Delhi Public School

(Joka) South Kolkata

Physics Investigatory Project File

Submitted For:
Submitted To: Submitted By:

Name: Rohit Yadav

Mr. Kaustav Das
Class: XII-SCI
Physics Teacher
Session: 2024-25
Delhi Public School, Joka
Subject: Physics Investigatory
(South Kolkata)
School Admission No: VI/0132/18-19

Board Roll No:

AISSCE 2024-25

Certificate of Completion
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This is to certify that Rohit Yadav of Class-XII SCI-C has
successfully completed the Physics Investigatory project as
part of the Class XII Physics curriculum under the CBSE
guidelines. The project has been completed with diligence and
has met the standard of the CBSE curriculum.

External Examiner Signature Internal Teacher’s Signature

Acknowledgement

I would like to formally acknowledge our Physics Teacher

Mr. Kaustav Das for his invaluable guidance and support during
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my Investigatory Project on "Relation between Ratio of Input
& Output Voltage and No of turns in Primary and
Secondary Coil of Self-designed Transformer". His expert
advice, thoughtful feedback, and encouragement were
essential in helping me successfully complete this project. I am
very grateful for his dedication and the time he invested in
guiding me through the process.

Index

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 Sl No. Topic Page No.
1. Introduction 5

2. Materials Required 7

3. Theory 8-9

4. Circuit Diagram 9

5. Procedure 9-10

6. Observations & Conclusions 10-11

7. Precautions & Sources of Error 11

8. Application of Transformers 12-13

9. Conclusion 14

10. Bibliography 15

Introduction

Transformers: A Physics Marvel

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit

to another through the principle of electromagnetic induction. It does this
without changing the frequency of the alternating current (AC) supply.

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Transformers are essential components in the transmission and
distribution of electrical power, as well as in various electronic devices.

How does a transformer work?

A transformer typically consists of two coils of wire, called the primary

and secondary coils, wound around a common iron core. When an
alternating current flows through the primary coil, it creates a changing
magnetic field in the core. This changing magnetic field, in turn, induces
an alternating current in the secondary coil.

The voltage in the secondary coil is related to the voltage in the primary
coil by the ratio of the number of turns in the two coils:

Vs Ns
=
Vp Np

Where:

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  Vs = Secondary voltage
 Vp = Primary voltage
 Ns = Number of turns in the secondary coil
 Np = Number of turns in the primary coil

Types of Transformers

There are two main types of transformers:

1. Step-up Transformer:

 Increases voltage
 Ns > Np
 Used to transmit electricity over long distances at high
voltages to reduce power loss.

Step-up Transformer

2. Step-down Transformer:

 Decreases voltage
 Ns < Np
 Used to reduce voltage for household and industrial
applications.

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 Materials Required
Step-down Transformer
I. An iron rod

II. Copper wires of different guage (diameter)

III. 2 A.C voltmeters

IV. 2 A.C. Ammeters

Theory:

The working of a transformer is based on mutual induction

phenomenon.

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Let an ideal transformer in which the primary and secondary coil have
negligible resistance and all the flux in the core links both primary and
secondary windings.

The induced emf in the primary coil,

The induced emf in the secondary coil,

dϕ
ξ p=−N p
dt

where the ϕ is the magnetic flux linked with

dϕ
each turn of primary and ξ s =−N s secondary coil at a time
dt
t. Then,

ξs Ns
= =K =Transformationratio
ξp Np
For an ideal
transformation, there is
no loss of energy, then

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 Input power=Output Power
I p ξ p =I s ξ s

I p ξs
= =K
Is ξp

Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1 P 2 to a.c. mains (say 220V) and measure the input voltage
and current using a.c. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1 S 2.
5. Now connect the S1 S 2to a.c. mains and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step-up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformer by changing number
of primary turns in secondary coils.
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 Observations

Sl No. of No. of Voltage Current Voltage in Current in Loss of

No turns in turns in in in P. secondar secondar power
primary secondary primar coil( I p) y coil(ξ s ) y coil( I s)
coil( N p) coil( N s ) y coil(ξ p
)

1. 200 100 12V 0.5A 6V 1A 0.6W

2. 100 200 12V 0.5A 24V 0.25A 0.6W
3. 150 150 12V 0.5A 12V 0.5A 0.6W
4. 50 250 12V 0.5A 60V 0.1A 0.6W
5. 250 50 12V 0.5A 2.4V 2.5A 0.6W
6. 100 100 12V 0.5A 12V 0.5A 0.6W
7. 300 75 12V 0.5A 3V 2A 0.6W

Conclusions:
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the
Ns
turn ratio ( ) w.r.t input voltage.
Np

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2. The output current of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the
Ns
turn ratio ( ) w.r.t input current.
Np
3. There is loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

Precautions:
1. Keep yourself safe from the high voltage
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage, the a.c. main supply should
remain constant.

Sources of Error:

1. Values of currents can be changed due to heating effect of current.

2. The eddy current can change the readings.

Application of Transformers

Transformers are ubiquitous in our modern world, playing a crucial role in various
applications. Here are some of the key areas where transformers are used:

1. Power Transmission and Distribution:

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 Power Transmission Lines with Transformers

 Step-up Transformers: These transformers increase the voltage of electricity

generated at power plants to extremely high levels. This reduces power loss
during transmission over long distances.
 Step-down Transformers: These transformers decrease the high voltage to
safer levels for distribution to homes and industries.

2. Electronic Devices:

Smartphone Charger with a Transformer

 Power Supplies: Transformers are used in power supplies to convert AC

voltage to DC voltage, which is required to power electronic devices.
 Audio Equipment: Transformers are used in audio equipment, such as
amplifiers and speakers, to match impedances and improve sound quality.

3. Medical Equipment:

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 X-ray Machine with a Transformer

 X-ray Machines: Transformers are used to generate high voltage for X-ray
tubes, which are essential for medical imaging.
 MRI Machines: Transformers are used in MRI machines to generate strong
magnetic fields.

4. Industrial Applications:

Industrial Welding Machine with a Transformer

 Welding Machines: Transformers are used in welding machines to supply

high current at low voltage, which is necessary for welding metals.
 Induction Heating: Transformers are used in induction heating systems to
heat metals without direct contact, which is used in various industrial
processes.

Conclusion
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Through this investigation, we have delved into the fascinating world of transformers,
a crucial component in modern electrical systems. Our experiments have
demonstrated the fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction, which governs
the operation of transformers.

We have observed that by varying the number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils, we can effectively step up or step down the voltage. This ability to manipulate
voltage levels has far-reaching implications, from efficient long-distance power
transmission to powering our everyday electronic devices.

However, we have also encountered certain limitations and sources of energy loss in
transformers, such as eddy current losses and hysteresis losses. These factors can
impact the overall efficiency of transformers.

In conclusion, this project has provided valuable insights into the working principles
of transformers and their practical applications. By understanding these concepts,
we can appreciate the role that transformers play in our modern society and explore
potential avenues for improving their efficiency and performance.

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 Bibliography

 Comprehensive Practical Physics (XII) by Laxmi Publications

 https://vietnamtransformer.com/our-news/purpose-of-a-transformer
 https://stardelta.com.au/step-up-vs-step-down-transformers/
 https://theorycircuit.com/power-circuits/step-down-transformer-guide/
 https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osuniversityphysics2/chapter/transformers/
 https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/608430/how-does-this-charger-work
 https://www.nde-ed.org/NDETechniques/Radiography/xraygenerators.xhtml
 https://shiwochina.en.made-in-china.com/product/MZqakWfcHJhT/China-AC-Arc-
Stainless-Steel-Transformer-Portable-Welding-Machine-Promotional-Industrial-
Welding-Equipment-Bx6-200-Inverter-AC-220V-Arc-Welder-200-AMP-Welder.html

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