Experiment Experiment Name : Determination of losses of a DC machine.

No : 06

Objectives :
1. Arise as a consequence of the resistance found in the winding wires, exhibiting
an increase proportionate to the square of the current flowing through the
windings.
2. Originating from the reversal of magnetization occurring in the iron core during
each cycle of magnetic field alteration.
3. Emerge due to induced currents circulating within the core as a result of the
changing magnetic field.
4. Enhancing the overall performance and longevity of the machine can be
achieved by minimizing these losses.
Introduction :
In a DC machine runs either as a motor or generator, losses take place

Copper losses= Armature copper loss+ Field copper loss

Magnetic losses=Eddy current loss+ Hysteresis loss
Mechanical losses=Friction loss +Bearing loss

Magnetic losses and mechanical losses are collectively known as stray losses. They
are also known as rotatonal losses

Apparatus required :
Sl No. Name of the Apparatus Apparatus Range Quantity
01 Universal Power Supply 01
02 DC Generator 01

03 Field rheostat 01
04 DC Voltmeter/Ammeter module 02
05 Coupling Sleeve 01
06 Multimeter 01
07 Tachometer 01
08 Connecting cables As required

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Circuit Diagram :
Data Table
and

Graph :
Table - 01
At rated speed, N = 2800
Armature resistance Ra = 7.28 Ohm

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)

Armature
Power Input
Voltage , V current I a Field current Total current Copper losses (Watt) = V*I
Armature power output
(Volt ) ( A) I f ( A) I (A ) ¿ VI f + I s ² R a ( A)∗(D) (Watt) P0=( F) – (E)
171 0.284 0.09 0.374 15.98 63.954 47.974
192 0.33 0.12 0.450 23.834 86.4 62.57

Table - 02
At rated speed, N = 2100

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)

Armature
Voltage, V current I a Field current Total current Copper loss Power Input
(Watt) = V*I Armature power output (Watt)
(Volt ) ( A) I f ( A) I (A ) ¿ VI f + I s ² R a ( A)∗(D) P0=(F) – (E)
95 0.24 0.048 0.288 4.98 27.36 22.38
118 0.227 0.072 0.299 8.87 35.282 26.412

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Calculation :
From the given data table (Table 01), the calculations for each set of data are as follows:

For Data 01:

2 2
1. Copper losses : V I f + I a R a=(171 × 0.09)+(0.284 ×7.28)W =15.98 W
2. Power Input : VI =171× 0.374 W=63.954 W
3. Armature Power Output ( P0) : P0=63.954−15.98 W=47.974 W
For Data 02:

2 2
1. Copper losses :V I f + I a R a=(192 × 0.12)+(0.332 × 7.28) W=23.834 W
2. Power Input : VI =192× 0.450 W=86.4 W
3. Armature Power Output ( P0) : P0=86.4−23.834 W=62.57 W

From the provided data table (Table 02), the computations for each dataset are detailed as follows:

For Data 01:

2 2
1. Copper losses : V I f + I a R a=(95× 0.048)+(0.242 ×7.28)W =4.98 W
2. Power Input : VI =95 × 0.288 W=27.36 W
3. Armature Power Output ( P0) : P0=27.36−4.98 W =22.38 W
For Data 02:

2 2
1. Copper losses : V I f + I a R a=(118 ×0.072)+(0.227 × 7.28) W=8.87 W
2. Power Input : VI =118× 0.299 W=35.282 W
3. Armature Power Output ( P0) : P0=35.282−8.87 W=26.412 W

Discussion :
Determining the energy losses in a DC machine necessitates an understanding of the diverse
factors and mechanisms that contribute to dissipation within the system. Losses in a DC machine can be broadly
classified into several categories:

1. Copper Losses (I²R Losses): These losses arise from the resistance encountered in the copper
windings of both the armature and field coils. As current traverses through these windings, resistance
2
induces a power loss, manifested as heat. The formula governing copper losses is Pcopper =I R , where
I signifies the current flowing through the winding, and R represents the resistance of the winding.

2. Iron Losses (Core Losses): Iron losses result from hysteresis and eddy current losses within the core
material. Hysteresis losses occur due to the continual reversal of magnetization in the core, leading to
energy dissipation. Eddy current losses emerge from induced currents circulating within the core

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 material. The utilization of high-quality laminated silicon steel cores helps minimize these losses.
Unlike copper losses, iron losses remain relatively constant and are unaffected by load variations.

3. Mechanical Losses: Friction and windage losses are attributed to the motion of various components
within the machine. Elements such as bearings, brushes, and other mechanical parts generate
friction, resulting in energy losses in the form of heat.

4. Stray Load Losses: This category encompasses additional losses occurring in the machine due to
factors like leakage flux, imperfect magnetic paths, and other stray phenomena. While precise
quantification of these losses is challenging, they contribute to overall energy dissipation.

Conclusion :
Analyzing and quantifying losses in a DC machine is fundamental for gauging
its efficiency and functionality. Through thorough testing and examination, losses like copper,
iron, and mechanical losses can be precisely assessed. These losses play a pivotal role in
influencing the overall efficiency of the machine, impacting its power output and heat
dissipation. The optimization of design or operational parameters to minimize these losses is
crucial for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of DC machines across diverse
applications.

Reference :
1. Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta & Rohit Mehta .
2. A textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Theraja – Volume II

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