Scribd
Upload
78 views

Dbms Last Min Notes

Uploaded by

ONLy boss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
78 views

Dbms Last Min Notes

Uploaded by

ONLy boss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Cheatsheet

1. Introduction to DBMS

Definition

● A Database Management System (DBMS) is software designed to manage, store, and


retrieve data from a database.

Key Components

● Database: Collection of related data.


● DBMS Engine: Core component responsible for managing data storage, retrieval, and
manipulation.
● Database Schema: Structure that defines the organization of data in the database.
● Query Language: Interface for interacting with the database (e.g., SQL).

2. Types of DBMS

Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

● Organizes data into tables with rows and columns.


● Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database.

NoSQL DBMS

● Designed for non-relational data storage and retrieval.


● Types: Document-oriented, key-value stores, column stores, graph databases.
● Examples: MongoDB, Cassandra, Redis.

Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)

● Stores data as objects rather than rows and columns.


● Examples: db4o, ObjectDB.
3. Database Design

Entity-Relationship (ER) Model

● Represents entities, attributes, and relationships between entities.


● Entities: Objects or concepts about which data is stored.
● Relationships: Associations between entities.

Normalization

● Process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data


integrity.
● Normal Forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF.

Indexes

● Data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table.
● Types: Clustered, Non-clustered.

4. Querying and Manipulating Data

Structured Query Language (SQL)

● Standard language for relational database management and manipulation.


● Operations: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

Data Definition Language (DDL)

● SQL commands for defining and managing database structures.


● Commands: CREATE, ALTER, DROP.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

● SQL commands for manipulating data within database tables.


● Commands: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

5. Transaction Management
ACID Properties

● Atomicity: All operations in a transaction must be completed successfully, or none of


them are.
● Consistency: Database remains in a consistent state before and after a transaction.
● Isolation: Transactions are isolated from each other until they are completed.
● Durability: Changes made by a transaction are permanent and survive system failures.

Concurrency Control

● Mechanisms to manage simultaneous access to data by multiple transactions.


● Techniques: Locking, timestamp-based protocols, multiversion concurrency control.

6. Data Security and Integrity

Access Control

● Regulates who can access the database and what actions they can perform.
● Techniques: Role-based access control (RBAC), discretionary access control (DAC).

Data Encryption

● Protects sensitive data by converting it into a form that cannot be easily understood
without authorization.
● Techniques: Symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption.

7. Backup and Recovery

Backup Strategies

● Full Backup: Backup of the entire database.


● Incremental Backup: Backup of changes made since the last backup.
● Differential Backup: Backup of changes made since the last full backup.

Recovery Techniques

● Rollback: Undo changes made by incomplete transactions.


● Rollforward: Apply changes from backup to restore the database to a consistent state.
8. Distributed Databases

Definition

● Database system in which data is stored and processed across multiple locations or
nodes.
● Types: Homogeneous, heterogeneous.

Replication

● Copying and storing data in multiple locations to improve availability and fault tolerance.
● Types: Snapshot replication, transactional replication.

Partitioning

● Dividing a database into smaller subsets (partitions) to distribute data across multiple
nodes.
● Types: Horizontal partitioning, vertical partitioning.

You might also like