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    Part 3, Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds Notes

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    Part 3, Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds Notes

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    PART 3,CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS NOTES (2)

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    Part 3, Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds Notes

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    chitrasharma12123

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    CHEMISTRY CLASS X

    CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS PART 2


    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS
     Combustion Reaction
     Oxidation Reaction
     Addition Reaction
     Substitution Reaction

    Q. Define the following chemical reactions shown by the carbon compounds to give
    carbon dioxide.
    Ans. Combustion Reaction
    It’s a process in which a carbon compound burns in Oxygen to give out carbon dioxide ,
    water, heat and light.
    For example:-
    C+ O2 ------> CO2 + Heat + Light
    CH4 + O2-------> 2H2O + CO2 + Heat + Light
    C2H5OH + 3O2 -------> 2CO2 + 3H2O + Heat + Light

    Addition Reaction
    Atoms of hydrogen are added to unsaturated hydrocarbon to form saturated hydrocarbon in
    the presence of some catalyst like nickel or Palladium

    Eg.-Addition reaction is commonly used in the “hydrogenation of vegetable oils” using


    nickel catalyst. During the hydrogenation of vegetable oil, Hydrogen atoms are added to the
    unsaturated hydrocarbons chains present in the vegetable oils. This process helps in
    converting vegetable oil into ghee.

    For eg- 1.

    2.

    (Liquid at room temperature) (Solid at room temperature)


    Substitution Reaction-

    This is the reaction shown by Saturated hydrocarbon in which one or more Hydrogen atoms
    are replaced by other atoms.

    For eg- Reaction of methane with Chlorine gas in the presence of sunlight

    OXIDATION REACTION:

    Addition of oxygen is called oxidation. Alcohols are oxidised to carboxylic acid in presence
    of alkaline KMNO4 . In this reaction alkaline KMNO4 acts as oxidising agent because it is
    adding oxygen to alcohol to form carboxylic acid.

    CH3CH2OH---------- alkaline KMNO4+HEAT -------------> CH3COOH

    Q. Give Reasons.-

    (a) Vegetable oil is considered healthy as compared to vegetable ghee.

    (a) Vegetable oil contains unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are highly reactive and do not
    accumulate in our blood vessels. Vegetable ghee contains saturated hydrocarbons which are
    less reactive and accumulate in our blood vessels. This causes thickening of walls of blood
    vessels, high blood pressure and hence they are considered unhealthy.

    (b) Certain substances burn with a flame whereas some do not.

    (b) Those substances which vaporise on heating burn with a flame. Those substances which
    do not vaporise on heating do not burn with a flame

    (c) Flame of Bunsen burner is sometimes yellow sometimes blue, why?

    (c) When the air holes of a Bunsen burner are blocked incomplete combustions of fuels takes
    place due to insufficient oxygen. The flame thus produced contains unburnt carbon particles
    which makes the glassware black.

    When there is sufficient supply of oxygen complete combustion of fuels takes place giving
    out a blue flame.
    Q. Differentiate between.-

    Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion


    1 It takes place in sufficient supply of It takes place in insufficient supply of O2
    O2
    2 The flame is blue coloured The flame is yellow coloured and sooty flame
    3 The fuel completely burns to produce The fuel burns to produce unburnt carbon
    CO2 and water vapours particles which makes the flame sooty.

    Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

    They have single covalent bonds between They have double or triple covalent bonds
    carbon atoms. between carbon atoms.

    They produce blue flames they produce yellow flame

    They show substitution reaction They show addition reaction

    They are less reactive they are more reactive

    Important carbon compounds (ethanol, ethanoic acid)

    Q. Write down the formula ,bond structure ,electron dot structure ,physical properties ,uses
    and chemical properties of ethanol and ethanoic acid
    A. Ethanol-:
    FORMULA OF ETHANOL: C2H5OH

    BOND STRUCTURE OF ETHANOL:


    Electron dot structure-

    Physical properties -:
    1. It is liquid at room temperature
    2. Colourless

    Uses-:
    1. It is a good solvent therefore it is used in medicines like cough syrup and
    Tincture of iodine

    Chemical properties -:
    1. Reaction with sodium-

    2CH3CH2OH + 2Na-----> 2 CH3CH2ONa + H2

    Sodium reacts with ethanol to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas

    2. Reaction with concentrated H2 SO4 (dehydration reaction)

    Concentrated H2 SO4 acts as


    dehydrating agent and removes water from ethanol to from ethene gas

    Ethanoic acid -

    formula-: CH 3 COOH

    BOND Structure-:
    Electron dot structure-:

    Physical properties-:
    1. It has a Sour taste
    2. it often freezes in low-temperature therefore this is called glacial acetic acid
    3. 5 to 8% of acetic acid and water is called vinegar
    4. Its melting point is 290 K.

    Uses-:
    1. It is used as a preservative and pickles

    Chemical properties of ethanoic acid

    1. Esterification
    It is the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester. An ester is a sweet
    smelling substance (fruity smell) which are found when carboxylic acid reacts with
    alcohol. Ester is used in making perfumes and also as flavouring agents

    2. Saponification-:
    It is the reaction between an ester and sodium hydroxide (alkali) to form alcohol and
    sodium salt of carboxylic acid. This reaction is also used in the preparation of soap
    that is why it is called saponification
    3. Reaction of ethanoic acid with NaOH-:
    In this reaction sodium ethanoate and water is
    formed

    4. Reaction of ethanoic acid with Na2CO3 and NaHCO3

    Q. How would you experimentally distinguish between alcohol and carboxylic acid?
    Ans.1.Litmus paper test carboxylic acid turns blue litmus paper red whereas no effect with
    alcohol
    2. Reaction with Na2CO3
    Carboxylic acid reacts Na2CO3 to form CO2 gas whereas alcohol does not react

    Q. Draw a labelled diagram to show the preparation of ester in laboratory, also explain
    the activity.
    Ans. 1. Take 1ml of alcohol and 1 ml of ethanoic acid in a test tube.
    2. Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to it.
    3. Warm the above mixture in a water bath for about 5 minutes.
    4. We can smell the sweet smell of esters.

    DIAGRAM: PAGE 73 NCERT FIG. 4.11 FORMATION OF ESTERS

    Q. What is soap? How is it prepared?


    Ans.1.Soap is the material used with water for cleaning purposes chemically soap is sodium
    and potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid for example) sodium stearate)
    2. A soap molecule has two ends, ionic end which is hydrophilic (water loving) attracted
    towards water and a long hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic (water fearing)
    3. A soap molecule is represented as
    Preparation
    soap is prepared by heating animal fat and vegetable oil with NaOH or KOH solution. These
    two react with each other to form soap and glycerol.

    Q. Explain the cleansing action of soap


    Ans.1. Soap removes dirt and oil by acting as an emulsifying agent i.e soap breaks down all
    into smaller droplets
    2. These droplets are finally washed away with water
    The above action of soap is possible due to the typical structure of soap molecule
    3. A soap molecule has two ends with different properties
    Hydrophilic head which is water loving and hydrophobic tails which is water fearing
    4. When dirty clothes soaked in soap solution the tale of the soap molecule tears the oil
    droplets away whereas the head faces the water

    This forms soap Micelle


    Q. Differentiate between soaps and detergents

    Q. Soaps do not work well in hard water whereas detergents are very effective even in
    hard water. Why?

    Ans. Cleaning Capacity of Soap with Hard and Soft Water


    1. Although soap is a good cleaning agent, its cleaning capacity is reduced when used in hard
    water. Hardness of water is due to the presence of sulphates, chlorides or bicarbonate salts of
    Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
    2. When soap is added to hard water, the Ca 2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hard water react with
    soap. The sodium salts present in soaps are converted to their corresponding calcium and
    magnesium salts which are precipitated as scum. The insoluble scum sticks on the clothes and
    so the cleaning capacity of soap is
    3. The cleaning action of soap is very effective in soft water because it contains negligible
    calcium and magnesium ions. Synthetic detergents are used in the case of hard water also
    because the calcium and magnesium salts of detergents are soluble in water. Detergents are
    more soluble than soaps and hence form more lather than soaps.

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