Grade 7
Grade 7
Grade 7
Undefined Terms
The three undefined terms are point, line and plane. These three undefined terms
form the foundation of geometry. Although they will not be defined they will however be
used in defining other important terms. For example, space is defined as a set of all points.
A point is an exact location in space. It has no length, width or thickness. It is represented
by a dot. Look at the tip of your pen. It suggests a point. A point is named by using a
capital letter. The points below are named points P, Q and R respectively.
• P • Q • R
A line has infinite length, but no width and no thickness. It is an infinite set of points
that extends infinitely in opposite directions. The pen or pencil you are holding right now is
a real world object that suggests a line. A line is represented by . The arrow
suggests that the line continues without end in both directions.
You can name a line in two ways. One way of naming a line is by using two different
capital letters. Observe the line below. It is named line AB written as AB . The double-
headed arrow placed over AB indicates that the line has no endpoints.
A B
• •
Example:
S T U
• • •
2
3
Answers:
Like a line, a plane is also a set of infinite points. However, a plane has infinite width
and length but no thickness. It is a flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions. The top
of your dining table, the wall of your room and even a page of this module are examples of
real-world objects that suggest planes.
A slanted four sided figure similar to the one below is used to represent a plane.
You can name a plane in three ways. You may use a capital letter placed at one of its
corners. The plane below is named plane P.
You may use a small letter placed at one of its corners. The plane below is named
plane m.
You may named it by using three points not on a straight line. The plane below is
named plane PRQ.
• P • Q
3
4
• R
The three points below are collinear. Points are collinear if they are on the same line.
D E F
• • •
Example:
•D
A C
• • •
B
•E
Answers:
:
A, B, C and D, B, E
Consider the three points below. It is not possible to draw one straight line through
the three points A, B and C. These three points are non collinear points.
•A •B
•C
In the figure below, points A, B, and C are in the same plane. Points such as points A,
B, and C, which are in the same plane are called coplanar points. In the same figure, points
A, B, C and D are not coplanar because they do not lie in the same plane. Points A, B, C lie
in plane P, whereas point D lies in plane Q.
P Q
A•
•D
B•
C•
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5
The following statements describe some basic relationships among points, lines and planes
B C
• •
b. It is not possible to draw more than one straight line through given two points.
In the following illustration, there is only one straight line that passes through
points C and D. The other line is a curve line.
C D
• •
. R
•A
Q • B
P • C
In the figure, points A, B, and C are collinear. They lie in plane P, plane Q and
plane R. In fact they can be contained in an infinite number of planes.
Q
•E
P •D
F•
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6
In the figure, points D, E, and F are not collinear. They are contained in exactly
one plane P.
In the figure, line m and line n intersect and their intersection is point A.
m
A
In the figure below, planes P and Q intersect and their intersection is line AB.
A B
6. If two points are in a plane, then the line containing the points is in the same plane.
If the two points A and B are in plane P, then the line l which contains them lies also
in plane P.
A B
l • •
P
7. A line and a point not on the line are contained in exactly one plane.
In the figure, point A does not lie on line BC. This point and line BC are contained in
one plane P. This is the same as saying they determine exactly one plane P.
C
•
6
7
A B
P • •
Example:
Lines a and b which intersect at point P are contained in exactly one plane Q. There
is no other plane that can contain them.
b
Q
9. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, the intersection is a single point.
In the figure, plane P does not contain line m. The intersection of line m and plane P
is a single point Q.
Set A.
7
8
6. the ruler’s edge
7. the tip of a needle
8. a window pane
9. the floor of your bedroom
10. the string on a guitar
Set B.
F I E
J D
B H
G
C
1. Points A, F, B are collinear.
2. Points A, E, B are collinear
3. Points B, G and C are on the same line
4. Points G, C, D are not on the same line.
5. Points A, I, H are coplanar.
6. Points A, F, G are coplanar.
7. Points A, F, G , E are coplanar.
8. Points A, F, B, G are coplanar.
9. Points A. I, C are collinear and coplanar.
10. Points A, F, C are collinear and coplanar.
Set C.
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9
10. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, the intersection is a single
_____.
Lesson 2
The subsets of a line are segment and ray. A segment has two endpoints. It is
named by its endpoints.
The segment below may be named AC or CA. A vinculum is placed above its
name to distinguish it from the name of a line where the same letters are used.
A C
• •
Example:
Answers:
a. EF or FE b. MN or NM
Example:
If the distance between points C and D below is 9 cm. then the length of segment
CD is 9 cm. This is written as CD = 9 cm. Notice that there is no vinculum above CD.
C D
• •
A segment may be defined as the union of points A, C together with all the
points between them.
Illustration:
A B C
• • •
In the above segment, A and C are the endpoints of the segment. There are points
between A and C. These points together with the endpoints A and C make a segment.
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10
In the above figure, point B is just one of the points between A and C.
A point such as point B above is between point A and C if and only if (1) A, B, and
C are distinct points, (2) they are collinear and (3) AB + BC = AC. These three conditions
must be satisfied before it can be said that B is between A and C. The word distinct in
the first condition means that the three points are different from one another.
Examples:
CD, DE, CE
A B C
• • •
In the figure, A, B, and C are different points on the same line. The sum of the lengths of
AB and BC is equal to the length of AC.
AB + BC = AC
5 cm + 7 cm = 12 cm
Example:
F•
E • • G
In the figure , points E, F and G are not collinear, hence F is not between point E and
point G. Also, EF + FG EG.
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11
A ray is a subset of a line that has one endpoint and extends forever in one
direction.
Example:
The part of the line from point B that goes on indefinitely to the right is a ray. The part
of the line from point B that goes on indefinitely to the left is another ray.
A B C
l • • •
The ray which starts from point B that goes on indefinitely to the right is named ray
BC denoted by BC. Its endpoint is B. Notice that when you name a ray, you use two
capital letters, and its endpoint is written first. The other ray in the above figure is ray BA,
denoted by BA.
J K N M
a. • • b. • •
Answers:
a. JK b. MN
Another term you should learn in this lesson is the term opposite rays. Two rays
are opposite if they are subsets of the same line and have a common endpoint.
A B C
• • •
BC and BA are opposite rays. They are parts of the same line l and their common
endpoint is B. F G
E D • •
• •
DE and FG are not opposite rays because they are not subsets of the same line.
A B C D
l • • • •
BA and CD are not opposite rays because they do not have a common endpoint.
Example:
D
Name all the points, segments and rays in the figure.
Answers: A B C
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The points are A, B, C, and D. The segments are AB, BC, AC, and BD. The rays
are BA, BC, and BD
Try this out
Set A:
Set B
1. AB + BD = AD
2. AB + BE = AE
3. AC + CD = AD
4. B is between A and D
5. C is between B and D
6. A, B, C, D are collinear
7. AB = AD – BD
8. DE and BA are opposite rays.
9. Ray BE can be named BD.
10. Ray DA can be named AD.
Set C
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• • •
C D E
4. CD + ______ = CE.
5. The ray opposite DE is ________
6. The ray with endpoint C going in the direction of D is _________
7. The ray with endpoint E going in the direction C is __________
8. The point between two other points is ________.
9. If two points P and Q are exactly the same point, then the distance between them is
______
Lesson 3
Angles
An angle is a union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint. The common
endpoint is called the vertex of the angle and the two rays are called sides.
Example:
The figure below is an angle. Its vertex is point B and its two sides are BA and BC.
The symbol used for an angle is . The angle in the example can be named ABC. It can
also be called CBA. The letter representing the vertex is written between the other two
letters.
A •
B •
C
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An angle may be written in other ways.
Example:
Angle DFG can also be named EFG, GFD, GFE, F and a. Angle HIJ can
be named 1.
D•
H•
E•
a 1
F • I •
G J
There are times when it is not advisable to use the vertex letter in naming an angle.
Using it may result to confusion.
Example:
A •
B •
C
Angle ABC below should not be named B. In the figure, there are three angles with
vertex B. They are ABC, DBC and ABD.
A • C•
B •
Example: D
P •
• •
Answers: Q R
PQR, RQP, Q
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An angle separates a plane into three sets: the points on the angle, the interior of the
angle, and the exterior of the angle.
Example:
In the figure, points T and S are on ABC.. Point P is in the interior and points Q
and R are in the exterior of the angle.
•
•Q
•
Exterior Interior
•P
B • • •
T C
•R
Exterior
The Measure of an angle
Example:
B C
The measure of ABC as indicated in the protractor is 90 degrees. This can be
written in two ways.
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16
In this module the measure of an angle is always greater than 0 degree but less than
180 degrees. This restriction will be followed in this module because of the definition of an
angle.
Addition of Angles
Example
The measure of A is 500 and the measure of B is 600. Find the sum of their
measures.
A 500 B 600
m A + m B = 500 + 600.
= 1100
Example
ABD and CBD are two coplanar angles with a common side BD. If m ABD = 40
and m CBD = 30, find the measure of angle ABC.
A
D
400
B 300 C
Example:
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If mABC = 120, mABD = 2x + 10, and mCBD =3 x [Use the preceding figure]
Find mABD.
Kinds of Angles
There are three kinds of angles according to measure. They are the following.
1. Acute angle- is an angle with a measure grater than 0 but less than 90.
ABC below is an acute angle.
450 C
B
E
F
The symbol in the corner of a right of the figure indicates that the measure of the
angle is 90.
3. Obtuse angle – is an angle with a measure greater than 90 but less than 180,
G 1100
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H I
Try this out
Set A.
B
C
2. Which is the vertex letter in angle STG?
3. Name the three angles in the figure below.
D
F
E G
A B
C
D
B C
P R
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Q S
Set B. Use the figure below for exercises 1-10. The three angles in the figure are
coplanar.
A D
C
B
A •
D• •F •K
•G
• • •
B E C
•H
E D
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A C
A
D
(3x)0
x0
B C
a. b. c.
a. b.
Let’s summarize
1. The three undefined terms in geometry are point, line and plane.
2. A line is an exact location in space. It has no length, width or thickness.
3. A line has infinite length, but no width and no thickness.
4. A plane has infinite width and length but no thickness.
5. Two points determine exactly one line.
6. Two distinct lines intersect in only one point
7. Collinear points are points on the same line.
8. Coplanar points are points on the same plane.
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9. Three collinear points are contained in at least one plane.
10. Three noncollinear point are contained in exactly one plane.
11. The intersection of two distinct planes is a line
12. If two points are in a plane, then the line containing the points is in the same line.
13. A line and a point not on the line, are contained in exactly one plane.
14. Two intersecting lines are contained in exactly one plane.
15. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, the intersection is a single
point.
16. A segment is a subset of a line that consists of two endpoints and all the points
between them.
17. A ray is a subset of a line with a definite endpoint and extends infinitely in one
direction.
18. An angle is the union of two noncollinear rays with a common endpoint.
19. An angle separates the plane into three sets: the points in the interior of the angle,
the points in the exterior of the angle and the points on the angle itself.
20. A protractor is used to measure an angle in degrees.
21. An angle with a measure greater than 0 but les than 90 is an acute angle.
22. An angle with a measure of 90 is a right angle.
23. An angle with a measure greater than 90 but less than 180 is an obtuse angle.
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5. It is a subset of a line with a definite endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction.
A. Ray C. Opposite Rays
B. Segment D. Plane
I III.
II. IV.
A. I only C. II only
B. I and II D. I and III
A. Compass C. protractor
B. Ruler D. tape measure
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Answer Key
How much do you know
1. point
2. line
3. plane
4. angle
5. protractor
6. acute angle
7. segment
8. obtuse angle
9. plane
10. line
Lesson 1
Set A
1. point
2. plane
3. line
4. plane
5. plane
6. line
7. point
8. plane
9. plane
10. line
Set B
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. False
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Set C
1. point
2. line
3. plane
4. line
5. non-collinear
6. collinear
7. line
8. point
9. plane
10. point
Lesson 2
Set A
.
1. BC or BD
2. CA or CB
3. BD
4. CD and CA or CD or CB
5. BC
6. BA
7. CD
8. C
9. CB
10. BC, AB
Set B
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. False
Set C
1. two
2. ray
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3. opposite rays
4. DE
5. DC
6. CD or CE
7. EC or ED
8. D
9. 0
10. B
Lesson 3
Set A
1. ABC, CBA, B
2. T
3. DEF, GEF, DEG
4. EB, ET
5. BC
6. Three sets including itself
7. No.
8. 4
9. No
10. Q is the vertex of the three angles. Q may mean PQR, RQS, and PQS
Set B
1. 120
2. 115
3. 89.5
4. 95.5
5. 70
6. 75
7. 56
8. 32
9. Use your protractor
10. Use your protractor
Set C.
1. F, K
2. G, H
3. A, D, B, E, C
4. ABE, ABD, DBE, EBC, DBC
5. ABE and DBE are acute angles
ABD and DBC are right angles
EBC is obtuse
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6. ABD and DBC. Both are right angles with measure of 900 each.
7. 22.5
8. a
9. Use your protractor
10. Use your protractor
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. C
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