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Test Bank for Health Psychology Theory, Research
and Practice, 5th Edition David F. Marks
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Health psychology students will need to understand how to
evaluate and critically-appraise the latest theory and research
before it can be applied. This fully-revised and updated Fifth
Edition takes a critical approach and places health psychology in
a real-world context, enabling students to understand how public
policy, theory and research can influence communities and
individuals alike.

The new Fifth Edition includes:

• 9 new and expanded chapters

• Updated material on stress and coping, doctor-patient
communication, death, dying, bereavement and quality of
life
• Introductions to the social, political and economic
conditions that influence our health
• Breadth of coverage from social inequality through to
chronic illness and screening
This book also comes with access to fantastic online resources
including multiple choice quizzes, case studies, test banks and
slides that can be easily integrated into your institution′s virtual
learning environment or learning management system. This
allows you to customize and curate content for use in module
preparation, delivery and assessment. For instructions on how to
upload the resources you want, please visit
DAVID F. MARKS was born in Hampshire, England and lives
in Provence-Alpes-Côte d′Azur, France. With his mother, Mary
D Marks, David was a founding member of the Campaign of
Nuclear Disarmament and attended Aldermaston Marches in the
1960s. After school in Portsmouth, David studied at the
University of Reading to graduate for a BSc Honours degree in
Psychology and at the University of Sheffield for a PhD. In
1970 David went to New Zealand to work at the University of
Otago. He also was invited to carry out research as Visiting
Professor at the Department of Neurosurgery at Hamamatsu
School of Medicine, at Kyushu University in Japan and at the
Universities of Oregon and Washington in the US. In 1986
David returned to the UK as Head of the School of Psychology
at Middlesex Polytechnic and, from 1990 as Head of the
Department of Psychology at City, University of London, UK.
In addition to six previous editions of this book, David Marks
has published 25 other books including: The Psychology of the
Psychic (1980, 2000), Theories of Image Formation (1986),
Imagery: Current Developments (1990), The Quit For Life
Programme: An Easier Way to Stop Smoking and Not Start
Again (1993), Improving the Health of the Nation (1996),
Dealing with Dementia: Recent European Research (2000), The
Health Psychology Reader (2002), Research Methods for
Clinical and Health Psychology (2004), Overcoming Your
Smoking Habit (2005), Obesity: Comfort vs. Discontent (2016),
Stop Smoking Now (2017), A General Theory of Behaviour
(2018) and Psychology and the Paranormal: Exploring
Anomalous Experience (2020). David is a founding member of
the International Society of Critical Health Psychology and
Founder Editor of the Journal of Health Psychology and Health
Psychology Open. Retired from teaching and journal editing, he
writes, does bird watching, cat watching and photography, and
follows the exploits of four grandchildren.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
antelopes, buffaloes, and elephants. The latter, they say, the natives
do not kill, because they can get plenty of other meat, and they can
prevail on no one to buy the tusks. They destroy wild animals with
poisoned arrows, one of which they pretend to say will kill an
elephant in about an hour. They eat the flesh of the animal slain with
these arrows, but cut out and throw away the piece around the
poisoned wound. Yarro’s messenger has promised to show me the
tree from which they get the poison when we arrive at Wawa: they
tell a number of extravagant stories about its power and effects,
which are too ridiculous to believe.
In the evening I went to the place where the Houssa people were
encamped, in order to conclude my bargain with the taya, or head
man of the caravan, and to make him sign the written agreement in
Arabic by which he was to be bound to carry my baggage and
presents from Boussa to Kano; and for which I was to pay him, the
day after my arrival at the latter place, two hundred thousand
cowries. He had always fought off the agreement, saying, I could
conclude the bargain when I got over the river; that I must get the
sultan of Boussa to allow me to go, and then we should conclude the
bargain. I never could get him to say how much he would take them
for, or even that he would take them at all. I now said he must
determine, as, before I knew whether he would for certain take them
or not, it would be of no use asking the sultan of Boussa; “for if I get
the sultan’s leave, and you get me on the road, you may charge
what you please: if he does not allow me to go, signing the
agreement will do no harm, it will only be the loss of the papers. You
are mistaken if you think I have any thing to fear from the sultan of
Youri; I am a servant of the king of England, and will receive
assistance and protection whichever route I take.” He said he would
send for his partner. His partner came, Malem Mohamed, or the
learned Mohamed; a man that could not read or write, but could
repeat a chapter or two of the Koran by heart. He was a palavering
old rogue, who always repeated, to whatever the taya said, the
words “madealla, madealla,”—“very good, very good,”—without
giving any answer to what I asked. I told them, it did not require
much consideration about the matter: this must be done, yes or no,
before I see the sultan of Boussa; for if they did not determine
whether they would take my things or not, I would go direct to Youri.
The taya then said, how many loads would I have? I said, fifteen
bullocks or asses; that I would pay him at Kano, the day after my
arrival, as I could have what money I wanted from Hadji Hat Saleh
on giving him a receipt, as I had no money here; (not wishing to let
them know that I had a dollar here, as it might endanger my
existence and that of all my property). “Well,” says he, “I know you
can have what money you want from the merchants of Kano: I and
my partner will consider of the affair to-night, and give you an answer
to-morrow.” The taya returned with me to my encampment, and, to
my surprise, told me that I must not let it be known that I was going
to the Fellatas: “Say you are going to Bornou.” “So I am,” I said; “I
have got a letter for the sheikh, which I will show you to-morrow.”
When the taya left me, I began to think that what Yarro of Kiama had
told me was true. When I asked him to go with the caravan, says he,
“Are you a merchant? if you are, go with the caravan: if you are the
king of England’s messenger, you have nothing to do with them; your
way is to go from one king to another, not with caravans of
merchants. You will find plenty of people to put evil in your head; if
you are wise, do not believe them.”
Monday 20th.—At 6 A.M. left our encampment. Our road through
a woody country, rising into hill and dale, with some beautiful rocky
mounts, perched on the heights composed of blocks of sandstone
and clay ironstone; the soil a red clay and gravel. We halted at the
village of Barakina, where I stopped until the carriers came up. As I
arrived at this village, a hunter came in from the chase. He had a
leopard’s skin over his shoulder, a light spear in his hand, and his
bow and arrows slung over his shoulder. He was followed by three
cream-coloured dogs, a breed as if between the greyhound and cur:
they were adorned with round collars of different coloured leather.
The hunter and his dogs marched through the village as
independently as ever I saw a man, without taking the least notice of
us, or even looking at us. He was followed by a slave carrying a
dead antelope that he had killed this morning. They say the people
of Borgoo are the greatest hunters in Africa, and that the people of
this village and of those we have passed live entirely by the chase;
the little ground they cultivate being worked by the women.
 Leaving Barakina, and travelling until noon, I came to a rocky
ledge, formed like a wall, in some places rising into beautiful rocky
mounts with bold precipices, shaded on the top with trees of the
most luxuriant foliage. The road lay through a narrow pass in the
ledge, shaded with fine tall majestic trees. Here, I said to myself, is
the pass, or gates, leading to the Niger. The rocks of which the ledge
is composed are of a conglomerate, formed with large square pieces
of white quartz, imbedded in a shining dark gray substance; the
pieces of quartz about an inch square, the strata forming an angle of
about 40° with the zenith. At noon crossed the river Oli, which has a
very rocky bed, and is said to be impassable, from the swiftness of
the current, in the rainy season. At this place the rocks in the river
were a dark clay slate: its course was from west-north-west to east-
south-east. The head man of the village at the ferry told me that it
had its rise in the hills to the north of Niki, ran to the north of Kiama,
and entered the Quorra above Rakah. At the place where I and my
baggage crossed it was dry; but all other passengers, not being in
the service of a king, are required to cross at the ferry by a canoe,
where they have to pay ten cowries a head for each passenger, and
twenty cowries for a load for goods. After crossing, I halted at the
village of the ferry, which is called Billa, on the south side of the river.
I encamped under a shady tree for the superior coolness, though I
was offered the best house in the village. The head man brought me
a present of a sheep, some yams, milk and honey; and, a short while
after my arrival, the head man of the village of Barakina arrived with
a sheep, yams, and honey, making an apology for his not being at
home when I passed. Alligators are plenty in the river, as one of the
carriers, in going to bring water, was chased from the river side by
one: parrots, paroquets, and game abound near the banks of this
stream. In the evening it was reported to me that the whole of the
horses were lost: whether it be to extract a present or not, time will
show.
Tuesday, 21st.—It was 8 A.M. before the horses were brought
back. I sent all the baggage and stores off, except three boxes,
which I gave in charge to the head man of the village, who promised
to forward them to me at Wawa. I gave him and the head man of the
village of Barakina two yards of cloth each, with a knife and a few
beads, with which they were very well pleased. An escort of four
horsemen arrived to conduct me to Wawa, and at 8.30 A.M. I left
Billa and the escort, who had made the head man of the village
provide them with a breakfast. The road lay over a plain, well
cultivated, and planted with cottons, yams, and corn in a number of
places. At 10 halted under the shade of a tree, near the walls of
Wawa, until the escort came up, which they did in a short time
afterwards, when I proceeded with them into the town, to the gate of
the governor’s house, where I halted under a large spreading tree for
upwards of an hour. I then desired Yarro’s messengers to tell the
governor that if I was kept longer waiting outside I should return to
Kiama; that I was the king of England’s messenger, and would not
be kept outside of any door in this way. They went in and told the
governor, who sent out to say he was dressing to receive me, and
would be out immediately. In a few minutes a number of men came
out of the house, and sat down in two rows outside the door; then a
high stool was brought out, and placed in the entrance; after which
the great man came slowly out of the gate, with a long staff in his
hand, and seated himself on the stool. He sent for me. Until then I
had not dismounted. I went up and shook hands with him: he kept
his hand wrapped up in the sleeve of his tobe, for fear the touch of a
white kaffir should kill him. I told him at once who I was, and what I
wanted. He said, every thing I wished should be done, and as I must
be fatigued with my journey, I should see him again to-morrow. I was
shown to a very good house, but found it excessively hot: the
thermometer in the shade was 105° of Fahrenheit, which is higher
than it has been since I have been in Africa this time. In the
afternoon, the governor sent me a present of a goat, yams, honey,
and eggs, and the same from his head man.
I was not a little surprised, towards sunset, by a visit from the king
of Dahomey’s messengers. I thought that all my prospects were now
blasted; that they had been sent to detain me, and bring me back;
but my fears were soon allayed, by their saying that they were on
their way home; that they had heard white men had arrived here,
and they had come to pay their respects to me; that they had been in
Youri, and twelve months since had left Dahomey; that the king of
Dahomey had sent them to get a camel, but the war between the
people of Youri and the Fellatas prevented any camels coming to
Youri. These men brought two muskets to salute me with; they had
been here twelve days, and were intending to leave this for their own
country as soon as they could procure an answer from the governor.
I am lodged in the house of a widow, whose husband was one of
the governor’s head men. She is the only wife that bore children to
the deceased, and in consequence was not taken and sold at her
husband’s death. She wears a rope round her head, another round
her neck, and one round her waist, until she has passed her time of
mourning, or procures another husband; but I suspect this will be
until she dies, as she is ugly in the extreme. I had a visit, amongst
the number, from the daughter of an Arab, who is very fair, calls
herself a white woman, is rich, a widow, and wants a white husband.
She is said to be the richest person in Wawa, having the best house
in the town, and a thousand slaves. She showed a great regard for
my servant Richard, who is younger and better looking than I am: but
she had passed her twentieth year, was fat, and a perfect Turkish
beauty, just like a walking water-butt. All her arts were unavailing on
Richard: she could not induce him to visit her at her house, though
he had my permission.
The next day I went, after sending to say I was ready to give the
governor his present, to his house, accompanied by his head man,
and gave him seven yards of red cloth, seven yards of blue cloth,
seven yards of blue silk, an umbrella, ten strings of beads, and a
phosphorus box, after showing them off to the greatest advantage, a
thing never to be neglected in Africa. I sat down and told him what I
have told them all, and which has been so often repeated. He said
there were two roads, one where there was war, the other peace.
The one where there was war was by Youri; that the sultan of that
country was out fighting the Fellatas: the other by the way the
merchants went, through Nyffé, which was safe, and he would
advise me to go by that road. I thanked him, and said I would follow
his advice, for that I had nothing to do with war. Says he, “You are
come to make peace among all people, and make the kings leave off
war.” I said, “God willing, I would do what I could.” This opinion of my
being a peace-maker prevails strongly in all places that I have been
in: perhaps it may arise from the people of the coast and those of
Dahomey informing them of the active part we take in preventing the
slave trade. He said he should send to the sultan of Boussa, and tell
him to forward me by the way of Nyffé, with the merchants, as the
other road was bad; that he had never had such a valuable present
from any one before; and that I should see every thing I pleased in
his country. I told him that three white men who were with me had
died on the road; that I was very anxious to get to Bornou before the
rains, as being a dry sandy country, I considered that there I was
safe: but that in this country or Houssa it was very unsafe and
unhealthy for white men to be caught by the rains. The governor is a
thin, spare, old man; he had on a cap in the form of a foraging cap,
with some of the Stuart tartan riband in several folds around it, a
white tobe or large shirt, a Moorish kaftan of Manchester cotton, and
a pair of sandals on his feet. The room in which he received me had
nothing worth note but the stool on which he sat, which had two
lizards carved in bas relief on the top, and the heads of two as
handles for carrying it. His house is inside a high square clay wall,
with one gate on the western side, and consists of coozies, or
circular huts, built of clay and thatched, and one square tower of
clay, having little projections at each corner, and an ostrich egg on
the top of each of the huts.
After returning home I had numerous visitors, who brought
presents of rum, palm wine, and pitto, none of which I would accept,
nor allow to be brought into the house for the servants; but as for my
man Ali, an Arab, whose freedom I had purchased at Badagry and
taken as a servant, all my care could not prevent him from getting
drunk. He is a confirmed liar and a thief, and I have often regretted
that I gave him his freedom, as I cannot well get rid of him here. The
inhabitants of this place appear to be the most roaring, drinking set
of any other town I have yet seen. Last night, until near morning,
nothing was to be heard but fiddles, Arab guitars, castanets, and
singing.
The Kiama messenger, according to his promise, brought some of
the leaves of the tree or bush called by them kongkonie, from the
seeds of which the natives extract the poison for their arrows; from
the leaves and branches exudes a resinous gum which sticks to the
fingers; the flower is small and white, with a very long foot-stalk; the
seeds are enclosed in a long case surrounded by a silky substance;
the seeds are small, like caraway seeds, and are boiled to a thick
black paste before they are put on the arrows. They say that the
seeds are a deadly poison if taken into the stomach; the seeds I
have got in the case, but dried, and fit for use.
The king of Dahomey’s messengers came to me in the evening
and told me they wanted to speak to me, saying they wished to do
so privately. I sent Pascoe to one side with them, but they came
back observing that they must say it to myself only; their mighty
secret was this: that they had been in Youri five months assisting the
king of that country against the Fellatas; that, if I either regarded my
safety or wished to reach the end of my journey, I ought not to take
that road, as I should never get on; that they had stood the brunt of
all his battles, and that all their guns but two were burst; that they
were now on their way to their own country, but expect to be sent
back by the king of Dahomey with a larger force after the rains. They
said that Niki was the capital of Borgoo and not Kiama; that it is
fifteen days only from Dahomey; that Borgoo and Dahomey are
joined together, or two neighbouring kingdoms; that there are high
hills on the road between Niki and Dahomey; that they left the Maha
country on their left hand when they came here; that Kiama is five
days distant from Niki; that it is from Dahomey the people of these
countries receive all their rum and European articles. This account I
believe to be true, as I have seen great abundance of rum, pewter,
and earthen ware. They begged I would send a letter by them to say
I had met them, which I shall do to-morrow. They are much superior
looking men to the people of Wawa, and from their knowledge of
white men in their own country, have been very civil to me. They
seem to entertain a poor opinion of the courage and behaviour of the
people of Youri and of this country, and say that with a few men they
could take them all.
Thursday, 23d.—I had heard various stories, at different places on
the road, concerning the fate of the late unfortunate and enterprising
travellers Park and Martin, none of which I considered worth relating
except that which I now heard from the governor’s head man; but
they all with whom I have conversed agree in asking me if I am not
going to take up the vessel, which they say still remains. The head
man’s story is this: that the boat stuck fast between two rocks; that
the people in it laid out four anchors a-head; that the water falls
down with great rapidity from the rocks, and that the white men, in
attempting to get on shore, were drowned; that crowds of people
went to look at them, but the white men did not shoot at them as I
had heard; that the natives were too much frightened either to shoot
at them or to assist them; that there were found a great many things
in the boat, books and riches, which the sultan of Boussa has got;
that beef cut in slices and salted was in great plenty in the boat; that
the people of Boussa who had eaten of it all died, because it was
human flesh, and that they knew we white men eat human flesh. I
was indebted to the messenger of Yarro for a defence, who told the
narrator that I was much more nice in my eating than his countrymen
were. But it was with some difficulty I could persuade him that if his
story was true, it was the people’s own fears that had killed them;
that the meat was good beef or mutton; that I had eaten more goats’
flesh since I had been in this country than ever I had done in my life;
that in England we eat nothing but fowls, beef, and mutton.
 The women here are marked on the body somewhat in the
manner of the lace on a hussar’s jacket: in some, where the skin has
not healed properly, it looks very disgusting.
The widow Zuma has been kind enough to send me provisions
ready cooked, in great abundance, ever since I have been here.
Now that she has failed with Richard, she has offered Pascoe a
handsome female slave for a wife, if he could manage to bring about
matters with me. Not being much afraid of myself, and wishing to see
the interior arrangement of her house, I went and visited her. I found
her house large, and full of male and female slaves; the males lying
about the outer huts, the females more in the interior. In the centre of
the huts was a square one of large dimensions surrounded by a
verandah, with screens of matting all around except in one place,
where there was hung a tanned bullock’s hide; to this spot I was led
up, and, on its being drawn on one side, I saw the lady sitting cross-
legged on a small Turkey carpet, like one of our hearth rugs, a large
leather cushion under her left knee; her goora pot, which was a large
old-fashioned English pewter mug, by her side, and a calibash of
water to wash her mouth out, as she alternately kept eating goora
and chewing tobacco-snuff, the custom with all ranks, male or
female, who can procure them: on her right side lay a whip. At a little
distance, squatted on the ground, sat a dwarfish hump-backed
female slave, with a wide mouth but good eyes: she had on no
clothing, if I except a profusion of strings of beads and coral round
her neck and waist. This personage served the purpose of a bell in
our country, and what, I suppose, would in old times have been
called a page. The lady herself was dressed in a white coarse muslin
turban; her neck profusely decorated with necklaces of coral and
gold chains, amongst which was one of rubies and gold beads; her
eyebrows and eyelashes blacked, her hair dyed with indigo, and her
hands and feet with henna; around her body she had a fine striped
silk and cotton country cloth, which came as high as her tremendous
breasts, and reached as low as her ankles; in her right hand she
held a fan made of stained grass, of a square form. She desired me
to sit down on the carpet beside her, which I did, and she began
fanning me, and sent hump-back to bring out her finery for me to
look at; which consisted of four gold bracelets, two large paper
dressing-cases with looking-glasses, and several strings of coral,
silver rings, and bracelets, with a number of other trifling articles.
After a number of compliments, and giving me an account of all her
wealth, I was led through one apartment into another, cool, clean,
and ornamented with pewter dishes and bright brass pans. She now
told me her husband had been dead these ten years, that she had
only one son, and he was darker than herself; that she loved white
men, and would go to Boussa with me; that she would send for a
malem, or man of learning, and read the fatha with me. I thought this
was carrying the joke a little too far, and began to look very serious,
on which she sent for the looking-glass, and looking at herself, then
offering it me, said, to be sure she was rather older than me, but very
little, and what of that? This was too much, and I made my retreat as
soon as I could, determined never to come to such close quarters
with her again. During the night squally, with thunder, lightning, and
rain.
Friday, 24th.—Amongst my numerous visitors this morning, I had
a travelling musician, attended by two boys. His instrument was a
violin made of a gourd, with three strings of horse hair, not in single
hairs, but a number for each string untwisted; the bow the same; the
body of the violin was formed of half a long gourd; the bridge, two
cross sticks; the top, the skin of a guana stretched tightly over the
edges; the neck was about two feet long, ornamented with plates of
brass, having a hollow brass knob at the end. To this instrument was
hung a diminutive pair of sandals to denote his wandering
occupation, a piece of natron, strings of cowries, and stripes of cloth.
He said he would take any thing that was given to him. The boys had
hollow gourds with stones or beans in them, with which they kept
time by holding them in one hand and beating them against the
other. The musician himself was past the middle age, his beard
being tinged with gray, and neither too long nor too short; his face
inclining more to long than oval, with a nose slightly hooked; his
forehead high; his eyes large, bright, and clear, with a kind of
indefinable expression of half rogue and half a merry fellow, and
when he sang he sometimes looked sublime; his mouth and teeth
were good; his voice clear and melodious; his stature about the
middle size, and spare form; his dress was a white turban and large
sky-blue tobe or shirt. He accompanied his instrument with his voice,
the boys joining in chorus. His songs were extempore. I should have
taken one down, but found they were all about myself; and a number
of visitors coming in, I gave him fifty cowries and sent him away
rejoicing. Received a present of a sheep, yams, milk, eggs, and a
goat, from the governor.
I went outside the town with Yarro’s messenger to see the
kongkonie tree which I have before mentioned, and from the seeds
of which they are said to extract the poison for their arrows. The tree
is a parasite (meaning probably a creeper), about the thickness of a
man’s thigh at the root, from which shoot up several stems, that
ascend the large tree at the root of which it grows, twisting itself
round the stem and branches to the top of the tree; the bark of the
young branches is like the darkest of the hazel; the stem and older
branches smooth and whitish, like the bark of the ash; the flower,
which is now fading, has five leaves tapering to a point, from which
they have a string about two inches in length hanging; they are about
the size of our primrose, but of a darker yellow; the leaves of the tree
are rough and furry, exuding a gum that sticks to the fingers; the part
which grows from the flower and contains the seeds is about a foot
and a half in length, and one and a half or two inches in
circumference in the thickest part; the seeds are like caraway seeds,
and are surrounded by a silky substance; they are boiled until they
turn into a paste, when they are fit for use, and put on the arrows. I
had a present of five alligators’ eggs sent me by the governor; they
are only eaten by the principal people, and considered a great
delicacy: they were brought from the banks of the Quorra. The taja
called upon me, but he appeared still to shuffle off coming to any
arrangement, saying he could not say for how much he would carry
me to Kano, until he saw whether I was to go with him or not. I
observed to him it was very easily said, and that until he told me how
much, I would not ask the governor to go with him. He said he
wanted half the money here. To which I replied, “You must go with
this understanding in all future affairs between you and I, that I will
not give you one farthing until I arrive in Kano, when, the day after I
arrive there, you shall have every cowrie of the money. If you come
to any bargain with me, it must be with the understanding that I have
no money here.” “Well,” says he, “I will call to-morrow and see your
things, and then come to a written agreement with you—half the
money here.” This taja must take me for a fool; I will sooner stay
here all the rains, than let him have the money and leave me in the
lurch.
Saturday, 25th.—Clear and warm. At noon the taja visited me,
when, after a great deal of unnecessary palavering and manœuvring
on his part, we came to the following bargain,—that he is to carry all
my baggage and stores to Kano for 200,000 cowries. I also found
out that he does not go to Boussa, but crosses the Quorra at a place
called Comie, and goes to Koolfu in Nyffé, where he stops for a few
days. I am therefore to ask the governor here to carry my baggage to
Koolfu, where the taja will find bullocks. I must however go out of the
way to visit the sultan of Boussa, as all this part of the country is
nominally under him. The sultan of Niki is next to him, and equal to
him in power. My baggage, therefore, and stores with my servants
must proceed to Koolfu without me, as I have no other alternative but
to take this route or that of Youri. After the taja left me, I went to the
governor, and acquainted him with the agreement I had come to with
the taja, who immediately promised to send a messenger with myself
to Boussa, and another with my servants and baggage to see them
safe to Koolfu. I would not on any account miss the opportunity of
going to Boussa, being most anxious to see the spot where Park and
Martin died, and perhaps get their papers. If I am detained, my
servants go on with the taja; and I have left directions with them how
to proceed in the event of my death or other accidents.
Sunday, 26th.—On inquiring to-day of the same person, the
governor’s head man, concerning the fate of Park and Martin, he
said the natives did shoot arrows at them, but not until guns had
been fired from the boat: in all other parts of the story he agreed with
what he had told before, adding, that the boat was to be seen above
water every Sunday. They all treat the affair with a great deal of
seriousness, and look on the place where the boat was wrecked with
awe and superstition, telling some most marvellous stories about her
and her ill-fated crew. I also learnt from this man their manner of
burial in Borgoo, which is as follows: they dig a deep round hole like
a well; the corpse is put in the hole in a sitting posture, with the
wrists bound tight round the neck, the legs bent, and the thighs, legs,
and arms, bound tight round the body. The grave is made in the floor
of the deceased’s house, and his horse and dog, if he has any, are
killed to serve him in the next world. The Mahometans bury in their
usual fashion, and have a burying-ground on the east side of the
town, inside the walls.
Monday, 27th.—Received a present of a goat, two fowls, yams,
and milk, from the brother of the governor, who has got a sore leg,
and wishes me to cure it. In the afternoon we had thunder, lightning,
and rain. I took this opportunity of waiting on the governor to press
my departure, as the taja is rather too slack for me. I asked him if he
would not send me to Koolfu to-morrow, as he saw now that the
rains were close at hand. “Oh,” says he, “they will not set in these
two months, yet it is always thus before the rains.” I told him that no
one knew the seasons better than I did; and that, if I travelled as
slow as I had done of late, I would be caught by the rains in Houssa,
and I might as well have a sword run into my breast. He said he
would send for the taja to-night, and give me into his charge. I said, I
must go to Boussa, and make a present to the sultan; that if I did not,
he would say, a white man has passed through my country without
paying his respects to me, or bringing a present: it would be going
out of the country like a thief, not like the messenger of the king of
England. “Very well,” says he, “I will despatch a messenger with you
to request he will not detain you. You must send all your things up to
my house; I will give them and your servants in charge of the taja,
and all will go well; my messenger shall accompany them to
Koolfu”—(sometimes pronounced Koolfie and Koolfa). He then
began asking me if Englishmen would come into the country. “Yes,”
says I, “if you use them as well as you have done me: there is now a
doctor on his way to join me from Dahomey.” He said he would be
very glad to see him, and would forward him on to me. I asked him if
this country or Borgoo owed any allegiance to Yourriba: he said,
none; and laughed at the idea. He said he owed allegiance to
Boussa, as Kiama, Niki, and Youri did; that he was separated from
Kiama by the brook I halted at the second day I left that place, and
that the province of Wawa extended as far south as Rakah; that
Kiama owed no allegiance to Yourriba, but was a province of Borgoo,
subject to the sultan of Borgoo, who was the head of all: he added,
the sultan of Boussa could take Yourriba whenever he chose, but,
says he, the Fellatas will take it now. I asked him if he thought the
sultan of Boussa would give me the books that were found in the
boat belonging to the white men lost there. He said, if there were
any, he would certainly give them to me, as they were of no use to
him, he could not read; and he then related to me the same story
nearly that his head man had told me of that affair, and asked me if
the unfortunate people were not my countrymen, and had great
riches: I said they were, but that they were not rich, but honest men
like myself; that one, the head man, was a doctor.
Tuesday, 28th.—This morning I visited the governor’s brother who
has got the sore leg, as he had sent a fee, and could not come and
see me. His left ankle was dreadfully ulcerated and swelled, and had
been in the same state since the last rainy season. The leg was thin
and wasted; and he complained of suffering much pain. He could
move his toes very well; and inquiring if it was the effect of a hurt, he
said no, that it had come on at the beginning of the last rains. I
directed him to wash it clean night and morning with warm milk and
water, to apply poultices night and day until the swelling was
reduced, and on no account to drink spirits or palm wine: an advice
which he did not at all admire, as he said when he drank it eased his
pain and gave him sleep. I desired moreover that when the swelling
in his leg was reduced by the poultices, he should put clean fat on a
soft rag and lay over it, and on no account to drink any thing stronger
than water. After my return home he sent me a present of a sheep,
four fowls, eggs, milk, and honey. I now began to prepare for starting
to Boussa in the morning at daybreak, but the taja is working against
me, and I doubt being able to get off, as I have just learned that he
does not leave this until Saturday next, and wishes to detain me
also. The sky being clear, before the moon rose I was able to get the
meridian altitude of the star Dubbe in the Great Bear, which gave the
latitude of my house in Wawa, 9° 53′ 54″ north. Its longitude I
calculate to be 5° 56′ east.
 Wednesday, 29th.—Wawa is the capital of a province of the same
name in the kingdom of Borgoo; it is in the form of a square, and
may contain from eighteen to twenty thousand inhabitants. It is
surrounded by a good high clay wall and dry ditch; and is one of the
neatest, most compact, and best walled towns between this and
Badagry. The streets are wide, spacious, and airy, the houses of the
coozie, or circular hut form; the huts of each house being connected
by a wall, forms an airy and open space inside, and does not take
away from the regular appearance of the houses. One of the coozies
next the street has two doors, which forms an entrance into the
interior, into which the other coozies open. The plan of the one in
which I lived may serve for all, except the governor’s and that of the
widow Zuma. This plan will afford a fair specimen of the
accommodations of Wawa. The governor’s house is surrounded by a
clay wall, about thirty feet high, in the form of a square, having large
coozies, shady trees, and square clay towers inside.

A. Sleeping and sitting-rooms. c. Little houses for holding grain. F. House of entrance.
B. Stables. D. Houses of the slaves. 4. Places for cooking.

The marriages of the Wawanies are very simple. The pagans

make up matters with the girl first, give the father or mother a
present, and all is right. The Mahometans read the fatha, and make
a present; read it again, and part, when tired of one another. The
virtue of chastity I do not believe to exist in Wawa. Even the widow
Zuma lets out her female slaves for hire, like the rest of the people of
the town. Neither is sobriety held as a virtue. I never was in a place
in my life where drunkenness was so general. Governor, priest, and
layman, and even some of the ladies, drink to excess. I was
pestered for three or four days by the governor’s daughter, who used
to come several times in a day, painted and bedizened in the highest
style of Wawa fashion, but always half tipsy; I could only get rid of
her by telling her that I prayed and looked at the stars all night, never
drank any thing stronger than roa-in-zafir, which they call my tea,—
literally hot water: she always departed in a flood of tears.
Notwithstanding their want of chastity, and drunkenness, they are a
merry people, and have behaved well to me. They appear to have
plenty of the necessaries of life, and a great many of the luxuries,
some of which they would be better without; this being the direct
road from Bornou, Houssa, and Nyffé, to Gonja, Dahomey, and
Jannah. Since the war between the Fellatas and people of Yourriba,
they are able to procure plenty of European articles, such as pewter
jugs and dishes, copper pans, earthenware, Manchester cottons, &c.
Their fruits are limes, plantains, bananas, and several wild fruits in
the season. Their vegetables are yams, calalou, or the leaves of a
plant which they use in their soups, as we do greens or cabbage;
grain, doura, Indian corn, and millet. Fish they procure in great plenty
from the Quorra and its tributary streams: those I have seen were all
smoked, and principally a kind of catfish. Their best and largest
horses come from Bornou: the native breed are small, like the
Shetland ponies, hardy, active, and generally of a brown or mouse
colour. Oxen are in great plenty, principally in the hands of the
Fellatas; sheep and goats are also plentiful; domestic fowls plenty
and cheap; honey and bees’ wax abundant; ivory and ostrich
feathers they say are to be procured in great plenty, but they can get
no sale for them. The country abounds in wild animals of all the
different kinds to be found in Africa. Slaves are numerous: the males
are employed in weaving, collecting wood or grass, or on any other
kind of work; some of the women are engaged in spinning cotton
with the distaff and spindle, some in preparing the yarn for the loom,
others in pounding and grinding corn, some cooking and preparing
cakes, sweetmeats, natron, yams, and accassons, and others selling
these articles at the markets; the older female slaves are principally
the spinners. The mere labour is very light, and a smart English
servant would accomplish their hardest day’s work in one hour: but if
their labour be light their food is also light, being confined to two
meals a day, which almost invariably consist of paste of the flour of
yams, or millet, in the morning about nine o’clock, and a thicker kind,
approaching to pudding, after sunset, and this only in small
quantities; flesh, fowl, or fish, they may occasionally get, but only by
a very rare chance. Their owners, in fact, fare very little better:
perhaps a little smoke-dried fish, or some meat now and then;
principally only a little palm oil, or vegetable butter, in addition to their
paste or pudding; but they indulge freely in drinking palm wine, rum,
and bouza.
Of the slaves for sale I can say but little, and a stranger sees very
little of them. In fact when not going on a journey to some slave mart,
or sent out to the wells or rivers in the mornings to wash, they are
seldom seen. Even then they are fastened neck to neck with leather
thongs; and when this duty is over, they are confined closely in the
houses until they are marched off. When on their march, they are
fastened night and day by the neck with leather thongs or a chain,
and in general carry loads; the refractory are put in irons, in addition
to the other fastening, during the night. They are much afraid of
being sold to the sea coast, as it is the universal belief that all those
who are sold to the whites are eaten; retorting back on us the
accusation of cannibalism, of which they have perhaps the greatest
right to blame us. The slaves sold to the sea coast are generally
those taken in war, or refractory and intractable domestic slaves.
Nyffé at present is the place that produces the most slaves, owing to
the civil war raging in that country.
The people of Wawa would take beads in exchange for any
articles their country might produce; also brass bracelets for the
arms and legs; brass, copper, pewter, and earthenware dishes;
Manchester cottons of gaudy colours, and calicoes. Their arms are
bows and poisoned arrows, and light spears. They say they do not
like war, but appear to be very tenacious in not permitting
interference with their country; and they like the Fellatas better than
their neighbours of Kiama, of whom they are very jealous. They have
a good character for honesty; are cheerful, good-natured, and
hospitable; and no people in Africa that I have met with are so ready
to give information about the country as they are; and, what is very
extraordinary, I have not seen a common beggar amongst them.
They deny their Borgoo origin, and say they are descended from the
people of Nyffé and Houssa. Their language is a dialect of the
Yourriba: but the Wawa women are very good-looking, and the
Youriba women are not: the men are strong and well made, but have
a debauched look. Their religion is partly a loose Mahometanism,
and partly pagan. The most pious of the former can only say a few
prayers, or go through the necessary forms, and are called Malem,
or learned: the latter are called Kaffirs; and what they worship it is
hard to tell; every man choosing his own god, which they pray to that
he may intercede with the Supreme Being for them; and they offer
sheep, dogs, and sometimes a bullock, according to the benefit they
expect. A woman is sent to the market and sold, if, when she has a
child at the breast, she is known to go with a man, and, in addition,
loses her child, and is flogged.
In this country, as well as in all others I have passed between this
and the sea, I have met with tribes of Fellatas, some of whom are
not Mahometans, but pagans. They certainly are the same people,
as they speak the same language, have the same features and
colour, except those who have crossed with the negro. They are as
fair as the lower class of Portugueze or Spaniards, lead a pastoral
life, shifting from place to place, as they find grass for their horned
cattle, and live in temporary huts of reeds or long grass.
Thursday, 30th.—Having had every thing prepared last night for
starting this morning at day-break, I went and took leave of the
governor, who repeated his promises of sending my baggage on to
Koolfu. On my return from the governor, I met a messenger of the
sultan of Boussa, who had been sent expressly for me. He said he
would just wait on the governor, and deliver a message, and follow
me. I left Wawa, mounted on an old red roan mare of the governor’s,
on a good road, leading through a woody country, with numerous
plantations of yams, and Indian corn. At 8.30 A.M. passed a village
about a quarter of a mile from the south side of a range of low rocky
hills, running in a direction from east-south-east to west-south-west
by compass. The rocks were composed of pudding-stone, the white
quartz pebbles of which were square, not rounded, and imbedded in
a gray substance. At the end of an opening in the range was a
beautiful sugar-loaf mountain, overlooking all the rest, and bearing
from the village east-south-east, distance half a mile. This I
presumed to call Mount George, after his present majesty George
the Fourth. After passing the village and entering amongst the hills, I
found the valleys well cultivated, and planted with yams, corn, and
maize, but the road winding and rocky. At 10 A.M. came to the
village of Injum, the first belonging to the province of Boussa. Here I
halted, until the messenger, who had joined me some time before,
got his breakfast. This village is on the north-east side of the hills.
Amongst the number of people who came to look at me was a
woman, whose face, neck, right breast, and part of her right arm,
were covered with a scurf, like a person very ill with the small pox:
the borders of the scurf were bare, raw, and inflamed. This is the
disorder the young man’s mother died of, to whom I gave the
medicines at Kiama. When the disease reaches the toes and fingers,
they first contract, and then drop off; when, in a short time after, the
unfortunate person is relieved by death, as they have no cure for it,
nor do they attempt any. I called the woman, and asked her if she
suffered much pain: she said no, nor did it itch. She sent for some
yams, and offered them, as she said my looking at her would do her
good.
At 10.30 the messenger having finished his breakfast, we left
Injum. He gave me his horse to ride, as I could not get the old Wawa
mare to go on without a great deal of beating. At noon halted at the
side of a brook, to water the horses. Here end the hills and the
pudding-stone of which they are composed, and the rocks are now a
dark gray slate, which moulders away with the rains, the soil a strong
blue clay, with deep gullies formed by the rains. At 1 left the brook:
the country thickly wooded with tall trees, amongst which are a
number of the acacia or mimosa, many of them thrown down by the
elephants, for the purpose of feeding on the upper and tender
branches. The traces of elephants, buffaloes, and the larger kind of
antelopes called in Bornou corigum, are numerous. At 2.40 halted at
a village of the Kumbrie, or Cambrie, a race of Kaffirs inhabiting the
woods, on both sides of the river. They made a great difficulty in
procuring me a drink of water, so I mounted and left them, and at
3.30 arrived at a branch of the Quorra, called the Menai, close to its
junction with a second branch. The Menai is about twenty yards in
breadth, and about two fathoms in depth; the current hardly
perceptible, and the water dark and muddy; that of the branch into
which it runs being about thirty yards in breadth, with a strong
current, about three or four knots, throwing a back-water up the
Menai. The island on the other side of it is low and swampy, and
covered with high reeds; the colour of both the streams red and
muddy, as if in flood; but the messenger, on my asking if this was the
case, said no, that the river was now at its lowest mark, and pointing
to a place on the opposite bank of the Menai, about fifteen feet
above the present level, said the river rose to that height during the
rains. The trees on both banks were close down to the water’s edge,
and the branches were in the stream, and every now and then a
branch would be broken off, and washed away by the strength of the
current. From this, and the muddiness of the water, I concluded it
was rising; but certainly the inhabitants must know best: had I not
made inquiry, I should certainly have said it was rising. The canoe
being on the other side of the Menai, the messenger stripped off his
tobe, and swam over for it. After crossing and swimming the horses
over, in about a quarter of an hour’s ride I entered the walls of
Boussa, by the western gate. The walls appeared very extensive,
and are at present under repair. Bands of male and female slaves,
accompanied by drums and flutes, and singing in chorus, were
passing to and from the river with water, to mix the clay they were
building with. Each great man has his part of the wall to build, like
the Jews when they built the walls of Jerusalem, every one opposite
his own house.
I was much surprised, after entering the gate, to see only clusters
of huts here and there, and no regular town, as I had been led to
expect. I remained under the shade of a tree until the messenger
went and acquainted the sultan of my arrival. On his return I
accompanied him up to the sultan, whom I found sitting under a
small projection of the verandah of one of his coozies: his midaki, or
principal wife, sitting alongside of him. To this personage I had been
advised by the widow Zuma to pay particular attention, as she was
every thing with the sultan. He received me very kindly, and said the
sultan of Youri had kept seven boats waiting for me for these last