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Encyclopedia of
Information Science and
Technology, Fifth Edition
Mehdi Khosrow-Pour D.B.A.

Information Resources Management Association, USA
Copyright © 2020. IGI Global. All rights reserved.
A volume in the Advances in Information Quality

and Management (AIQM) Book Series
Published in the United States of America by
IGI Global
Engineering Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue
Hershey PA, USA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.igi-global.com
Copyright © 2021 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi, 1951- editor.
Title: Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi
Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A., editor.
Description: Fifth edition. | Hershey, PA : Engineering Science Reference,
2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This
book presents multidisciplinary research and expert insights into new
methods and processes for understanding modern technological tools and
their applications as well as emerging theories and ethical
controversies surrounding the field of information science”-- Provided
by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020000232 (print) | LCCN 2020000233 (ebook) | ISBN
9781799834793 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781799834809 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Information science--Encyclopedias. | Information
technology--Encyclopedias.
Classification: LCC Z1006 .E566 2020 (print) | LCC Z1006 (ebook) | DDC
020.3--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000232
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020000233
This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Information Quality and Management (AIQM) (ISSN:
2331-7701; eISSN: 2331-771X)
British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected].

Advances in Information
Quality and Management
(AIQM) Book Series
Siddhartha Bhattacharyya
RCC Institute of Information Technology, India
ISSN:2331-7701
EISSN:2331-771X
Mission
Acquiring and managing quality information is essential to an organization’s success and profitability.
Innovation in information technology provides managers, researchers, and practitioners with the tools and
techniques needed to create and adapt new policies, strategies, and solutions for information management.
The Advances in Information Quality and Management (AIQM) Book Series provides emerg-
ing research principals in knowledge society for the advancement of future technological development.
This series aims to increase available research publications and emphasize the global response within
the discipline and allow for audiences to benefit from the comprehensive collection of this knowledge.
Coverage
• Human and Societal Issue
IGI Global is currently accepting manuscripts
• Knowledge Management
for publication within this series. To submit a pro-
• Decision Support and Group Decision Support Systems
posal for a volume in this series, please contact our
• Electronic Commerce Technologies
Acquisition Editors at [email protected]
• Supply Chain Management
or visit: http://www.igi-global.com/publish/.
• Business Process Management and Modeling
• Application of IT to Operation
• Emerging Technologies Management
• IT Innovation and Diffusion
• Web Services and Technologies
The Advances in Information Quality and Management (AIQM) Book Series (ISSN 2331-7701) is published by IGI Global, 701 E.
Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-1240, USA, www.igi-global.com. This series is composed of titles available for purchase individually;
each title is edited to be contextually exclusive from any other title within the series. For pricing and ordering information please visit http://
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Copyright © 2021 IGI Global. All rights, including translation in other languages reserved by the publisher. No part of this series may be
reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or informa-
tion and retrieval systems – without written permission from the publisher, except for non commercial, educational use, including classroom
teaching purposes. The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global.
Titles in this Series
For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: www.igi-global.com/book-series
Handbook of Research on Managing Information Systems in Developing Economies

Richard Boateng (University of Ghaa, Ghana)
Business Science Reference • ©2020 • 695pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799826101) • US $265.00
Legal and Ethical Issues in Information Management

Peter Mazebe II Mothataesi Sebina (University of Botswana, Botswana) Nathan Mwakoshi Mnjama (University
of Botswana, Botswana) Kgomotso Hildegard Moahi (University of Botswana, Botswana) Tachilisa Badala Balule
(University of Botswana, Botswana) and Balulwami Grand (University of Botswana,Botswana)
Information Science Reference • ©2020 • 320pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799824220) • US $195.00
Metaheuristic Approaches to Portfolio Optimization

Jhuma Ray (RCC Institute of Information Technology, India) Anirban Mukherjee (RCC Institute of Information
Technology, India) Sadhan Kumar Dey (RCC Institute of Information Technology, India) and Goran Klepac (Al-
gebra University College, Croatia)
Strategic Management of Business-Critical Information Assets

Denise A.D. Bedford (Georgetown University, USA)
Systems Research for Real-World Challenges

Frank Stowell (University of Portsmouth, UK)
Ensuring Research Integrity and the Ethical Management of Data

Cees Th. Smit Sibinga (University of Groningen, The Netherlands)
Handbook of Research on Global Enterprise Operations and Opportunities

Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A. (Information Resources Management Association, USA)
Examining Information Retrieval and Image Processing Paradigms in Multidisciplinary Contexts

Joan Lu (University of Huddersfield, UK) and Qiang Xu (University of Huddersfield, UK)
701 East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

Tel: 717-533-8845 x100 • Fax: 717-533-8661
E-Mail: [email protected] • www.igi-global.com
This book is dedicated to the memory of my late father for the love and care that he always displayed
for his family, and for teaching me the importance of humanitarianism. Also, to my beautiful wife, Olga,
and our handsome sons, Darius and Cyrus, for filling my life with so much love, joy, and happiness.

Editorial Advisory Board
Gilad Ariely, Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy, and Strategy, IDC Herzliya, Israel
Md. Zahir Uddin Arif, Jagannath University, India
Sergey Balandin, FRUCT Oy, Finland
Carlos Ballesteros, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Spain
William Bart, University of Minnesota, USA
Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, RCC Institute of Information Technology, Kolkata, India
Michael A. Brown Sr., Florida Institute of Technology, USA
Isabell Carolina Camillo, Goodman School of Business, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
Zhiyuan Chen, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA
Linda Daniela, University of Latvia, Latvia
Shirley M. Fedorovich, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA
Francisco José García-Peñalvo, University of Salamanca, Spain
Babu George, Fort Hays State University, USA
Vicente González-Prida, University of Seville, Spain & UNED, Spain
Maki K. Habib, American University of Cairo, Egypt
Shalin Hai-Jew, Kansas State University, USA
Telmo Antonio Henriques, ISCTE, University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal
Wen-Chen Hu, University of North Dakota, USA
Danius Jacek Jakobczak, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland
Kai Jakobs, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
George Leal Jamil, Informações em Rede Consultoria e Treinamento, Brazil
Murray E. Jennex, San Diego State University, USA

Hans Ruediger Kaufmann, University of Applied Management Studies Mannheim, Germany & University
of Nicosia, Cyprus
Dimitry Korzun, Petrozavodsk State University, Russia
Rocci Luppicini, University of Ottawa, Canada
Kathryn MacCullum, Eastern Institute of Technology, New Zealand
Minna M. Mattila, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA
Elspeth McKay, RMIT University, Australia
Ionica Oncioiu, Titu Maiorescu, Romania
Patricia Ordonez de Pablos, University of Oviedo, Spain

Drew Polly, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

Barre Vijaya Prasad, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), India
Hayo Reinders, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand
James Allen Rodger, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA
Joao M. F. Rodrigues, University of Algarve, Portugal
Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, University of Granada, Spain
Aleksandra Rosiek-Kryszewska, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland & Collegium Medi-
cum in Bydgoszcz, Poland
Neil Rowe, Naval Postgraduate School, USA
Fjodor Ruzic, HR Open, Croatia
Ari Sigal, Catawba Valley Community College, USA
Emily Stacey, Rose State College, USA
Sang-Bing Tsai, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China & Zhongshan Insti-
tute, China & Civil Aviation University of China, China & School of Business, Wuyi University, China
Anna Ursyn, University of Northern Colorado, USA
Chelsea C. White, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Recep Yilmaz, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Turkey
Ali Hussain Saleh Zolait, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
List of Contributors
Abdul-Jeleel, Balikis Animasaun / International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria
.
1699
Abusaada, Hisham / Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Egypt ............... 1196
.
Acosta, Olga / Singularyta SpA, Chile .............................................................................................. 856
.
Adedayo, Adekunbi Enoch / Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria ............... 1362
.
Afolabi, Asani M. / Ladoke Akintola University, Nigeria ............................................................... 1336
.
Agrawal, Nitesh Kumar / Vellore Institute of Technology, India........................................................ 98
Aguilar, César / Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile .................................................... 856
.
Ahmed, Rukhsana / University at Albany, SUNY, USA ................................................................. 1839
.
Akinsumbo, Kolawole Sunday / LucrativeTech, Nigeria ............................................................... 1699
.
Aligwa, Rashida Mebude / Tek Experts Limited, Nigeria .............................................................. 1699
.
Almeida, Fernando / Polytechnic Institute of Gaya, Portugal ....................................................... 1513
.
Almunawar, Mohammad Nabil / Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei ..................................... 1683
.
Amoko, Justinah S. / Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria ........................... 1362
.
Artese, Maria Teresa / IMATI-CNR, Italy ........................................................................................ 107
.
Artyukhov, Artem / Sumy State University, Ukraine ..................................................................... 1289
.
Artyukhova, Nadiia / Sumy State University, Ukraine................................................................... 1289
.
Asani, Afolabi M. / Ladoke Akintola University, Nigeria ............................................................... 1231
.
Averweg, Udo Richard / eThekwini Municipality, South Africa ..................................................... 1672
.
Babalola, Samuel Oyelami / UAC Nigeria Plc, Nigeria ................................................................. 1699
.
Babcock, Grace M. / North Carolina State University, USA .......................................................... 1096
.
Banik, Abira / Tripura University, India ........................................................................................ 1018
.
Barrera, María P. / Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia.................................................................... 54
.
Barrett, Diane / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA ....................................................... 462
.
Ben Ouannes, Achref / ARSELA, Tunisia ...................................................................................... 1578
.
Bezboruah, Tulshi / Gauhati University, India .............................................................................. 1037
.
Bhagat, Amit / Maulana Azad National Institute of India, India ..................................................... 559
.
Bhagwatikar, Govind / Sany Wind Energy India Private Limited, India......................................... 815
.
Boido, Cristina / Politecnico di Torino, Italy ................................................................................. 1181
.
Bora, Abhijit / Gauhati University, India ....................................................................................... 1037
.
Borhani, Roula / OMEDRH, Tunis, Tunisia ................................................................................... 1578
.
Bose, Indranil / Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata, India ................................................... 1106
.
Bouchiha, Djelloul / Center University of Naama, Algeria & EEDIS Lab. UDL-SBA, Algeria .... 1214
.
Bratsas, Charalampos / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece........................................... 1140
.
Brown, Sheldondra J. / Southeast Missouri State University, USA ................................................ 1096
.

C., Abinaya / Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India ................................................................ 473
.
Cahlik, Tomas / Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ....................................................... 1451
.
Campos, Pedro / INESC TEC, University of Porto, Portugal......................................................... 1827
.
Caro, Manuel F. / Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia ...................................................................... 54
.
Casas-Rosal, Jose Carlos / Universidad de Córdoba, Spain ............................................................ 624
.
Chabukswar, Anuruddha R. / School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace
University, Pune, India ............................................................................................................... 1797
.
Chaudhary, Pankaj / Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA ................................................... 1550
.
Chauhan, Nutan Kumari / KIET Group of Institutions, India ......................................................... 233
.
Chen, E. Jack / BASF Corporation, USA .......................................................................................... 164
.
Chhaya, Lipi / Researcher, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India .............................. 815
.
Choubey, Dilip Kumar / Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India .......................................... 980
.
Chowdhury, Mahfuzulhoq / Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Canada &
University of Quebec, Canada........................................................................................................ 27
Cook, Bruce Lawrence / Cook Communication, USA .................................................................... 1461
.
Cordeiro, M. Natália D. S. / LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Portugal ........................... 1827
.
Costa, Vera / FEUP, University of Porto, Portugal .......................................................................... 637
.
Crossan, Adam / Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland ...................................................... 1719
.
Curran, Kevin / Ulster University, UK........................................................................................... 1719
.
Das, Arpita / University of Calcutta, India ....................................................................................... 271
.
Das, Kaustav / University of Calcutta, India .................................................................................... 271
.
Dasso, Aristides / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina .................................................... 749
.
Davico, Pia / Politecnico di Torino, Italy ........................................................................................ 1181
.
Delgado, José Carlos Martins / Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal ..... 217
.
Dhar, Suparna / NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, India ........................................................ 1106
.
Dikovic, Ljubica / College of Applied Sciences Uzice, Serbia ....................................................... 1933
.
Dimou, Anastasios / Independent Researcher, Athens, Greece ...................................................... 1118
.
Donaj, Gregor / University of Maribor, Slovenia ............................................................................... 73
.
Doorn, Jorge Horacio / Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Argentina & Universidad
Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Argentina ..................................................................................... 1165
.
Duarte, Dinah / CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona, Portugal ........................................................... 1815
.
Dunn, Robert Andrew / East Tennessee State University, USA ..................................................... 1085
.
Düzgün, Şebnem / Colorado School of Mines, USA ...................................................................... 1623
.
Ekere, Justina Ngozi / University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria ...................................................... 1767
.
Elshater, Abeer / Ain Shams University, Egypt .............................................................................. 1196
.
Erener, Arzu / Kocaeli University, Turkey ..................................................................................... 1623
.
Eyinagho, Monday Ofori / Afe Babalola University, Nigeria .......................................................... 967
.
Fagbohun, Michael O. / Covenant University, Nigeria ................................................................... 1767
.
Falaki, Samuel Oluwole / Afe Babalola University, Nigeria ............................................................ 967
.
Fauzi, Syazana / Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei................................................................ 1860
.
Favre, Liliana Maria / Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,
Argentina & Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,
Argentina ...................................................................................................................................... 887
.
Forge, John / University of Sydney, Australia................................................................................. 1424
.
Fotopoulou, Ourania-Ioanna / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece ............................... 1919
.
Fridman, Alexander Y. / Institute for Informatics and Mathematical Modeling of RAS, Russia..... 685
.

Funes, Ana / Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina ............................................................ 749
.
Gagliardi, Isabella / IMATI-CNR, Italy ............................................................................................ 107
.
Gallerani, Valentina / University of Bologna, Italy ......................................................................... 127
.
Gama, João / INESC TEC, Portugal & FEP, University of Porto, Portugal .................................... 675
.
Gauttier, Stéphanie / Grenoble Ecole de Management, France .................................................... 1746
.
Gavurova, Beata / Technical University of Košice, Slovakia ......................................................... 1872
.
Gegov, Alexander / School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, UK ............................. 290, 1271
.
George, James / Archway Publishing, USA .................................................................................... 1550
.
Gogi, Vyshali J. / Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, India ........................................... 847
.
Gómez, Adán A. / Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia ...................................................................... 54
.
Gonçalves, Patrícia C. T. / INESC TEC, University of Porto, Portugal ......................................... 1827
.
Goudos, Sotirios K. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece .................................................. 950
.
Govindarajan, M. / Annamalai University, India .................................................................... 577, 768
.
Gutiérrez-Artacho, Juncal / Department of Translation and Interpreting, University of
Granada, Spain............................................................................................................................. 874
Hable, Asawaree Anand / MAEER’s Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy, Pune, India ................ 1797
.
Hadad, Graciela Dora Susana / Universidad Nacional del Oeste, Argentina & Universidad de
Belgrano, Argentina.................................................................................................................... 1165
Hafi, Ynes / ARSELA, Tunisia......................................................................................................... 1578
.
Hasan, Osman / National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan ................................. 1002
.
Hight, Craig / University of Newcastle, Australia .......................................................................... 1648
.
Holland, Barbara Jane / Brooklyn Public Library, USA ................................................................ 1952
.
Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA ........................................................................ 1384
.
Ibrahim, Adamkolo Mohammed / University of Maiduguri, Nigeria ............................................. 344
.
Ilo, Promise Ifeoma / University Library, Pamo University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt,
Nigeria ........................................................................................................................................ 1767
.
Izuagbe, Roland / Covenant University, Nigeria ............................................................................ 1767
.
Jafari, Raheleh / School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ..................................... 290, 1271
.
Jagdale, Swati Changdeo / School of Pharmacy, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace
University, Pune, India ............................................................................................................... 1797
.
Jamil, Mohammad Izzuddin Mohammed / Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei .................... 1683
.
Jerónimo, Alba J. / Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia .................................................................... 54
.
Jiménez-Fanjul, Noelia / Universidad de Córdoba, Spain .............................................................. 624
.
Joe, Jennifer Ashley Wright / University of Toledo, USA .............................................................. 1757
.
K., Brindha / Vellore Institute of Technology, India ........................................................................... 98
.
Kapari, Marianna / INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece ................................................................................. 924
.
Kato, Shogo / Tokyo Woman’s Christian University, Japan ............................................................. 904
.
Kato, Yuuki / Sagami Women’s University, Japan ........................................................................... 904
.
Khan, Mohammed Naved / Aligarh Muslim University, India ....................................................... 1106
.
Khoo, Elaine / The University of Waikato, New Zealand ............................................................... 1648
.
Khosrowshahi, Yasmine / Wake Forest University, USA ................................................................. 449
.
Korres, George M. / University of Aegean, Greece......................................................................... 1526
.
Korstanje, Maximiliano Emanuel / University of Palermo, Argentina ......................................... 1638
.
Kostic-Ljubisavljevic, Aleksandra / University of Belgrade, Serbia ............................................ 1051
.
Koumaras, Harilaos / NCSR “Demokritos”, Greece....................................................................... 924
Koumaras, Vaios / INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece ................................................................................... 924
.
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Krmela, Jan / Alexander Dubcek University of Trencin, Slovakia ................................................. 1289
.
Kubak, Matus / Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia ............................................................. 1872
.
Kulik, Boris A. / Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of RAS, Russia ....................... 685
.
Kumar, Adesh / University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India ............................................... 815
.
Kumar, Harendra / Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, India ....................................................... 233
.
Leaning, Marcus / University of Winchester, UK ........................................................................... 1672
.
Ledesma, Viviana Alejandra / Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Argentina ........................ 1165
.
Lee, Wanbil William / The Computer Ethics Society, Hong Kong & Wanbil and Asssociates,
Hong Kong ................................................................................................................................... 411
.
León-Mantero, Carmen / Universidad de Córdoba, Spain ............................................................. 624
.
Lo Huang, Jose / Simon Bolivar University, Venezuela ................................................................... 207
.
Lu, Shen / University of South Florida, USA .................................................................................... 602
.
Luk, Sabrina Ching Yuen / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore .................................... 398
.
Lukman, Salihu / University of Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia .............................................. 1231, 1362
.
M. N., Vijayalakshmi / Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, India ................................ 847
.
M., Divyaprabha / Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India ....................................................... 473
.
M., Thangavel / Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India ............................................................ 473
.
Maier, Martin / Institut National de la RechercheScientifique (INRS), Canada ................................ 27
.
Majumder, Abhishek / Tripura University, India .......................................................................... 1018
.
Malheiro, Benedita / Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal & INESC TEC, Portugal................. 675
Maniou, Theodora A. / University of Cyprus, Cyprus .................................................................... 1130
.
Marshall, Stephen W. / East Tennessee State University, USA ...................................................... 1085
.
Maz-Machado, Alexander / Universidad de Córdoba, Spain ......................................................... 624
.
McKelvey, Nigel / Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland ..................................................... 1719
.
Michailidis, Maria P. / University of Nicosia, Cyprus .................................................................... 1526
.
Mikavica, Branka / Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
.
1051
Mitra, Ananda / Wake Forest University, USA ................................................................................ 449
.
Mohammed, Idi Dansuleiman / Land, Air, and Water Consulting, Nigeria .................................. 1336
.
Mollah, Md. Awal Hossain / University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.................................................. 1481
.
Monteiro, José Augusto / Polytechnic Institute of Gaya, Portugal ................................................. 1513
.
Moura, Ana S. / LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Portugal ............................................... 1827
.
Mukherjee, Debapriya / University of Calcutta, India .................................................................... 271
.
Murrar, Abdullah / Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA ...................................................... 1550
.
N., Ambika / Department of Computer Applications, SSMRV College, Bangalore, India ...............
.
500, 514, 528
Nair, Rajit / Jagran Lakecity University, India ................................................................................. 559

.
Narang, Ritu / University of Lucknow, India .................................................................................. 1066
.
Nayak, Sabyasachi / Confederation of Indian Industry, India ....................................................... 1353
.
Nechval, Nicholas / University of Latvia, Latvia .............................................................................. 701
.
Nkiko, Christopher / Elizade University, Nigeria .......................................................................... 1767
.
Oke, Isaiah Adesola / Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria ..................................... 1231, 1336, 1362
.
Oluwaseun, Fehintola Ezekiel / Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria .......... 1362
.
Olvera-Lobo, María-Dolores / Department of Information and Communication Sciences,
University of Granada, Spain ....................................................................................................... 874
.
Omolade-Lawal, Aanuoluwapo Oluwaseun / University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria ...... 1699
.

Onuoha Oragwa, Mgbeodichinma Eucharia / Technical University of Mining Bergakadmie

Freiberg, Germany ..................................................................................................................... 1398
.
Ostroha, Ruslan / Sumy State University, Ukraine......................................................................... 1289
.
Pandey, Sarvesh / MMM University of Technology, India ............................................................... 800
.
Papadopoulos, Georgios O. / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ................. 155
.
Papadopoulos, Ioannis / Metropolitan College, Greece ................................................................ 1662
.
Papadopoulou, Lambrini / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece ..................................... 1130
.
Papaioannou, Angeliki / INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece .......................................................................... 924
.
Paul, Satyam / Department of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of
England, Bristol, UK .................................................................................................................... 290
.
Pavlov, Yuri P. / Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences, Bulgaria .................................................................................................................. 1309
.
Pires, Carla / CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona, Portugal................................................................ 1815
Puaschunder, Julia / The New School, USA..................................................................................... 428
.
Rabuzin, Kornelije / Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Croatia ...... 778
.
Radu, Monica Bixby / Southeast Missouri State University, USA .......................................... 387, 1096
.
Rao, Bapuji / Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, India ................................................ 828
.
Rascão, José Poças / Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal...................................................... 1728
.
Rashid, Adnan / National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan................................. 1002
.
Rath, Mamata / Birla School of Management, Birla Global University, India................................ 586
.
Rathore, Maya / Department of Computer Science, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India...... 190
.
Razvarz, Sina / Department of Automatic Control, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of
the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico .................... 290, 1271
.
Rehioui, Fadoua / University Soultan Moulay Slimane, Morocco ................................................... 542
.
Rivera-Trigueros, Irene / Department of Translation and Interpreting, University of Granada,
Spain ............................................................................................................................................. 874
.
Rodger, James Allen / Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA ................................................... 1550
.
Rook, Alexandria L. / Southeast Missouri State University, USA .................................................... 387
.
Routray, Sudhir K. / Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia ............................................ 913, 939
.
Rouzbehani, Khadijeh Roya / University of Victoria, Canada ...................................................... 1850
.
Saito, Nagayuki / International Professional University of Technology in Tokyo, Japan .............. 1537
.
Sakkas, Christos / INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece .................................................................................... 924
.
Sakpere, Wilson / University of Bologna, Italy ................................................................................ 127
.
Salihu, Lukman / University of Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia ........................................................ 1336
.
Sarasa-Cabezuelo, Antonio / Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Spain ............................................................................................................................................. 791
.
Saridou, Theodora A. / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece ............................................ 1152
.
Sarmento, Rui Portocarrero / Statsframe, University of Porto, Portugal ........................................ 637
.
Sarp, Gülcan / Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey .................................................................... 1623
.
Segall, Richard S. / Arkansas State University, USA......................................................................... 602
.
Sen, Devjani / Algonquin College, Canada .................................................................................... 1839
.
Senthilkumar, Sudha S. / Vellore Institute of Technology, India ........................................................ 98
.
Sepesy Maučec, Mirjam / University of Maribor, Slovenia ............................................................... 73
.
Šestak, Martina / Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Croatia ........... 778
.
Shanker, Udai / MMM University of Technology, India ................................................................... 800
.
Sharma, Paawan / Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, India .................................................. 815
.

Shibuya, Kazuhiko / ROIS, Japan ....................................................................................... 1469, 1612
.
Shmelova, Tetiana / National Aviation University, Ukraine ............................................................ 658
.
Shukla, Vaibhav / Tech Mahindra, Mumbai, India .......................................................................... 980
.
Sikirda, Yuliya / Flight Academy, National Aviation University, Ukraine ....................................... 658
.
Singhania, Udit / Vellore Institute of Technology, India .................................................................... 87
.
Spallone, Roberta / Politecnico di Torino, Italy ............................................................................. 1181
.
Sridhar, Gumpeny R. / Endocrine and Diabetes Centre, Visakhapatnam, India ........................... 1888
.
Stergiou, Ioannis / INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece.................................................................................... 924
.
Sugiyama, Shigeki / Independent Researcher, Japan ............................................................. 177, 1944
.
Suman, Ugrasen / School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Devi Ahilya
University, India ........................................................................................................................... 190
.
Syropoulos, Apostolos / Greek Molecular Computing Group, Greece ................ 155, 493, 1118, 1662
.
Syropoulos-Harissis, Demetrios Georgios / Greek Molecular Computing Group, Greece ............ 493
.
Tamzini, Khaled / LaREMFiQ Laboratory, IHEC of Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia......... 1578
Theodoropoulos, George / INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece....................................................................... 924
.
Tiwari, Sonal / University of Lucknow, India ................................................................................. 1066
.
Tripathy, B. K. / Vellore Institute of Technology, India....................................................................... 87
Tzanis, George / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece ....................................................... 1919
.
Ugwu, Cyprian Ifeanyi / University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria & University of South Africa,
South Africa ................................................................................................................................ 1767
.
Umukoro, Immanuel Ovemeso / Lagos Business School, Pan-Atlantic University, Nigeria ......... 1699
.
Usuki, Kiminori / Tokyo Metropolitan Mizuho Nogei High School, Japan ..................................... 904
.
Vaidya, Akshat / Vellore Institute of Technology, India ..................................................................... 98
.
Vargas Jarillo, Cristóbal / Department of Automatic Control, Centre for Research and
Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City,
Mexico ........................................................................................................................................ 1271
.
Vargas-Bernal, Rafael / Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato, Mexico .............................. 1254
.
Veglis, Andreas / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece ............................................ 1140, 1152
.
Veloso, Bruno / INESC TEC, Portugal & University Portucalense, Portugal.................................. 675
.
Véstias, Mário Pereira / INESC-ID, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto
Politécnico de Lisboa, Portugal ..................................................................................... 12, 245, 257
.
Vlaj, Damjan / University of Maribor, Slovenia ............................................................................... 138
.
Voskoglou, Michael / Graduate Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Greece .. 315
.
Walczak, Steven / University of South Florida, USA ..................................................................... 1901
.
Weiss, Andrew Philip / California State University, Northridge, USA ........................................... 1782
.
Wernicke, Immo H. / German Government (retired), Germany ..................................................... 1323
.
Williams, Idongesit / Aalborg University, Denmark ...................................................................... 1436
.
Wiseman, Yair / Bar-Ilan University, Israel ......................................................................................... 1
.
Wong, Sam / University College Roosevelt, The Netherlands ........................................................ 1408
.
Wright, Michelle F. / Pennsylvania State University, USA & Masaryk University, USA ......... 356, 374
.
Yasuda, Gen’ichi / Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Japan...................................................... 42
.
Yu, Szde / Wichita State University, USA.......................................................................................... 333
.
Zgank, Andrej / University of Maribor, Slovenia............................................................................. 138
.
Zhizhin, Gennadiy Vladimirovich / Skolkovo, Russia ..................................................................... 730
.
Zinyama, Tawanda / University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe ................................................... 1497, 1597
.
Table of Contents by Category
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................. liv

.
Preface .................................................................................................................................................xlii
.
Volume I
Section 1: Artificial Intelligence

Autonomous Vehicles ............................................................................................................................. 1
.
Yair Wiseman, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Convolutional Neural Network ............................................................................................................. 12

.
Mário Pereira Véstias, INESC-ID, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto
Politécnico de Lisboa, Portugal
Human-Agent-Robot Teamwork (HART) Over FiWi-Based Tactile Internet Infrastructures.............. 27

Mahfuzulhoq Chowdhury, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Canada &
University of Quebec, Canada
Martin Maier, Institut National de la RechercheScientifique (INRS), Canada
Embedded Control System Design for Inverted Pendulum Type Mobile Robots Based on High-
Level Petri Nets ..................................................................................................................................... 42
.
Gen’ichi Yasuda, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Japan
Semantic and Formal Representation of Cognitive Models for the Metacognitive Architecture
CARINA ............................................................................................................................................... 54
.
Alba J. Jerónimo, Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia
María P. Barrera, Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia
Manuel F. Caro, Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia
Adán A. Gómez, Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia
Error Types in Natural Language Processing in Inflectional Languages .............................................. 73

.
Gregor Donaj, University of Maribor, Slovenia
Mirjam Sepesy Maučec, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Text-Based Image Retrieval Using Deep Learning .............................................................................. 87
.
Udit Singhania, Vellore Institute of Technology, India
B. K. Tripathy, Vellore Institute of Technology, India
Dynamic Load Balancing Using Honey Bee Algorithm: Load Balancing ........................................... 98
.
Sudha S. Senthilkumar, Vellore Institute of Technology, India
Brindha K., Vellore Institute of Technology, India
Nitesh Kumar Agrawal, Vellore Institute of Technology, India
Akshat Vaidya, Vellore Institute of Technology, India
Unsupervised Automatic Keyphrases Extraction on Italian Datasets ................................................. 107
.
Isabella Gagliardi, IMATI-CNR, Italy
Maria Teresa Artese, IMATI-CNR, Italy
An Intelligent Machine-Driven Perspective to Archaeological Pottery Reassembly ......................... 127
.
Wilson Sakpere, University of Bologna, Italy
Valentina Gallerani, University of Bologna, Italy
Acoustic Presence Detection in a Smart Home Environment............................................................. 138

.
Andrej Zgank, University of Maribor, Slovenia
Damjan Vlaj, University of Maribor, Slovenia
Section 2: Computational Science

Sense and Boundaries of Computer Simulations ................................................................................ 155
.
Georgios O. Papadopoulos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Apostolos Syropoulos, Greek Molecular Computing Group, Greece
A General-Purpose Uniform Random Number Package .................................................................... 164

.
E. Jack Chen, BASF Corporation, USA
Individual Cloud: After Cloud ............................................................................................................ 177

.
Shigeki Sugiyama, Independent Researcher, Japan
A Collaborative Ranking Approach for Discovery and Selection of Cloud Services ........................ 190
.
Maya Rathore, Department of Computer Science, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
Ugrasen Suman, School of Computer Science and Information Technology, Devi Ahilya
University, India
Tuning Drone Data Delivery and Analysis on the Public Cloud ........................................................ 207
.
Jose Lo Huang, Simon Bolivar University, Venezuela
Improving the Integration of Distributed Applications ...................................................................... 217

.
José Carlos Martins Delgado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

A Survey of Tasks Scheduling Algorithms in Distributed Computing Systems ................................ 233
.
Nutan Kumari Chauhan, KIET Group of Institutions, India
Harendra Kumar, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, India
High-Speed Viterbi Decoder............................................................................................................... 245
.
Field-Programmable Gate Array......................................................................................................... 257

.
Design of a Simple and Low-Cost Calculator in the Laboratory Using FPGA .................................. 271
.
Debapriya Mukherjee, University of Calcutta, India
Kaustav Das, University of Calcutta, India
Arpita Das, University of Calcutta, India
Modeling of Uncertain Nonlinear System With Z-Numbers .............................................................. 290

.
Raheleh Jafari, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Sina Razvarz, Department of Automatic Control, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies
of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
Alexander Gegov, School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, UK
Satyam Paul, Department of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of
England, Bristol, UK
Use of Grey Numbers for Evaluating a System’s Performance Under Fuzzy Conditions .................. 315
.
Michael Voskoglou, Graduate Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece,
Greece
Section 3: Cyber Crime, Cyber Bullying, and Digital Terrorism

Cyber Profiling in Criminal Investigation ........................................................................................... 333
.
Szde Yu, Wichita State University, USA
Boko Haram’s Feminization, Minorization, and Cyberization of Terrorism: Offering the

Cyberterrorism Diffusion Model as Anti-Bokoharamism Tool .......................................................... 344
.
Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
Cyberbullying: Definition, Behaviors, Correlates, and Adjustment Problems ................................... 356

.
Michelle F. Wright, Pennsylvania State University, USA & Masaryk University, USA
What Is Cyberbullying? ...................................................................................................................... 374

.
Michelle F. Wright, Pennsylvania State University, USA & Masaryk University, USA

How Theoretical Frameworks Inform the Understanding of the Relationship Between Gender and
Cyberbullying ..................................................................................................................................... 387
.
Monica Bixby Radu, Southeast Missouri State University, USA
Alexandria L. Rook, Southeast Missouri State University, USA
The Human Rights-Based Approach to Combat Cyberbullying Against Women and Girls .............. 398
.
Sabrina Ching Yuen Luk, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Section 4: Cyber Security and Data Protection

Hexa-Dimension Metric, Ethical Matrix, and Cybersecurity ............................................................. 411
.
Wanbil William Lee, The Computer Ethics Society, Hong Kong & Wanbil and Asssociates,
Hong Kong
A Utility Theory of Privacy and Information Sharing........................................................................ 428

.
Julia Puaschunder, The New School, USA
The 2018 Facebook Data Controversy and Technological Alienation ............................................... 449
.
Ananda Mitra, Wake Forest University, USA
Yasmine Khosrowshahi, Wake Forest University, USA
Forensic Acquisition Methods for Cloud Computing Environments.................................................. 462

.
Diane Barrett, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA
Threats and Vulnerabilities of Mobile Applications ........................................................................... 473

.
Thangavel M., Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India
Divyaprabha M., Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India
Abinaya C., Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India
Web Authorization Protocols .............................................................................................................. 493

.
Demetrios Georgios Syropoulos-Harissis, Greek Molecular Computing Group, Greece
Secure and Reliable Knowledge-Based Intrusion Detection Using Mobile Base Stations in Smart
Environments ...................................................................................................................................... 500
.
Ambika N., Department of Computer Applications, SSMRV College, Bangalore, India
Improved Cross-Layer Detection and Prevention of Sinkhole Attack in WSN .................................. 514
.
Ambika N., Department of Computer Application, SSMRV College, Bangalore, India
TDSJ-IoT: Trivial Data Transmission to Sustain Energy From Reactive Jamming Attack in IoT ..... 528
.
Ambika N., Department of Computer Application, SSMRV College, Bangalore, India

Section 5: Data Management, Analysis, and Statistics

Software Component Technology: Concepts, Design, and Management Method ............................. 542
.
Fadoua Rehioui, University Soultan Moulay Slimane, Morocco
An Introduction to Clustering Algorithms in Big Data ...................................................................... 559
.
Rajit Nair, Jagran Lakecity University, India
Amit Bhagat, Maulana Azad National Institute of India, India
Challenges in Big Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 577

.
M. Govindarajan, Annamalai University, India
Big Data Analytics and IoT in Smart City Applications..................................................................... 586
.
Mamata Rath, Birla School of Management, Birla Global University, India
Data Streaming Processing Window Joined With Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) ...................... 602
.
Shen Lu, University of South Florida, USA
Richard S. Segall, Arkansas State University, USA
Statistical Techniques for Research..................................................................................................... 624

.
Jose Carlos Casas-Rosal, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
Carmen León-Mantero, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
Noelia Jiménez-Fanjul, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
Alexander Maz-Machado, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
Volume II
Panel Data: A Case Study Analysis .................................................................................................... 637
.
Vera Costa, FEUP, University of Porto, Portugal
Rui Portocarrero Sarmento, Statsframe, University of Porto, Portugal
Applications of Decision Support Systems in Aviation...................................................................... 658

.
Tetiana Shmelova, National Aviation University, Ukraine
Yuliya Sikirda, Flight Academy, National Aviation University, Ukraine
Classification and Recommendation With Data Streams ................................................................... 675

.
Bruno Veloso, INESC TEC, Portugal & University Portucalense, Portugal
João Gama, INESC TEC, Portugal & FEP, University of Porto, Portugal
Benedita Malheiro, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal & INESC TEC, Portugal
N-Tuple Algebra as a Generalized Theory of Relations ..................................................................... 685

.
Boris A. Kulik, Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of RAS, Russia
Alexander Y. Fridman, Institute for Informatics and Mathematical Modeling of RAS, Russia
Intelligent Constructing Exact Tolerance Limits for Prediction of Future Outcomes Under
Parametric Uncertainty ....................................................................................................................... 701
.
Nicholas Nechval, University of Latvia, Latvia

The Structure of DNA Taking Into Account the Higher Dimension of Its Components ................... 730
.
Gennadiy Vladimirovich Zhizhin, Skolkovo, Russia
Section 6: Data Mining and Databases

Methods and Techniques of Data Mining ........................................................................................... 749
.
Ana Funes, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina
Aristides Dasso, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina
Big Data Mining Algorithms .............................................................................................................. 768

.
M. Govindarajan, Annamalai University, India
Graph Database Management Systems: The Past, the Present, and the Future .................................. 778
.
Kornelije Rabuzin, Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Martina Šestak, Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Croatia
New Trends in Databases to NonSQL Databases ............................................................................... 791

.
Antonio Sarasa-Cabezuelo, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Spain
EDRC: An Early Data Lending-Based Real-Time Commit Protocol ................................................. 800

.
Sarvesh Pandey, MMM University of Technology, India
Udai Shanker, MMM University of Technology, India
Application of Data Mining in Smart Grid Technology ..................................................................... 815

.
Lipi Chhaya, Researcher, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India
Paawan Sharma, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, India
Adesh Kumar, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, India
Govind Bhagwatikar, Sany Wind Energy India Private Limited, India
N-Clustering of Text Documents Using Graph Mining Techniques .................................................. 828

.
Bapuji Rao, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, India
Characterization of Elevated Tumor Markers in Diagnosis of HCC Using Data Mining Methods ... 847
.
Vyshali J. Gogi, Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, India
Vijayalakshmi M. N., Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, India
Designing a Concept-Mining Model for the Extraction of Medical Information in Spanish ............. 856
.
Olga Acosta, Singularyta SpA, Chile
César Aguilar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Section 7: Digital and Wireless Communications

Overview of Machine Translation Development ................................................................................ 874
.
Irene Rivera-Trigueros, Department of Translation and Interpreting, University of Granada,
Spain
María-Dolores Olvera-Lobo, Department of Information and Communication Sciences,
University of Granada, Spain
Juncal Gutiérrez-Artacho, Department of Translation and Interpreting, University of
Granada, Spain
Migrating Software Towards Mobile Technologies............................................................................ 887
.
Liliana Maria Favre, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,
Argentina & Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Interaction Speed as Nonverbal Cues in Text Messaging via Smartphone......................................... 904
.
Kiminori Usuki, Tokyo Metropolitan Mizuho Nogei High School, Japan
Shogo Kato, Tokyo Woman’s Christian University, Japan
Yuuki Kato, Sagami Women’s University, Japan
Narrowband Internet of Things ........................................................................................................... 913

.
Sudhir K. Routray, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
Interoperability Provision of IoT Data Protocols on Top of Virtualized Infrastructure...................... 924
.
Vaios Koumaras, INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece
Marianna Kapari, INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece
Angeliki Papaioannou, INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece
George Theodoropoulos, INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece
Ioannis Stergiou, INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece
Christos Sakkas, INFOLYSiS P.C., Greece
Harilaos Koumaras, NCSR “Demokritos”, Greece
Network Science for Communication Engineering ............................................................................ 939

.
Sudhir K. Routray, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
Application of Biogeography-Based Optimization to Antennas and Wireless Communications ...... 950

.
Sotirios K. Goudos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Bits’-Carrying Capacities of Switched Local Area Networks ............................................................ 967

.
Monday Ofori Eyinagho, Afe Babalola University, Nigeria
Samuel Oluwole Falaki, Afe Babalola University, Nigeria
Design and Analysis of AWG and FDL-Based Optical Switch in Data Centre Network ................... 980
.
Vaibhav Shukla, Tech Mahindra, Mumbai, India
Dilip Kumar Choubey, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Formal Verification of ZigBee-Based Routing Protocol for Smart Grids ........................................ 1002
.
Adnan Rashid, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan
Osman Hasan, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan
QoS Provisioning for Multicast Routing and Channel Assignment in Wireless Mesh Network ...... 1018
.
Abira Banik, Tripura University, India
Abhishek Majumder, Tripura University, India
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Multi-Web Services in Load Balancing Cluster-Based Web Server
.
1037
Abhijit Bora, Gauhati University, India
Tulshi Bezboruah, Gauhati University, India
Challenges and Opportunities of VLC Application in Intelligent Transportation Systems ............. 1051
.
Aleksandra Kostic-Ljubisavljevic, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Branka Mikavica, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, University of Belgrade,
Serbia
Section 8: Digital Media

Antecedents and Consequences of the Growing Popularity of Digital Consumption ...................... 1066
.
Ritu Narang, University of Lucknow, India
Sonal Tiwari, University of Lucknow, India
Television Use and Consumption of Elderly Americans .................................................................. 1085

.
Robert Andrew Dunn, East Tennessee State University, USA
Stephen W. Marshall, East Tennessee State University, USA
Social Media and Social Movements: Strengths, Challenges, and Implications for the Future ....... 1096
.
Sheldondra J. Brown, Southeast Missouri State University, USA
Grace M. Babcock, North Carolina State University, USA
Monica Bixby Radu, Southeast Missouri State University, USA
Digital Social Networks From a Social Capital Perspective ............................................................. 1106

.
Suparna Dhar, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, India
Indranil Bose, Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata, India
Mohammed Naved Khan, Aligarh Muslim University, India
Digital Documents ............................................................................................................................ 1118

.
Anastasios Dimou, Independent Researcher, Athens, Greece
Digital Media and New Forms of Journalism ................................................................................... 1130

.
Lambrini Papadopoulou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Theodora A. Maniou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

Data Journalism: Definition, Skills, Difficulties, and Perspectives................................................... 1140

Andreas Veglis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Charalampos Bratsas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Exploring the Integration of User-Generated Content in Media Organizations Through

Participatory Journalism ................................................................................................................... 1152
.
Theodora A. Saridou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Andreas Veglis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Section 9: Engineering Science and Technologies

Adapting a Requirements Engineering Process by Key Factors Estimation..................................... 1165
Graciela Dora Susana Hadad, Universidad Nacional del Oeste, Argentina & Universidad de
Belgrano, Argentina
Jorge Horacio Doorn, Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Argentina & Universidad
Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Argentina
Viviana Alejandra Ledesma, Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Argentina
Digital Tools Aimed to Represent Urban Survey ............................................................................. 1181

.
Cristina Boido, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Pia Davico, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Roberta Spallone, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Addressing the New Pragmatic Methods in Urban Design Discipline ............................................. 1196
.
Hisham Abusaada, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Egypt
Abeer Elshater, Ain Shams University, Egypt
Reengineering Legacy Systems Towards New Technologies ........................................................... 1214

.
Djelloul Bouchiha, Center University of Naama, Algeria & EEDIS Lab. UDL-SBA, Algeria
A Comprehensive Update and Performance Evaluation of Friction Factor Formulae ..................... 1231
.
Salihu Lukman, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
Isaiah Adesola Oke, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria
Afolabi M. Asani, Ladoke Akintola University, Nigeria
The Role of Two-Dimensional Materials in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding ...................... 1254

.
Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato, Mexico
Effect of Nanoparticle and Inclination Angle at Thermal Efficiency in Heatpipes .......................... 1271
.
Sina Razvarz, Department of Automatic Control, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies
of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
Raheleh Jafari, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Cristóbal Vargas Jarillo, Department of Automatic Control, Centre for Research and
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Alexander Gegov, School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, UK

Modeling of the Aerodisperse Systems Hydrodynamics in Devices With Directional Motion of

the Fluidized Bed .............................................................................................................................. 1289
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Artem Artyukhov, Sumy State University, Ukraine
Jan Krmela, Alexander Dubcek University of Trencin, Slovakia
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Section 10: Environmental Science and Technologies

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Yuri P. Pavlov, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian
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Immo H. Wernicke, German Government (retired), Germany
Overview of Solid Waste Management of Healthcare and Related Organisations ........................... 1336
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Lukman Salihu, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
Idi Dansuleiman Mohammed, Land, Air, and Water Consulting, Nigeria
Asani M. Afolabi, Ladoke Akintola University, Nigeria
Managing Water Resources: Industry Initiative................................................................................ 1353

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Sabyasachi Nayak, Confederation of Indian Industry, India
Inhibited Antibiotic-Resistant and Electrochemical Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater ...... 1362

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Fehintola Ezekiel Oluwaseun, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria
Justinah S. Amoko, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria
Salihu Lukman, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
Adekunbi Enoch Adedayo, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Nigeria
Design and Implementation of a Location-Based Service With Emphasis on a Geographical

Database ............................................................................................................................................ 1384
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Wen-Chen Hu, University of North Dakota, USA
Climate Change: Inclusion of Gender and Cultural Diversity in Climate Change Actions.............. 1398
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Mgbeodichinma Eucharia Onuoha Oragwa, Technical University of Mining Bergakadmie
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Sam Wong, University College Roosevelt, The Netherlands

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John Forge, University of Sydney, Australia
Mobilization: Decision Theory ......................................................................................................... 1436
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Idongesit Williams, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Kazuhiko Shibuya, ROIS, Japan
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Md. Awal Hossain Mollah, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Politics and Ethics and a National Framework to Combat Corruption in Zimbabwe ....................... 1497
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Tawanda Zinyama, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
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Good Practices in E-Government Accessibility: Lessons From the European Union ...................... 1513
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Fernando Almeida, Polytechnic Institute of Gaya, Portugal
José Augusto Monteiro, Polytechnic Institute of Gaya, Portugal
National Systems of Innovation Using an Application on EU Data ................................................. 1526

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George M. Korres, University of Aegean, Greece
Maria P. Michailidis, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
Comparative Analysis of Applying Behavioral Public Policy to Telecommunication Market by

International Organizations ............................................................................................................... 1537
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Nagayuki Saito, International Professional University of Technology in Tokyo, Japan
A Good American President ............................................................................................................. 1550

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James George, Archway Publishing, USA
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James Allen Rodger, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA

The Role of DPPs in Promoting Local Government-Citizen Collaboration and Participation: The
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Ynes Hafi, ARSELA, Tunisia
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Roula Borhani, OMEDRH, Tunis, Tunisia
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Tawanda Zinyama, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
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Kazuhiko Shibuya, ROIS, Japan
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Arzu Erener, Kocaeli University, Turkey
Gülcan Sarp, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey
Şebnem Düzgün, Colorado School of Mines, USA
Section 13: Human Aspects of Technology

Technology and the Theory of Apocalypse ...................................................................................... 1638
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Maximiliano Emanuel Korstanje, University of Palermo, Argentina
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Craig Hight, University of Newcastle, Australia
Elaine Khoo, The University of Waikato, New Zealand
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Ioannis Papadopoulos, Metropolitan College, Greece
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Udo Richard Averweg, eThekwini Municipality, South Africa
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Mohammad Izzuddin Mohammed Jamil, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
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BEETLE
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3½ in.
KIT FOX
1¾ × 1⅞ in.
LIZARD
2 to 3 in.
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14
JACKRABBIT
Jackrabbits are not seen often in the dunes, although their tracks and
droppings are seen occasionally. They feed on plants, getting
moisture from their food rather than from distant springs. Large ears
radiate excess body heat and help cool the animal as it rests in
shaded areas during the hot day.
Have you seen any birds? Birds also leave tracks! The large bird
tracks here are generally left by ravens—big, black birds which eat
almost anything. In the spring and fall, some migrating birds stop
briefly. Shrikes, sparrows, kingbirds and blackbirds are among the
visitors and residents of the dunes. Insects and vegetation provide
food and shelter for them.
BEETLE
Have you seen any insects? Tracks resembling those of a tiny

bulldozer tell us where beetles have traveled. Shiny black circus
beetles or stinkbugs and gray snout beetles are often seen.
Since most activity in the dunes takes place at night, very little of this
action is observed. However, in the morning we can stroll in the sand
and unravel the secrets of the previous night. As you look at each set
of tracks, imagine what the animal looks like as it moves. How big is
it? How many feet does it have? Are the feet side by side as though
jumping like rodents or rabbits, or do they alternate as in the walking
or running motion of lizards? How far apart are the prints? Does the
animal drag its tail? Now, where do the tracks go? Follow some
animal tracks to see what interactions have taken place. The same
animal may leave different tracks on different sand surfaces or under
difference circumstances. Notice your own tracks as you walk, run,
jump or sit in loose or firm sand. Try it!
In many respects these dunes are like any Other deposits of 15

windblown sand along the coast or in deserts. They reflect
variations in the sand supply and respond to particular wind patterns
following the same basic, natural principles. Several other National
Parks and Monuments have sand dunes of various sizes and
composition. Death Valley dunes are not the largest in the United
States by any means! Here the dunes reach a height of 80 ft. (24 m).
They provide a visual change of pace with their soft lines and
shadows in contrast to the sharp, rugged mountain peaks around
them.
Sand
soft
fine
Easy to sift and mold.
Once a solid block of rock now weathered very old.
Blown by winds into dunes and features.
Forming a hot dry home for desert creatures.
Patterns of shadow and shade by tree and sand dune made.
Walk
touch
explore
Enjoy the dunes and come back once more.
Donna Paul Bessken
We hope you have enjoyed this walking tour. As you continue to
explore Death Valley National Monument, contact any National Park
Service employee if you need information or assistance.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
National Park Service
As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the

Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral,
land, park and recreational resources. Indian and territorial affairs are
other major concerns of America’s “Department of Natural
Resources.” The Department works to assure the wisest choice in
managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a
better United States—now and in the future.
The Death Valley Natural History Association is a non-profit
organization pledged to aid in the preservation and interpretation of
the outstanding features of Death Valley National Monument.
FOR INFORMATION AND MEMBERSHIP CONTACT

Death Valley
Natural History Association
P.O. Box 188
Death Valley, California 92328
CREDITS:
TEXT: DONNA P. BESSKEN
PHOTOGRAPHY: T. FORBES OSBORN
EDITED BY: VIRGIL J. OLSON
DRAWINGS: SYLVIA STOSSER
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RUSS JOHNSON
GEORGIA SUMMERS
Chalfant Press
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Nair, Rajit / Jagran Lakecity University, India ................................................................................. 559

Onuoha Oragwa, Mgbeodichinma Eucharia / Technical University of Mining Bergakadmie

Shibuya, Kazuhiko / ROIS, Japan ....................................................................................... 1469, 1612

Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................. liv

Section 1: Artificial Intelligence

Convolutional Neural Network ............................................................................................................. 12

Human-Agent-Robot Teamwork (HART) Over FiWi-Based Tactile Internet Infrastructures.............. 27

Error Types in Natural Language Processing in Inflectional Languages .............................................. 73

Text-Based Image Retrieval Using Deep Learning .............................................................................. 87

Unsupervised Automatic Keyphrases Extraction on Italian Datasets ................................................. 107

An Intelligent Machine-Driven Perspective to Archaeological Pottery Reassembly ......................... 127

Acoustic Presence Detection in a Smart Home Environment............................................................. 138

Section 2: Computational Science

A General-Purpose Uniform Random Number Package .................................................................... 164

Individual Cloud: After Cloud ............................................................................................................ 177

Improving the Integration of Distributed Applications ...................................................................... 217

A Survey of Tasks Scheduling Algorithms in Distributed Computing Systems ................................ 233

High-Speed Viterbi Decoder............................................................................................................... 245

Field-Programmable Gate Array......................................................................................................... 257

Modeling of Uncertain Nonlinear System With Z-Numbers .............................................................. 290

Section 3: Cyber Crime, Cyber Bullying, and Digital Terrorism

Boko Haram’s Feminization, Minorization, and Cyberization of Terrorism: Offering the

Cyberbullying: Definition, Behaviors, Correlates, and Adjustment Problems ................................... 356

What Is Cyberbullying? ...................................................................................................................... 374

Section 4: Cyber Security and Data Protection

A Utility Theory of Privacy and Information Sharing........................................................................ 428

Forensic Acquisition Methods for Cloud Computing Environments.................................................. 462

Threats and Vulnerabilities of Mobile Applications ........................................................................... 473