Al-Farabi University College

Department of Computer Engineering

“project title”

Load Detection Based Traffic Light Controller

By
Noor alhuda oday,
Hiba jasem hassen
&
Manaf Abraham Jasem

Supervised by

Namariq sami

Jun,2020
Supervisor certification
Name
Scientific degree
Date

Examination committee certification

We certify that we have read this project entitled (project name ) and as an
examining committee examined the students (students names) in its contents
and in our opinion, it meets the standards of the B.Sc. in computer engineering.

Signature: Signature: Signature:

Name: Name: Name:

Scientific degree: Scientific degree: Scientific degree:

Date: Date: Date:

(Member) (Member) (Chairman)

Signature:

Name:

Scientific degree:

Date:
Head of Computer Engineering
Acknowledgment

First and foremost, we would love to thank our supervisor, [supervisor name
] Without his assistance and dedicated involvement in every step

throughout the journey, this project would be lost in chaos searching for

completeness. We our self like to say that we are grateful for every minute that
you gave us of your time

Big thanks for our family, who

always support us all long their life and ours.

I
 Abstract

The aim of project is to reduce the problem of traffic

congestion which is becoming a very severe problem now a
day. The present traffic light system consists of a per defined
Hardware which has a fixed time for green light and red light.
To optimize this problem made a framework for an intelligent
traffic control system. Generally, the conventional traffic light
system is not depending upon the density of the traffic. So, the
purpose of a scheme in which the time period of green light
and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at that time. This can be done by using IR
sensors. Once the density is calculated, the glowing time of
green light is assigned by the help of the microcontroller. The
sensors which are present on either side of the road detect the
presence of the vehicles and sends the information to the
microcontroller. On the basis of those information, micro-
controller will decide the glowing time of green light and red
light. It means that the timing of the traffic lights is set
according to the density of the vehicles. This is going to be
very helpful to minimize the traffic congestion and it has a
scope in future.

II
Table of contents

1. Dedication ………………………………………………………
2. Acknowledgment ………………………………………………. I
3. Abstract ………………………………………………………… II
4. Table of contents …………….................................................... III
5. List of figures ………………………………………………….. IV

Chapter one (Introduction)

1.1 The introduction …………..…………………………….…….1

Chapter two (Theory)

2.1smart traffics………………………………..……..……..….....2

2.2 microcontroller …………………………………..……………4

2.2.1 the Arduino ………………………….……………...………5
2.3 2433MhzZigBee……………………………………….……....….8
2.4 led ……………………………………...………….9
2.5 ESP8285 chip…………………………………… 10
2.6 power supply ……………………………………….11
2.7 RF transmitter……..…………………………………………………12
2.8 GSM module............................................................13
2.9 HT12D encoder …………………………………………14

III
 Chapter three (conclusion and future work)
3.1 The conclusion ………………….………………………..…..17

The references …………………………..……………….........…..18

List of figures

Figure(Name) …………………………………………… Page Number

2.1 (smart traffic) ……………………………………………….....2
2.2 (microcontroller)…….…………………………………….3
2.3 (Arduino Uno) …………………………………….4
2.4(Arduino Uno R3) ………………………………………….6
2.5 (traffic sensor) ………………………………………………………..9
2.6 (led)……………………………………..10
2.7 (ESP8285 chip) ………………………………….11
2.8 (ESP8285 chip connect to Arduino)…………………..12
2.9 (power supply) ……………………………12
2.10 (RF transmitter) ………………………………….13
2.11 (GSM module) …………………………………..14
2.12 (HT12D encoder) ………………………………………15

IV
Chapter one
1.1 Introduction
traffics are one of the most important point in street designing
and initiating and absolutely managing the cars flow this
project trying to improve traffics to more than flashing light
more like smart traffic that can work and think without the
need for human hands in its work
a simple example in state of using a traffic light that does not
know which side is in long wait it will think and solve the
long time waiting buy it self along with the ambulance issue
which is the most important for human life saving here we
reached the point of priority that will be included and used in
this project to develop traffics
all the solutions and improving we just hade lade was dealt
with by human hand or simply light signal witch obviously
cannot handle all the improving points above

1
 Chapter Two
The Theory
2.1 smart traffics
This project solves the problems of crowds on the roads in the
present and future because the increase of population and
development generate heavy traffic in the streets. The project
accuracy does not affect by humidity and temperature
variation. The use of The Arduino microcontroller provides a
suitable platform for implementing an embedded control
system and it is possible to modify it to meet our future
requirements easily and quickly.
Simple explanation to the idea

figure 11
2
this project will use 433MHz ZigBee as a moving sensor to
send signals to the reserve to analysis the situation and react
according to it
microcontroller to upload the program and connect the
component along with analysis the situation and response to it
led (traffic lights) three light with three different colors red,
yellow and green each color has a meaning to the drivers
ESP8266 chip will allow the microcontroller to receive the
signals from the sensors

3
2.2 Microcontroller 2

A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit) is a

small computer on a single metal-oxide
semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. In modern
terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than,
a system on a chip (SoC)
In this project, Arduino bored is going to be the
microcontroller other microcontroller can be use but for the
easiest and simple to deal with Arduino was the first choose

figure 2.2 3

4
 2.2.1 The Arduino 4
Arduino is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P .It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack,
an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it
to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-
DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with
your UNO without warring too much about doing
something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the
chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the
release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board
and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer
releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB
Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated
boards see the Arduino index of boards.

Figure 2.3 Arduino Uno 5

5
The Arduino Uno R3: is a microcontroller board based on a
removable, dual-inline-package (DIP) ATmega328 AVR
microcontroller. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog
inputs). Programs can be loaded on to it from the easy-to-use
Arduino computer program. The Arduino has an extensive
support community, which makes it a very easy way to get
started working with embedded electronics. The R3 is the
third, and latest, revision of the Arduino Uno.

Figure2.4 Arduino Uno R3.6

6
 This is the 3rd revision of the Uno (R3), which has a number
of changes:
 The USB controller chip changed from ATmega8U2 (8K
flash) to ATmega16U2 (16K flash). This does not increase the
flash or RAM available to sketches.
 Three new pins were added, all of which are duplicates of
previous pins. The I2C pins (A4, A5) have been also been
brought out on the side of the board near AREF. There is a
IOREF pin next to the reset pin, which is a duplicate of the 5V
pin.
 The reset button is now next to the USB connector, making it
more accessible when a shield is used

7
2.3 433Mhz ZigBee 7

433Mhz ZigBee wireless networking vehicle detection sensor

for traffic light will be used in this project
433 MHz has been around for a long time. It’s fairly simple to
include in products. It’s also very cheap to do so. That is why
devices using 433MHz as wireless technology are often
attractively priced, like 433MHz-based socket switches.
Compared to infrared, it has one big advantage as a remote-
control technology: it can go through walls, as it’s a radio
technology, and not a flickering light
Overall range is the biggest advantage of 433
MHz technology. The frequency is quite low
compared to other technologies like Z-Wave
(868-928 MHz), ZigBee (2.4 GHz) or Wi-Fi (2.4 or
5.8 GHz). This means it can hold less information,
but is better able to move through walls. Hence,
the point-to-point range 433 MHz devices can
reach can be quite impressive.
444MHz command to a device like a motorized blind, in
which case the signal can travel over 100 meter (300 feet).
 8

figure2.51

2.4 led 8

light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source that emits light when current flows through
it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross
the band gap of the semiconductor

figure 2.69
 9
10
2.5 ESP8285chip

The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash,

allowing the building of single-chip devices capable of
connecting to Wi-Fi
The successor to these microcontroller chips is the ESP32,
released in 2016
This chip will help the circuit to receive sensor’s signals and
connect it to the microcontroller

figure 2.711

the following map will show how to connect esp8285 chip to

the microcontroller (Arduino)
 10

figure 2.8

2.6 power supply 12

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric

power to an electrical load. The primary function of a power
supply is to convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load
 11

figure 2.9 power supply13

2.7 RF transmitter 14

An RF module (short for radio-frequency module) is a

(usually) small electronic device used to transmit and/or
receive radio signals between two devices. In an embedded
system, it is often desirable to communicate with another
device wirelessly
 12

figure 2.10 RF transmitter 15

2.8 GSM module 16

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a

standard developed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for
second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by
mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. It was first
deployed in Finland in December 1991. By the mid-2010s, it
became a global standard for mobile communications
achieving over 90% market share, and operating in over 193
countries and territories
 13

figure 2.11 GSM module 17

2.9 HT12D encoder 18

HT12D is a 212 series decoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for

remote control applications manufactured by Holtek. It is
commonly used for radio frequency (RF) wireless
applications. ... HT12D simply converts serial data to its input
(may be received through RF receiver) to 12-bit parallel data
 14

figure 2.12 HT12D encoder 19

The block diagram for ambulance detector circuit as shown in

the following diagram
 15

figure 3.211

16
 Chapter three

3.1 The conclusion

This project can be build and enhance by many ways along

with adding or using different ICs in its circuit wide range and
flexible project that can be more than suitable for modern
cities and smart cities, this project also can be developed to
work with artificial inelegance in the near future. However,
this simple project which can be used in IoT smart cities can
do it work with almost perfect matching for the smart city

17
The references:

1- https://french.alibaba.com/product-detail/433mhz-zigbee-wireless-
networking-vehicle-detection-sensor-for-traffic-light-
60547652007.html
2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller
3- https://www.intervalzero.com/embedded/how-
microcontrollers-work/
4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino

5- https://core-electronics.com.au/arduino-uno-r3.html
6- https://nanopowerbd.com/index.php?route=product/
product&product_id=114
7- https://homey.app/en-ie/wiki/433-mhz/
8- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

9- https://www.lazada.com.my/products/led-diode-
i970400318.html

10- https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/ESP8266
11- https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/ESP8266
12- https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Power_supply
13- https://
www.scorptec.com.au/product/Power-Supplies/ATX/
72920-CP-9020179-AU?
__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a96ff70dd95b529805bc9ad3a97f46
80538c87f5-1593495972-0-
ASG4GIX9Bovx0BKQnU3GiaxVNKRxC-
I3EK6wP5wkyNGizJ30bqgWRWbyvC9RMQNGO6Lpf
4RD_CwVadXzJWMNP_XKOwd6j_GwrXtB0BDsUxk
 Vsrh80ZzlhaEHQQkpGPVpQeu_LUqJBkPo_ERcvsuGU
0w4VPeGjkJPQYWRaFuC6HYiPAEXXj2kBLD2BprIu
RKXvSRcYBZXNTsESTFpOI5LPVz3q4fOELUAl3ppA
UDl1gXh1MKgIUMzVa4EXYhZBC4x33qEx4boAoX-
3cGPSreOnmxbWYKMPgIofE2lI_PxHsoeXFi_vBse9DS
YSClFbzgWLdBoNaB1T_DvsdDBDPcUF7PvHUbjPg1li
tHKBrdO-X2J47Se-
60fxWB4sqM_txWTVrkhUZ5_CAXPVDRsefAwgdE
14- https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/RF_module
15- https://
www.elprocus.com/rf-module-transmitter-receiver/
16- https://
www.electronicsforu.com/resources/gsm-module
17- https://robu.in/product/
sim800a-quad-band-gsmgprs-module-rs232-interface/
18- http://
www.uruktech.com/product/encoder-and-decoder

19- https://www.amazon.in/
Roinco-HT12E-HT12D-Encoder-Decoder/dp/
B0784SG614

20- Book: AUTOMATIC

ACCIDENT DETECTION AND AMBULANCE
RESCUE WITH INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC LIGHT
SYSTEM