IntroductiontoElectricalEngineering

EE-153
SPRING-2024
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StudentName RegistrationNo
AmnaNoor 12-3-1-001-2023
UrvatulAin 12-3-1-023-2023

Department:MME Group:06
ExperimentNo: 08 DateofSubmission:
May 25, 2024
ExperimentTitle:
Determining the Capacitive Reactance in series RC Network
Batch:BSM Teacher:
ME2023-27 Dr.MuhammadRiaz
Semester LabEngineer:
2nd Mr.MuhammadHasnainRaza

DepartmentofMetallurgyandMaterialsEngineering
Abstract:

The abstract of this experiment outlines the investigation into capacitive reactance (Xc) and
the characteristics of resistive-capacitive (RC) circuits using various frequencies and circuit
configurations. Through practical procedures involving signal generation, measurement of
voltage and current, and calculations, the experiment aims to demonstrate the relationship
between capacitive reactance, capacitance value, and signal frequency. Furthermore, it seeks
to verify theoretical predictions regarding circuit impedance in series RC configurations.
Findings indicate that capacitive reactance varies inversely with capacitance and directly
with frequency, remaining independent of signal amplitude. Additionally, the experiment
confirms that in series RC circuits, the impedance is determined not merely by resistance
and capacitive reactance, but by a more complex relationship involving their squares.

Introduction:

In this experiment, we delve into the intricate relationship between capacitive reactance
(Xc), frequency, and capacitance in series RC circuits. By subjecting the circuit to sinusoidal
signals of varying frequencies and measuring voltage and current, we aim to discern the
nuanced effects of frequency and capacitance on Xc. Through meticulous calculation and
analysis, we elucidate the inverse proportionality of Xc with capacitance and its direct
correlation with frequency. Moreover, we explore the significance of Xc in determining the
overall impedance of the circuit, offering valuable insights into the behavior of capacitors in
alternating current circuits.

Equipments:

 Capacitor(s)
 Oscilloscope
 Multimeter
 Breadboard or circuit board
 Connecting wires
 Resistor (if used in series with the capacitor for safety or specific circuit requirements)
  Power supply (if not provided by the function generator)

Procedure

 Capacitive Reactance

 Connect the circuit as shown in the schematic diagram.

2. Apply a sinusoidal signal of 5 volts peak-to-peak (VPP) at a frequency of 1 kilohertz

(kHz).
3. Calculate the capacitive reactance (Xc) for different frequencies such as 500 Hz and 2
kHz using the formula: Xc = 1 / (2πfC).
4. Measure the current passing through the series circuit using an ammeter.
5. Measure the voltage across the capacitor using a digital multimeter (DMM).
6. Calculate the capacitive reactance (Xc) using the voltage and current measurements.

 Series RC Circuits
1. Set up the circuit configuration according to the provided diagram.
2. Use a DMM to measure the root mean square (RMS) current flowing through the series
circuit (IRMS).
3. Calculate the RMS value of the applied voltage.
4. Determine the practical value of the circuit impedance (Z) using the formula: Z = V / I.
5. Calculate the capacitive reactance (Xc) based on the impedance and known resistor value.
6. Calculate the theoretical value of impedance using the square root of the sum of the
squares of resistance and capacitive reactance.

Observations and Calculations

Table:8.1
SR.NO Frequency Current (mA) Voltage (V) Capacitive
(Hz) Reactance
( kΩ)(R=V/I)
1. 500 0.63 2.42 3.847

2. 1000 1.16 2.12 1.834

3. 2000 1.76 1.57 0.892

Theoratical Value of Capacitive Reactance

Xc=1/2πfC
Where,
C=0.1Μf
Table 8.2
SR.NO Frequency (Hz) % Error
Capacitive
Reactance ( kΩ)Xc=1/2πfC

1. 500 3.184 0.2

2. 1000 1.592 0.15
3. 2000 0.796 0.12

Impedence:

Z = V/I
Z = V/I.= (6.11/1.414)/3.55
Z = 1.217 Ω

Discussion:

The discussion of this experiment revolves around understanding the behavior of resistive
capacitive (RC) circuits using various frequencies and voltage amplitudes. Capacitors in
circuits present impedance, known as capacitive reactance (XC), which depends on
frequency and capacitance. Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to capacitance and
independent of signal amplitude. In series RC circuits, impedance is not simply the sum of
resistance and capacitive reactance; instead, it's calculated using the square root of the sum
of their squares. This experiment highlights the relationship between frequency, capacitance,
impedance, and voltage in RC circuits, emphasizing practical and theoretical calculations to
determine circuit characteristics.

Conclusion:

The experiment concludes that capacitive reactance (XC) can be determined through
calculation or measurement, depending on circuit parameters like capacitance and signal
frequency. It highlights the independence of capacitive reactance from signal amplitude and
the non-linear relationship between impedance and resistance in series RC circuits. By
emphasizing practical and theoretical calculations, the experiment underscores the
importance of understanding how frequency, capacitance, and impedance interact within RC
circuits to accurately analyze and design electrical systems.