EXERCISES 177

5.5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY ?

45. ● A 0.300-kg ball is thrown vertically upward with an ini- C
tial speed of 10.0 m>s. If the initial potential energy is
taken as zero, find the ball’s kinetic, potential, and 5.0 m/s
8.0 m
mechanical energies (a) at its initial position, (b) at 2.50 m
A
above the initial position, and (c) at its maximum height.
5.0 m
46. ● What is the maximum height reached by the ball in
Exercise 45?
B
47. ●● Referring to Fig. 3.13, find the speed with which the
stone strikes the water using energy considerations.
䉱 F I G U R E 5 . 3 3 Energy conversion(s) See Exercise 53.
48. IE ● ● A girl swings back and forth on a swing with
ropes that are 4.00 m long. The maximum height she
reaches is 2.00 m above the ground. At the lowest point
54. ●● A simple pendulum has a length of 0.75 m and a bob
of the swing, she is 0.500 m above the ground. (a) The
with a mass of 0.15 kg. The bob is released from an angle
girl attains the maximum speed (1) at the top, (2) in the
of 25° relative to a vertical reference line (䉲 Fig. 5.34).
middle, (3) at the bottom of the swing. Why? (b) What is
(a) Show that the vertical height of the bob when it is
the girl’s maximum speed?
released is h = L11 - cos 25°2. (b) What is the kinetic
49. ●● A 1.00-kg block (M) is on a flat frictionless surface energy of the bob when the string is at an angle of 9.0°?
(䉲 Fig. 5.32). This block is attached to a spring initially at (c) What is the speed of the bob at the bottom of the
its relaxed length (spring constant is 50.0 N>m). A light swing? (Neglect friction and the mass of the string.)
string is attached to the block and runs over a frictionless
pulley to a 450-g dangling mass (m). If the dangling mass
is released from rest, how far does it fall before stopping?

θ = 25° L
L

䉱 F I G U R E 5 . 3 2 How far does it go? See Exercise 49. h

y=0 m
50. IE ● ● A 500-g (small) mass on the end of a 1.50-m-long
string is pulled aside 15° from the vertical and shoved
䉱 F I G U R E 5 . 3 4 A pendulum swings See Exercise 54.
downward (toward the bottom of its motion) with a
speed of 2.00 m>s. (a) Is the angle on the other side
(1) greater than, (2) less than, or (3) the same as the angle
55. ●● Suppose the simple pendulum in Exercise 54 were
on the initial side (15°)? Explain in terms of energy.
released from an angle of 60°. (a) What would be the
(b) Calculate the angle it goes to on the other side,
speed of the bob at the bottom of the swing? (b) To what
neglecting air resistance.
height would the bob swing on the other side? (c) What
51. ●● A 0.20-kg rubber ball is dropped from a height of angle of release would give half the speed of that for the
1.0 m above the floor and it bounces back to a height of 60° release angle at the bottom of the swing?
0.70 m. (a) What is the ball’s speed just before hitting the
56. ●● A 1.5-kg box that is sliding on a frictionless surface
floor? (b) What is the speed of the ball just as it leaves the
with a speed of 12 m>s approaches a horizontal spring.
ground? (c) How much energy was lost and where did
(See Fig. 5.19.) The spring has a spring constant of
it go?
2000 N>m. If one end of the spring is fixed and the other
52. ●● A skier coasts down a very smooth, 10-m-high slope end changes its position, (a) how far will the spring be
similar to the one shown in Fig. 5.21. If the speed of the compressed in stopping the box? (b) How far will the
skier on the top of the slope is 5.0 m>s, what is his speed spring be compressed when the box’s speed is reduced
at the bottom of the slope? to half of its initial speed?
53. ●● A roller coaster travels on a frictionless track as 57. ●● A 0.50-kg mass is suspended on a spring that
shown in 䉴 Fig. 5.33. (a) If the speed of the roller coaster stretches 3.0 cm. (a) What is the spring constant?
at point A is 5.0 m>s, what is its speed at point B? (b) Will (b) What added mass would stretch the spring an addi-
it reach point C? (c) What minimum speed at point A is tional 2.0 cm? (c) What is the change in potential energy
required for the roller coaster to reach point C? when the mass is added?
178 5 WORK AND ENERGY

58. ●● A vertical spring with a force constant of 300 N>m is 65. ● The two 0.50-kg weights of a cuckoo clock descend
compressed 6.0 cm and a 0.25-kg ball placed on top. The 1.5 m in a three-day period. At what rate is their total
spring is released and the ball flies vertically upward. gravitational potential energy decreased?
How high does the ball go? 66. ● ● A pump lifts 200 kg of water per hour a height of

59. ● ● A block with a mass m1 = 6.0 kg sitting on a friction- 5.0 m. What is the minimum necessary power output
less table is connected to a suspended mass m2 = 2.0 kg rating of the water pump in watts and horsepower?
by a light string passing over a frictionless pulley. Using 67. ● ● A race car is driven at a constant velocity of
energy considerations, find the speed at which m2 hits 200 km>h on a straight, level track. The power delivered
the floor after descending 0.75 m. (Note: A similar prob- to the wheels is 150 kW. What is the total resistive force
lem in Example 4.6 was solved using Newton’s laws.) on the car?
60. ● ● ● A hiker plans to swing on a rope across a ravine in 68. ● ● An electric motor with a 2.0-hp output drives a
the mountains, as illustrated in 䉲 Fig. 5.35, and to drop machine with an efficiency of 40%. What is the energy
when she is just above the far edge. (a) At what horizon- output of the machine per second?
tal speed should she be moving when she starts to 69. ● ● Water is lifted out of a well 30.0 m deep by a motor
swing? (b) Below what speed would she be in danger of rated at 1.00 hp. Assuming 90% efficiency, how many
falling into the ravine? Explain. kilograms of water can be lifted in 1 min?
70. ● ● How much power must you exert to horizontally

drag a 25.0-kg table 10.0 m across a brick floor in 30.0 s at

constant velocity, assuming the coefficient of kinetic fric-
tion between the table and floor is 0.550?
71. ● ● ● A 3250-kg aircraft takes 12.5 min to achieve its

cruising altitude of 10.0 km and cruising speed of

L = 4.0 m 850 km>h. If the plane’s engines deliver, on average,
1500 hp during this time, what is the efficiency of the
engines?
vo 72. ● ● ● A sleigh and driver with a total mass of 120 kg are

pulled up a hill with a 15° incline by a horse, as illus-

trated in 䉲 Fig. 5.36. (a) If the overall retarding frictional
force is 950 N and the sled moves up the hill with a con-
1.8 m
stant velocity of 5.0 km>h, what is the power output of
the horse? (Express in horsepower, of course. Note the
magnitude of your answer, and explain.) (b) Suppose
that in a spurt of energy, the horse accelerates the sled
uniformly from 5.0 km>h to 20 km>h in 5.0 s. What is the
䉱 F I G U R E 5 . 3 5 Can she make it? See Exercise 60. horse’s maximum instantaneous power output? Assume
the same force of friction.
61. ● ● ● In Exercise 52, if the skier has a mass of 60 kg and

the force of friction retards his motion by doing 2500 J of

work, what is his speed at the bottom of the slope?
62. ● ● ● A 1.00-kg block (M) is on a frictionless, 20° inclined
plane. The block is attached to a spring 1k = 25 N>m2
that is fixed to a wall at the bottom of the incline. A light
string attached to the block runs over a frictionless pul-
ley to a 40.0-g suspended mass. The suspended mass is
given an initial downward speed of 1.50 m>s. How far
does it drop before coming to rest? (Assume the spring is
unlimited in how far it can stretch.) 15°
f

5.6 POWER
䉱 F I G U R E 5 . 3 6 A one-horse open sleigh See Exercise 72.
63. A girl consumes 8.4 * 106 J (2000 food calories) of
●

energy per day while maintaining a constant weight. 73. ● ● ● A construction hoist exerts an upward force of
What is the average power she produces in a day? 500 N on an object with a mass of 50 kg. If the hoist
64. ● A 1500-kg race car can go from 0 to 90 km>h in 5.0 s. started from rest, determine the power it expended to
What average power is required to do this? lift the object vertically for 10 s under these conditions.