, or suspension from the system for all types of libraries.

b. If an interpretation of this policy is at issue, the system will use the procedures

of the membership grievance policy to clarify the intent of the policy.

c. The system will notify all libraries of any member library whose reciprocal

borrowing privileges have been suspended.

d. In case of disputes arising from the application of the suspension provisions

of the Resource Sharing Policy, the procedures described in the system

Grievance Policy will be used.

6. Accessing School, Academic, and Special Libraries through Reciprocal

Borrowing

When regulations governing the non-library allow, libraries are encouraged to

permit reciprocal borrowing of items from their collection by either.

a. Accepting valid library cards.

b. Issuing community patron cards as provided for by their local policies.

50
c. Encourage the lending of all types of material to reciprocal borrowing patrons

on the same basis as to local patrons.

B. Reciprocal Access

1. Responsibilities of all Lending Libraries

a. Provide information describing their local access requirements to the

system.

b. Encourage and inform patrons of the availability.

c. Participate in the reciprocal access program by making its library resources

available to patrons of other member libraries in the least restrictive way

possible. Non-libraries may place reasonable restrictions on physical

access to their facilities and materials by patrons of other libraries.

d. When regulations governing the non-library allow, libraries are

encouraged to permit on-site use of their collection by either:

i. Open access anytime the library is open for use.

ii. Appointment made by the patron’s Card Issuing/Home Library.

e. Make available all nonproprietary, non-confidential resources of the

library for on-site use by reciprocal access patrons from other system

libraries. If, for a valid reason, a library cannot provide on-site physical

access to its nonproprietary, no confidential library resources, the library

51
 must submit a plan to provide functionally equivalent access to patrons of

other system member libraries.

f. Follow the standard procedures for referring patrons to other member

libraries, taking into consideration the access requirements of the library to

which the patron is being referred.

2. Responsibilities of the System

a. Designate a staff member to coordinate, monitor and guide the reciprocal

access program.

b. Collect and make available information describing local requirements of

system libraries for on-site access.

c. Provide a standardized means for referral of patrons.

2.12 Service Delivery among University Library

Libraries across all types, sizes geographical locations are commonly tasked with

the fundamental requirement of ensuring quality in their service delivery. This

makes service delivery central to the operation of libraries while their resources

are geared toward delivering services that are adjudged to be high quality. The

need for quality service delivery in libraries stems from the service-centric nature

of libraries where user’s satisfaction is the gauge to measuring how well the

library is fulfilling its objectives. Such user’s satisfaction according to Agrawal

(2011) is considered to be supreme and capable of sustaining the future of

52
libraries. Consequently, the sustainability of libraries is to a significant measure

dependent on the satisfaction of the users, which according to Gyau, Lui and

Kwakye (2021) is predicted by the quality of service delivered in the library.

The concept of service delivery in libraries entails the act of providing library

users with the necessary professional assistance required to meet their

information needs. This assistance is fragmented in to different direct and

indirect service which constantly needs to be improved upon to catch up with the

ever-changing information needs of the 21 st century library users. In

collaboration of the aforementioned, Akpokodje and Lawal (2015) called on

libraries to constantly seek ways to deliver enhanced services to the users.

Enhancing library services for the users aims to provide them with a quality

service. Service quality In libraries at its most basic level connotes library users

comparison of their service expectation and perception of the actual service

received (Parasuraman et al. in Alzaydi, Al-Hajlla, Nguyen & Jayawardhena,

2018). The authors further affirmed that the quality of service has become the top

priority to service-oriented institutions like libraries, and its assessment has

become imperative. It is, therefore, pertinent to have a glimpse at the importance

of improving service delivery in university libraries in Katsina State.

Information service delivery is fundamental to university libraries, essentially,

information service deliveries are library processes and activities that are

53
deployed by libraries to deliver information services and resources to library

users, with the aim of enhancing the activities and productivity of library users.

University libraries are the libraries attached to universities to support teaching

learning and research of the community. Advancement in technology has greatly

influenced library services. Library services are those services offered by the

library to its users. Igwela and Nsirim, (2018) identified library services

according to international standard to include; resource sharing service, reference

service, document delivery service, browning renewing and reserving,

computerized interactive search, technical services, IT services, e-library

services, serial services, exhibition and displays, user education, selective

Dissemination of information, current awareness services, referral service,

reprographic service. The aforementioned services have taken a a different

dimension due to the structure, manner and service in the present world caused

by the advancement of ICT and the evolution of electronic resources and

computer aided library management. However, the leap from conventional

library management system to electronic library management has paved ways for

great changes in the very structure and manner of library profession (Koya &

Gopakumar, 2018).

54
Consequently, university libraries in Katsina state requires ICT skills because

ICT skills are the prerequisite for effective service delivery for information

resource sharing and other services offered in the contemporary society.

2.13 Challenges Hindering Effective Information Resources Sharing among

University Libraries

While resource sharing in libraries brings numerous benefits, it also has

particular challenges that must be addressed. Some of the common challenges of

information resource sharing among university libraries include:

Technological and Infrastructure: Inadequate technological infrastructure or

compatibility issues among different library system can hinder seamless sharing

of resources.

Legal and Copyright Issues: Copyright restrictions and licensing agreements

may limit the ability to share certain materials, especially electronic resources,

across institutions.

Resource Disparity: Variations in the quality and quantity of resources among

participating libraries can create challenges in equitable sharing and may lead to

imbalances in consortium.

Interoperability: Lack of standardized metadata formats and cataloging

practice can make it difficult to integrate resources from different libraries into a

unified system for sharing.

55
Resource Management: Managing shared collections, including cataloging,

circulation, and preservation, requires coordinated efforts and may pose

logistical challenges.

Financial Constraints: Budget constraints and funding limitations can affect

the ability to invest in technology, infrastructure, and acquisitions necessary for

effective resource sharing.

Staff Training and Skills: Library staff may require training and skill

development to effectively implement and manage resource sharing initiatives,

including interlibrary loan processes and digital repository management.

Security and Privacy Concerns: Ensuring the security and privacy of shared

information, particularly in the case of electronic resources and patron data, is

crucial but can be challenging to maintain across multiple libraries

Communication and Coordination: Effective communication and

coordination among participating libraries are essential for a successful resource

sharing but can be challenging to maintain, especially in larger consortia.

Resistance to Change: Resistance to change among library staff or institutional

stakeholders may impede the adoption of new resource sharing practices and

technologies.

56
Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts, investment in

technology and infrastructure, adherence to legal and ethical standards, and

ongoing communication and training among participating libraries.

2.14 Theoretical Framework

The study aimed at examining the information resources sharing for enhanced

service delivery among university libraries in Katsina State. Various research

questions will be address in relation to the research topic as highlighted in

chapter one. The study will concerned with information resources sharing

activities and the research collaboration ties establish from such interactions. So

the study will be adopting knowledge management theory, which is Social

Capital Theory (SCT). The concept of information sharing cut across all fields

and is a multidimensional practice aimed at communicating expertise, scholarly

ideas and research contents to facilitate effective access and use of information

and knowledge. Hence the SCT will be used to understand the patterns,

preferences and characteristics of the academics.

For this study social capital theory will be choose to inform this investigation

into information resource sharing for enhanced service delivery among university

libraries in Katsina state.

Fukuyama ((2002:27) believes that social capital theory is mutual standard or set

of ideals through which social co-existence is achieved and developed into

57
constructive beneficial outcome, while Garip (2008) defines social capital as a

means of producing goods and services through constant and casual networks

involving mutual benefiting parties or individuals .

For this study, social capital theory refers to the social network, norms and

sanctions that facilitated co-operative action among libraries for information

resource sharing strategies and utilization in university libraries. It is also a

network of relationship among libraries to work and enable a function

effectively. It involves the effective functioning of information resources sharing

through interpersonal relationship, a shared sense of identity, a shared

understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust cooperation and reciprocity.

Social capital can be used to explain the process and improve performance of

libraries who are participating in information resource sharing for effective use.

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The scope and components of SCT are presented figure 1 below:

Networks bonding/binding

Sense of belonging Feelings trusted and safety

Reciprocity
Diversity Social capital

Values, norms out looking life

Citizens power/proactive
Participation

Fig. 1: Social Capital Framework (Adopted from Halpern, 2005)

The decision to Helpern’s (2005) social capital Theory to explain information

resources sharing practices for enhanced service delivery will inform by the fact

that the theory highlights important issues with respect to the nature and

characteristics of libraries, what they tend to contribute, and the benefits that they

derive, significant components of the SCT are discuss bellow as provided by

Helpern’s (2005).

59
Sense of Belonging: When university libraries abide by the norms of the

information resource sharing practice around us, we become part of a group, and

fellow group members reward us with social safety. When we perceive a sense of

belonging, we feel accepted and at ease with being ourselves, which causes us to

feel accepting of others within the group system.

Network: Network implies putting together sub-set of university libraries under

study in order to act in a co-operative manner with the predetermined obligation

to achieve the goals of the system among the participant members’ libraries.

Feelings of Trust and Safety: The libraries under study user feel your platform

is a safe place to be, they are more likely to feel positive about your information

resources. A trust and safety team will build and preserve user trust in your

library by ensuring that you online platform is a trust worthy and safe place for

them to visit and interact with.

Diversity: Diversity is another important aspect of integrate with others. When

university libraries of the same ideas came together, their system of satisfying

their users in providing information resources add value to the members of the

institutions. Common ideas and perspectives will be shared among others for

effective and efficient of information resource sharing activities.

60
Reciprocity: Reciprocity is another important aspect of information resource

sharing among libraries. The libraries under study should agree to do something

similar for each other, to allow each other to have the same rights in the system.

Values, norms and outlook on life: Those libraries whose belong to the system

derive some values and norms from those other libraries that are not part of the

system define as professionals

Power: The ability to participate and contribution of the libraries under study

will give them collective power and authority as a group and to exercise as

members of the system.

Pro-activity and Participation: Libraries that are belong to the system of

information resource sharing practice become more enthusiastic when working

together towards achieving a common goal and when they charged with some

responsibilities and task to accomplish, thereby contributing to the overall

success of the system.

The SCT will be used in this study to examine and explain the approach and

contribution of libraries as members and their participation in information

resources sharing for enhanced service delivery among university libraries in

Katsina State.

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2.14.1 Weakness of the Theory

The social Capital Theory has been criticized by scholars from a functional-

versus interpersonal perspectives, and in argument whether social capital

initiatives guarantees mutual or personal benefits (Portes, 1998; Sceffler et-al.,

2008). Furthermore, social capital has been criticized in terms of individual

inputs for collaborative participation or for the usefulness of social capital into

real practice in community and corporate organizations (Bourdieu. 1986;

Coleman 1990; Putnam 1993, 1995; Brown et-al., 2006). Bourdieu (1986)

believes that social capital is large beneficial to the dominant members of a

group, society or organization for maintaining solidarity and supremacy. He

views restrictions in a group or network as an advantage towards maintaining

trust, culture, authority and norms hinders wider participation and evaluation

Electra. Other forms of criticism include that social capital is too simplistic and

narrow as it undermines the status of individuals in an organization by regarding

them as mere employees (Desjardins, 2003).

Despite the criticism of the theory by some scholars, the theory is relevant to the

current study and will be used for the applicability of information resource

sharing for enhanced service delivery among university libraries in Katsina State.

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2.14.2 The Strength of the Theory

The current study adopted the social capital theory to understand the importance

of information resource sharing for enhanced service delivery and joint efforts in

the achievement of common goals among university libraries in Katsina state. In

the academia, common goals may include research, achieving world standards,

communicating beyond boundaries and gaining competitive advantage. This and

more can be achieved through information resource sharing for enhanced service

delivery among university libraries. This is supported by Sounders (2006:9) who

posits that social networks influence and facilitate the acquisition and utilization

of information resources. Social capital can facilitate the development of

knowledge and resources through knowledge exchange thereby promoting trust

and reciprocal ties.

2.15 Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework in a research work is an analytical tool that contains

several variations and contexts use to organize ideas in a research and make

conceptual distinctions (Tingsanchali, 2012). It is used to describe objectives of

the research and acts as a basis in which the research is formulated. Conceptual

framework differentiates variables and how they are related to each other. The

conceptual framework of this study show how the independent, dependent,

variables, and the outcome variables are related to each other.

63
 Current status of information Information resources
resources available

Network Information Information resources

resources sharing
sharing for
Best Practice and strategies for
enhanced
effective information resource
sharing to enhance service delivery. service
delivery Information sharing
Social capital theory Values, norms, and outlook and life
The attitudes of library staff

regarding information resource

sharing initiatives. Information resource

sharing for enhanced
service delivery
Benefits of information resource sharing on service delivery.
Pro-active and participation

Challenges hindering effective

information resource sharing.

Fig 2: Conceptual Framework

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Information Resources: These are the total means available and organized in a

library for the support of learning, teaching, and research for public, an

organization or for an individual. Information resources include all forms of

information carriers that can be used to promote and encourage effective

research activities and developmental projects. Information resources are those

information materials in both print and non-print, such as text books, journals,

newspapers and magazines, CD Rom databases, internet/E-mail, video

tapes/cassettes, diskettes, computers etc. These information resources are

materials that libraries acquire, catalogue, stock, and made available to the

patrons for effective use as well as the provision of others services, there is need

for classification and control of information resources for effective functioning.

Information Resources Sharing: Is the sharing of library resources by certain

participating libraries among themselves on the basis of the principle of co-

operation. This is applicable in sharing of documents by the libraries. It deals

with the interconnection of libraries so that the participating libraries can share

the information and resources effectively. This will increase availability of

resources, extend the accessibility of resources, diminish cost and promote

utilization of resource.

Information Sharing: Is the voluntary act of making information possessed by

one entity available to another entity. It can be describes as the exchange of data

65
between various libraries. Information sharing can be understood as a set of

activities by which information is provided to others, either proactively or upon

request among the university libraries. The libraries create culture of

collaboration and team work that fosters continues improvement and promotes

the well-being of their users.

Information Resource Sharing for Enhanced Service Delivery: These are

library process and activities that are deployed by libraries to exchange the

information resource and deliver information services and resources to their

library users, with the aim of enhancing the activities and productivity of library

user’s.

2.16 Summary of the Review and Uniqueness of the Study

Academic activities, governance, public service, industry and commerce would

not take place without regular flow of up up—to-date, relevant and timely

information. This is why academic libraries, with required technological

capability are developing systems for collecting, managing and sharing

information. Academic environment is characterized by learning, teaching and

research. Thus, research is a continuous process usually built upon earlier

discoveries and findings aimed at achieving positive results and reliable

outcomes. Hence researchers do not always work in isolation. In order to avoid

duplication of research effort, lecturers communicate and share information

66
which allows professional scrutiny of every bit of data generated among them.

Nahapiet (2008), point out that, new resources, include scientific advances, and

are created mainly through two generic processes: sharing and combination.

When resources are held by different parties, sharing of information and

materials is a prerequisite for resource combination.

The sharing of information and materials allow libraries to build on each other’s

work and achieve results faster. With theses, research on information sharing

among libraries has become essential to improve research and academic

responsibilities.

At the beginning, the literature discusses the concepts/ significance and

development of information resource sharing citations from Kumar (2017), Ilily

(2006) Ayinda (2014), Ali and Oweye (2010), Malyawat (2012), Judge (2011),

Yusuf ( (2012), Agoulu (2008) etc. moreover, the literature review tried to

identify the types of information sharing citations fromCruz, Boster and

Rodriguez, (1997), Woollsey, Chabris, Pentland, Hashimi and Malone, (2010),

Mesmer, Magnus and Dechurch, (2002), Mayo and Langred,(2004), Andres and

Smud, (2001).

The literature identified the aims and objective of information resource sharing

in university libraries by the scholars such as Rahman (2006), Tanvir (2009),

Andres and Smud (2001), Mayo and Langfred (2004).The literature also

67
highlights some of the requirements for information resource in university

libraries by the scholars such as wang (2014), Omekwu (2004), Bannigo (2001),

Chatterjee (2010), Siddan Agouda (2013), Webster (2006) and others.

The literature also discuss the method, benefits of information resources sharing

and policy framework in the university libraries by some of the scholars such as

posiner (2017), Chisita&Fombad, (2019), Yuravaj (2015), Saati&Tuominen

(2020), Kristof (2018), Braggioli (2018), Classen (2019), Pereira & Franco

(2020), Kalbande (2018), Babaryka-Amelchanka et-al. (2019), Saini (2017).

The literature related to challenges faced in using the information sharing

strategies by university libraries where scholars writers, and researchers like

Parker and Adeyimi (2020), Tee (2022), Bousso and De Lemons (2022), Sharif

and Agada (2022).The literature also discuss on information sharing activities by

university libraries by acknowledging the contribution of some researchers in the

area of information sharing includes Devine et-al. (2009), Mohayidin et-al.

(2007) among others. The researcher observed that, there is little literature on

information sharing activities among university libraries in Katsina State;

therefore, this research will be a paramount contribution to this area of resource

sharing.

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The study also adopt SCT model as a theory in order to guide and support the

research work. The reason for adopting this theory is relevant to the current

study, it allow libraries to work together effectively to achieve a common goal.

However, this study is set to examine the information resources sharing for

enhanced service delivery among university libraries in Katsina State. Similarly,

it also seen from the review that , despite the relevance of the review with the

existing research work, there is no study that talk directly on the entire variables

of the present research at the same time, but rather some studies where centered

on one or two variables.

3.0 Statement of the Problems

The significance of information resource sharing for enhanced service delivery

among university libraries in Katsina State lies in different key aspects such as

improve access, cost efficiency, enhanced research, equitable access and

networking collaboration. Implementing information resource sharing for

enhanced service delivery in Katsina State not only addresses immediate

resource constraints but also foster a culture of collaboration and innovation that

benefits the entire academic community.

In every academic institution libraries are supposed to be the heart that support

the teaching, learning and research activities. Libraries are expected to collect,

organize and disseminate relevant information resources towards the satisfaction

69
of its users. Adeniran (2011) states that, the purpose of a library is defeated if its

users are not satisfied with the resources that the library provides. This is in spite

of the fact that library is the supportive input for any academic institutions for

teaching, learning and research. It is perceived that academic libraries in Katsina

State tertiary institutions do not make provision of enough information resources

and in some cases where such information resources are available they are not

put into proper use.

University libraries in Katsina State play a critical role in supporting teaching,

learning and research activities by providing access to information resources.

However, these libraries often face challenges in meeting the diverse

information needs of their users due to lack of fund, inadequate collections, and

staffing constraints. While collaborative resource sharing initiatives, such as

interlibrary loan systems and consortium memberships, offer opportunities

address these challenges, there is lack of comprehensive research examining the

effectiveness, barriers, and best practices of information resource sharing among

university libraries in Katsina state.

University libraries are established to provide materials, which communicate

experience and ideas from one person to another and make them easily and

freely available to the students, researchers and scholars. The university libraries

are the center of information that makes almost all kind of knowledge and

70
information readily available to its users. It is established, supported and funded

by the community institutions or through some other form of community

organizations. It provides access to knowledge, information and works of

imagination through a range of resources and services.

Therefore, university libraries are facing with number of challenges, as they

want to continue offering their best to meet the mandate of the institute. The

major problem they face is inadequate funding which lead to poor condition of

services, shortage of professional staff, poor human resource management,

extreme dilapidated structures and facilities, inadequate ICT facilities and others.

The preliminary study made by the researchers, revealed that the major problem

faced by the university libraries in Katsina State is lack of fund that will enable

lack of training and re-training of staffs on information resource sharing and

service delivery, lack of ICT facilities to enable internet connectivity. For

resources sharing couple with problems of hard and soft ware for easy Resources

Sharing etc.

The purpose for the establishment of every university library is to provide

information resources and make them available and accessible while ensuring

the information resources sharing strategies that meet the information needs of

the users at the right time. Therefore, university libraries should sustain the

resource sharing activities for the availability and accessible information

71
resources, and more information resources should be acquired and be given

accessibility to the students at the right time because of their usefulness to the

students and other researchers.

This study therefore, looks at the state of information resource sharing for

enhanced service delivery among the University libraries in Katsina State.

4.0 Research Questions

This study seeks to answer the following questions

1. What are the existing information resources available in university

libraries in Katsina State?

2. How can information resources sharing be effective to enhance service

delivery among university libraries in Katsina State?

3. What are the attitudes of library staff toward information resource sharing

initiatives in Katsina State?

4. What are the benefits of information resource sharing among university

libraries in Katsina State?

5. What are the challenges of information resource sharing among university

libraries in Katsina State?

5.0 Research Objectives

The study has the following objectives

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 1. To assess the current status of information resources available in

university libraries in Katsina State.

2. To explore best practice and strategies for effective information resource

sharing to enhance service delivery among university libraries in Katsina

State.

3. To examines the attitudes of library staff regarding information resource

sharing initiatives.

4. To find out the benefits of information resource sharing on service

delivery among university libraries in Katsina State.

5. To identify the challenges hindering effective information resource

sharing among university libraries in Katsina State.

6.0 Significance of the Study

The study of Information Resources Sharing for enhanced service delivery will

be considered significant in many aspects. Firstly, the study will help the

management of the University Libraries in taking decision with respect to the

development of their libraries systems. The study is of great importance to

researchers, educationist, librarians, information managers and policy makers of

University libraries. The study will also contribute to the existing literature in the

field of library and information science. The study will consider significant in

considering the development of knowledge and information which firmly rested

73
upon the cardinal functions of a library. The study will enlighten all University

in Katsina State to see the need of having Information Resources Sharing

between them so as to improve information service delivery to their clientele.

The study will also try to find out problems hindering effectiveness and

efficiency of Information Resources Sharing among University libraries so that

they can address them and embrace this idea of Information Resources Sharing

with view of improving its information service delivery to their clientele. The

study will also help university management to establish the various Strategies to

put in place so as to ensure Information Resources Sharing for enhanced service

delivery is carried out in an effective and efficient manner among them.

In addition, the significance of this study lies in the fact that the findings of this

study would be of immense assistance to the administrators, librarians of the

University Libraries to determine the strength and weakness of the information

Resources Sharing for enhanced service delivery in the Libraries. The study will

add to the literature on information of information Resources Sharing for

enhanced service delivery as an educational document for use by students,

researchers and academicians by making the research findings potentially useful

as well as utilization to its intended users.

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7.0 Research Methodology

This section describes the proposed methodology for the study. It also comprises

the research design, research setting, preliminary study and its findings, research

design, sampling technique and sample size, population of the study, instrument

for data collection procedure for data collection, and method of data analysis.

7.1 Research Approach

The research approach for this study is qualitative method. According to Flick

(2014). Qualitative research is interested in analyzing subjective meaning or the

social production of issues, events, or practices by collecting non-standardized

data and analyzing texts and images rather than number and statistics. This

definition stressed on how people make sense of something in the world.

Qualitative research is concerned with exploring and understanding the meaning

that people put to a certain social or human problem (creswell, 2014) and is said

to be inductive and covers interpretive practices.

The rationale behind the choice of qualitative approach for this study it will

allows in-depth analysis of small groups of people. It will also allow the

researcher to understand participants experience with the central phenomenon; it

will also allow a more idiographic approach (investigating individuals in person

to achieve a unique understanding of them).

75
7.2 Research Design

Research design is a plan for research project it provides guidelines which direct

the researcher towards solving the research problems and it may vary depending

on the nature of the problem being studied. Research designs, according to

Denzin & Lincoln (2011) are types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative,

and mixed methods approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in

a research design. Others have called them strategies for inquiry. Similarly,

Abaje and Alarape (2010) define research design as the total plan of a given

study. It outlines how the study will be executed with the minimum of

complications.

There are a lot of qualitative research designs, but for the purpose of this study,

narrative qualitative design will be use. Narrative design according to

Czarniakska (200) “is the procedures for conducting research within the context

of quality mode of inquiry which involved focusing and studying one or two

individuals, gathering data through the collection of their stories, reporting

individual experiences and chronologically ordering the meaning of those

experiences”.

The justification for using qualitative narrative design is that it allowed the

researcher to identify an issue or concern, provide the purpose of the study and

enables the researcher to understand the personal or social experience of

76
individuals through examining not only one individual but several individuals as

well. The design will be chose because it allows for the systematic study of all

the variables, analyzing them and assisting in arriving at clear conclusions and

also the ability to provide a deeper a deeper insight into interaction with

participants and the ability to capture the detail stories or life experiences of

single life or lives of a small number of individuals.

Therefore, the qualitative narrative design also allows the researcher to select an

individual who can provide an understanding of the issue. It allows a careful of

these persons based on their experiences to analyze them, and this can assist in

arriving at clear conclusions.

7.3 Preliminary Study Objectives and Findings

A preliminary study is conducted in a research with a view to determine the

population of the study. The aim of the preliminary study is to:

1. To ascertain the number of university libraries practicing information

resource sharing under the study.

2. To find out the university libraries cooperate for information resource

sharing in Katsina States.

3. To find out the methods they are using for providing information

resource sharing services among the libraries under study.

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 4. To examine the department/section handling the service of information

resource sharing among the libraries under study.

5. To identify the number of staffs handling the service of information

resource sharing among the university libraries under study.

It observed from the preliminary study there are four (4) university libraries in

Katsina State. It discovered that among the four university libraries, only 2

university libraries are currently practicing information resource sharing which

are Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, and Al-Qalam University Katsina.

For the preliminary study, the researcher visited the libraries under study with

introductory letter from the department of library and information sciences,

Bayero University, Kano. Therefore, the researcher contacted the principal

librarians of university libraries under study. The researcher raised the following

questions

a. Are you practicing information resource sharing in your library?

b. What are the libraries that you cooperate for information resource sharing

in Katsina State University Libraries?

c. What are the methods are you using for providing information resource

sharing services in your library?

d. Which department/section handling the service of information resource

sharing in your library?

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 e. How many staffs handling the service of information resource sharing in

your library?

Table 1: Result of the Preliminary Investigation

S/ Names of Availability of Cooperate Department/ Methods of Number of

N University Information Libraries Section of Information Resource
Libraries Resource Information Resource Sharing
Sharing Resource Sharing Staff
Sharing
1. Federal Not Available
University
Dutsinma
Library
2. Umaru Musa Available Al-Qalam Reader Through inter 12
Yar’aduaa University Service library loan
University Katsina Department and online
Library public access
catalogue
3. Al-Qalam Available Umaru Technical Through 5
University Musa Service online and
Katsina Library Yar’adua Department referral service
University
Library
4. National Open Not available
University
Katsina Library

7.4 Research Setting

Katsina State is geographical and political expression of an area that comprises

two ancient kingdoms of Katsina and Daura. These kingdoms were among the

79
oldest Hausa state. The area is located in the Sahel Savannah region of northern

Nigeria between latitudes 11007’49N – 13022’57 North and longitude

6052’03E9002’40 East. Its principal Neighbors are Zamfara and Sokoto to the

west, Jigawa and Kano to the east, Maradi and Damagaram in the Niger

Republic to the east and Northeast and Kaduna State to the South.

Katsina State was created out of the former Kaduna State on Wednesday,

September 23, 1987, by the Federal Military Administration of General

Badamasi Babangida. That event added another dimension to annals of social

and political transformation of the area. The state has a population of 5.79

million people according to the 2006 provisional census figures.

Since its creation Katsina State has witnessed changes in socio-economic,

cultural and political spheres. New Local government Areas and District

Councils have been created. There are four universities libraries in Katsina State.

Federal University Dutsinma library, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Library,

Al-Qalam University Library. In addition to the numerous Secondary Schools,

other infrastructures such as markets, roads dams, hospitals etc. were

constructed.

7.5 Population of the study

Austn and Pinkleton (2006) “population is a group of individuals, persons,

objects or items from which the sample are taken for measurement”. From the

80
preliminary investigation conducted, there are 4 university libraries located in

Katsina State. Therefore, the population of this study comprised of two

university libraries. The libraries have a total number of 17 staff that handling

information resource sharing. These libraries are presented in the in the table

below:

S/N Libraries Availability of No of

information Resource Staff
Sharing
1. Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Available 12
Library
2. Al-Qalam University Library Available 5

7.6 Sampling Technique

Sampling is the process of selecting a number of participants for a study in such

a way that they represent the larger group from which they will be selected (Gay,

2006). There are number of sampling methods in qualitative research, but for the

purpose of this study purposive sampling method will be employed for data

collection. In this type of sampling method, selections are made on purpose or

based on the judgment of the researcher as advised by Abdul-maliq (2006). The

reason for chosen purposive sampling is due to their advantage of open rooms

for researcher to select individuals/respondents who the researcher believed are

81
the key informants that will provide information and contributes to researchers

understanding of phenomenon under study.

7.7 Sample Size

The sample size of this study comprised of two (2) university libraries Umaru

Musa Yar’adua University library and Al-Qalam University library. The

justification for the researcher for selecting two (2) out of four (4) university

libraries located in Katsina State is that, those selected two university libraries

are currently offered information resource sharing in their libraries, the other two

university libraries were not offered information resource sharing. The

researcher will select a university librarian and three (3) information resource

sharing staff of each university library as the respondents of the study. The total

of eight (8) respondents will be selected as the main respondents of the study;

their choice will be informed by the fact that they are responsible for managing

information resource sharing in their respective libraries. The sample size will be

justified based on recommendations by Morse (1994) in his article titled

“Designing funded qualitative research” in which he recommended a sample of

“< 6 (i. e greater than or equal to 6)” participants for interview in narrative based

qualitative research. This also correspond to Croswell (1998) who recommends a

sample size of > 10 (i. e less than or equal to 10) as participants “in the same

82
narrative based qualitative research. The table below will shows the sample size

of the population of the study.

S/N University Libraries University Information

Librarians Resource Sharing
Staff
1. Umaru Musa Yar’adua University 1 3
Library
2. Al-Qalam University Library 1 3
Total 2 8

7.8 Research Instrument

The researcher intends to use structured interview. According to Mathews and

Ross (2010), an interview is simply described as a particular type of

conversation between two or more people. Similarly, Gray (2014) defines an

interview as a conversation between people with one person acting as a

researcher. Brink, Vander Walt and Van Rensburg (2012), Leedy and Ormrod

(2010) and Polit and Beck (2012) also add to the definition of an interview by

describing it as a method of data collection in which an interviewer obtains

responses from a participant on face-to-face encounter or through a telephonic or

electronic means. Enumerate the strengths of the interview procedure as follows:

it can provide comprehensive information, very quick improvement to a research

study is achieved for telephone interviews, it allow good interpretive validity, it

is a good tool for measuring attitudes and most other content of interest, it permit

83
the act of probing when the interview process is ongoing, and there is

moderately high measurement validity for well-constructed and well-tested

interview protocols.

The reason for the choice of structured interview is, it is standardizes the order in

which questions are ask from the survey respondents, the questions are always

answered within the same context. This ensures that answers can be reliably

aggregated and that comparisons can be made with confidence between sample

subgroups or between different survey periods. Structured interviews can also be

used as best suited for engaging in respondent or focus group studies in which it

would be beneficial to compare/contrast participant responses in order to answer

a research question.

The instrument will be divided into the following sections:

Section A: Demographic Data.

Section B: Information resources available in University libraries in Katsinna

State.

Section C: How can information resources sharing be effective to enhance

service delivery among University libraries in Katsina State?

Section D: Attitudes of library staff toward information resource sharing

initiatives in Katsina State

84
Section E: Benefits of information resource sharing among University libraries

in Katsina State?

Section F: Challenges of information resource sharing among University

libraries in Katsina State.

7.9 Procedure for Data Collection

The researcher will collect a letter of introduction from the department of

Library and Information Science, Bayero University, Kano to enable researcher

to collect data. Permission will be collect from the four university libraries that

take part in the study in Katsina State. The researcher will personally administer

the instrument to the participants.

3.10 Trustworthiness of the Instrument

According to Eliot (2011), trustworthiness in qualitative research ensures the

credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability of the research

instrument and the findings of the research. The researcher will adopt the

provision made by Shenton (2004) as cited in Seidu (2013) to achieve

credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability of the research

instrument and the findings of the research.

On the credibility, according to Shenton (2014) the provisions are:

a. The development of an early familiarity with the culture of participating

organization before the data collection takes place. Thus, the researcher

85
 familiarize with the culture of all the participating organization intended

to be covered by the study.

b. Frequent debriefing season between the researcher and his or her

supervisor. In compliance with this provision, consistent debriefing of the

researcher’s supervisor and other knowledge people in both the area of

research and in the qualitative research methodology is ensures.

On transferability Shenton (2004) made the following provision to be applied:

a. The number of organizations taking part in the study and where they are

based. There are 4 university libraries in Katsina State.

b. Any restriction on the type of people who contributed data. The data

intended to be collected will be restricted to only university libraries in

Katsina State.

c. The number of participants involved in the field work. The number of

participants to be involved in this study will include 8 librarians.

Dependability: to ensure dependability in this study process within the study

will be reported in detail thereby enabling future researchers to repeat the work

if not necessary to gain the same result (Shenton, 2004). For this reason,

different sections in the methodology are well documented to effectively allow

the dependability process be carried out.

86
Conformability: to establishing the conformability of this research, steps must

be taking to help ensue as far as possible that the work findings are the result of

experience and ideas of the information rather than the characteristics and

preference of the researcher (Shenton, 2004). This will however, be ensured by

explaining in detail procedures to be involved in the conduct of this research

work especially by providing thematic analysis of the data collection.

7.11 Method of Data Analysis

The purpose of data analysis in research is to transform data and give

meaningful facts to the data obtained. Data for this study will be obtained

through structured interview. Creswell (2014) feels that data obtained by

qualitative methods are too voluminous; the researcher should make a plan on

how to reduce the data by identifying a coding procedure that assists in reducing

the information put into themes or categories. In this study, qualitative data will

be obtaining from interview, will analyze trough thematic analysis. Braun and

Clark (2013) assert that; thematic analysis is flexible data analysis plan that

qualitative researcher use to generate themes from interview data. This approach

is flexible in that there is no specific research design associated with thematic

analysis; it can be utilize for case study, phenomenology, generic qualitative and

narrative inquiry to name a few. This data plan is perfect for both novice and

expert qualitative researcher because the steps are easy to follow but rigorous

87
enough to generate meaningful findings from the data. The analyze qualitative

data will organized and presented according to the research questions, to bring

together all the relevant data that pertains to the exact issue of concern under

study and preserves the coherence of the content qualitative data involved in

interviews.

8.0 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study investigated the information resource sharing for enhanced service

delivery among university libraries in Katsina State. Its scope was specifically to

study the concept , development and significance of information resource

sharing, aims of information resource sharing, requirements, areas and utilization

of information resources sharing , methods of resource sharing in university

libraries, benefits of information resource sharing, policy framework and service

delivery among university libraries, challenges faced in using the information

resource sharing by university libraries.

Specifically, it will limited to researchers, librarians and students of the institutes

who are also constrained with inadequacy of literature on information resources

sharing, especially related to the institutes under study.

9.0 Operational Definitions of Terms

1. Information resources: Is the total collection of library materials including

print and non-print provided with a review to satisfying information needs of

88
 users to help them perform better in their chosen areas of studies, such

materials include books, journals, reference books, computers and related

electronic gadgets.

2. Sharing: is the cooperative exchange of resources among libraries,

institutions, or consortia. This can be lending, borrowing, licensing, or

providing access to resources for the mutual benefit of all libraries included.

3. Enhanced Service Delivery: is the improvement or effective of library

services and operations to effective meet the needs and expectations of users.

This may involve providing faster access to resources, providing personalized

assistance and guidance, implementing user-friendly technologies and

fostering a supportive and welcoming environment for users.

4. University Libraries: Are libraries found in institution of higher learning

like university, polytechnic, college, and all other institute of higher learning.

They are libraries which is an integral part of an institution of higher

education.

5. Katsina State: Katsina State is a city located in Northern Nigeria, with more

than two universities and higher education institutions. In the context of this

study, Katsina State serves as the geographical area of focus for examining

information resource sharing practices among University libraries inside state

boundary.

89
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 APPENDIX

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE.

FACULTY OF EDUCATION, BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO.

P.M.B. 3011, KANO.

MAY, 2024

Title: Survey on Information Resource Sharing for Enhanced Service Delivery.

I am a postgraduate student of the department of Library and Information

Science of Bayero University Kano. Thank you for participating in this
survey, your responses will contribute to the understanding of information
resource sharing practices among university libraries in Katsina State and
help identify opportunities for improving service delivery. Please answer
the following questions to the best of your knowledge and experience.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

Yusuf Hamza
SPS/19/MLS/00038

100
Section ‘A’: Demographic Information

1. Name of Institution: ………………………………..……………………….

2. Gender: Male [ ] Female [ ]
3. Age: 20-25 [ ] 30-35 [ ] 35 and above [ ]
4. Department/Section of Library: Reader Service [ ] Technical Service [ ]
Circulation [ ] Reserve [ ] Reference [ ]
5. Experience: 1-5years [ ] 5-10years [ ] 10-15years [ ] 15years and above [ ]
6. Highest Educational Qualification: ND/NCE [ ] B.Sc./HND [ ]
Masters [ ] PhD [ ] Other specify………………..…………………..
7. Role of Participant: Library Administrator [ ] Librarian [ ] Library Staff [ ]

Section ‘B’: What are the Existing Information Resources in University

Libraries in Katsina State?

1. What are the types of information resources are available in your library:
Print resources [ ] Non-print resource [ ] both print and non-print resources
Section C: How can Information Resources Sharing be effective to enhance
Service Delivery among University Libraries in Katsina State?

1. Does your university library participate in any formal information resource

sharing for enhancing service delivery: Yes [ ] No [ ] Not sure
2. If yes, please specify the types of information resource sharing initiatives
your library participate in:
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

3. How satisfied are you with the current information resource sharing practice
in your library: Very satisfied [ ] Satisfied [ ] Neutral [ ] Dissatisfied [ ]
Very dissatisfied [ ]
Section D: What are the Attitudes of Library Staff toward Information
Resource Sharing Initiatives in Katsina State?

101
1. Could you please provide the attitudes adopted toward information resource
sharing initiatives in your library.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

Section E: What are the Benefits of Information Resource Sharing among

University Libraries in Katsina State?

1. What do you perceive as the benefits of information resource sharing for your
library?
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Section F: What are the Challenges of Information Resource Sharing

among University Libraries in Katsina State?

1. What are the main challenges or barriers hindering effective information

resource sharing in your library?
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