A PROJECT REPORT

ON
“INTERNET OF THING (IOT)”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE-1K

SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI

SUBMITTED BY

NAME OF STUDENT’S ENROLLMENT NO

1 .PRASANNA SHRIDHARAV KHOPE 24313350122

GUIDED BY
A.V. MEHARE

P.D PATIL IINSTITUTE OF POLLYTECNIC & TECNOLOGY

NOVEMBER 2024

i
 In partial fulfillment of thee requirements for the award

P.D. PATIL INSTITUTE OF POLLYTECNIC & TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “internet of thing” was successfully
completed by student of sixth semester diploma in(computer science )

1. PRASANNA SHRIDHARRAV KHOPE 24313350132

of the diploma in computer science and submitted of the department of computer science of
P.D.PATIL INSTITUTE OF POLLYTECNIC & TECHNOLOGY work carried out during a period for
the academic year 2024-25 as per curriculum

Name of guide
Name of HOD
A.V. MEHARE MAM A.BORKAR SIR

EXTERNAL EXAMINER NAME OF PRINCIPLE

MR.A. THAKARE SIR

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thank of gratitude to my project

guide MS. A.V. MEHARE as well as our principle MR.ATUL THAKARE
who give me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic INTERNET OF THING which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to then.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me a IOT in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame

DATE: NAME: PRASANNA KHOPE

PLACE ENROLLMENT N.243150122

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 INDEX

SR.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

1 TITLE PAGE I

2 CERTIFICATE II

3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT III

4 ABSTRACT 1

5 INTRODUCTION 2

1. INTERNET OF THING 3-4

1.2 DEFINATION 4-5

2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 6-7

3 TECHNOLOGY 8

3.1 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION 9

3.2 INTERNET PROTOCAL 9-10

3.3 ELECTRONIC PRODUCT CODE 10

3.4 BARCODE 10-11

iv
3.5 WIRELESS FIDELITY 11

3.6 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 11-12

4 ADVANTAGE 13-14

5 DISVANTAGE 15

6 APPLICATION 16

7 CONCLUSION 17

8 REFRENCES 18-19

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Internet of thing (IOT)

ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IOT) describes a kind of network which interconnects

various devices with the help of internet. IOT assists to transmit data with among
devices, tracing and monitoring devices and other things. IOT make objects
'smart' by allowing them to transmit data and automating of tasks, without lack of
any physical interference. A health tracking wearable device is an example of
simple effortless IOT in our life. A smart city with sensors covering all its regions
using diverse tangible gadgets and objects all over the community and connected
with the help of internet. This word IOT was first suggested by Kevin Ashton in
1999. The subsequent segment represent fundamental of IOT. It hands out
several covering pre-owned in IOT and varied fundamental denominations
connected. It is primarily enlargement of helping-hand using Internet. When the
household devices are connected with the help of internet, this can help to
automate homes, offices or other units using IOT. IOT is being used during COVID-
19 pandemic for contact tracing.

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1. INTRODUCTION

IOT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical

devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software,
sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange
data. This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast
network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and automated
systems.
Internet of Things (IOT) is the networking of physical objects that contain
electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and
sense interactions amongst each other or with respect to the external
environment. In the upcoming years, IOT-based technology will offer advanced
levels of services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives.
Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and
smart homes are just a few of the categorical examples where IOT is strongly
established.
IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers.
And the ability to transfer the data over a network requiring human-to-human
or human-to-computer interaction.

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1.1. Internet of Things

The Internet of Things is a novel paradigm shift in IT arena. The phrase “Internet
of Things” which is also shortly well-known as IoT is coined from the two words
i.e. the first word is “Internet” and the second word is “Things”. The Internet is a
global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a
network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies [3]. Today
more than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions
through Internet. According to Internet World Statistics, as of December 31, 2011
there was an estimated 2, 267, 233, 742 Internet users worldwide (Accessed data
dated on 06/06/2013: from the Universal Resource
Location http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet.html). This signifies 32.7%
of the world’s total population is using Internet. Even Internet is going into space
through Cisco’s Internet Routing in Space (IRIS) program in the coming fourth
years (Accessed on 10/05/2012:
(http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/space-routing.html). While
coming to the Things that can be any object or person which can be
distinguishable by the real world. Everyday objects include not only electronic
devices we encounter and use daily and technologically advanced products such
as equipment and gadgets, but “things” that we do not do normally think of as
electronic at all―such as food, clothing; and furniture; materials, parts and
equipment, merchandise and specialized items; landmarks, monuments and
works of art and all the miscellany of commerce, culture and sophistication [4].
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That means here things can be both living things like person, animals―cow, calf,
dog, pigeons, rabbit etc., plants―mango tree, jasmine, banyan and so on and
nonliving things like chair, fridge, tube light, curtain, plate etc. any home
appliances objects in this physical or material world.or industry apparatus. So at
this point, things are real

1.2. Definitions

There is no unique definition available for Internet of Things that is acceptable by

the world community of users. In fact, there are many different groups including
academicians, researchers, practitioners, innovators, develo- pers and corporate
people that have defined the term, although its initial use has been attributed to
Kevin Ashton, an expert on digital innovation. What all of the definitions have in
common is the idea that the first version of the Internet was about data created
by people, while the next version is about data created by things. The best
definition for the Internet of Things would be:
“An open and comprehensive network of intelligent objects that have the
capacity to auto-organize, share information, data and resources, reacting and
acting in face of situations and changes in the environment”
Internet of Things is maturing and continues to be the latest, most hyped concept
in the IT world. Over the last decade the term Internet of Things (IoT) has
attracted attention by projecting the vision of a global infrastructure of networked
physical objects, enabling anytime, anyplace connectivity for anything and not
only for any one [4]. The Internet of Things can also be considered as a global
network which allows the communication between human-to-human, human-to-
things and things-to-things, which is anything in the world by providing unique

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identity to each and every object [5]. IoT describes a world where just about
anything can be connected and communicates in an intelligent fashion that ever
before. Most of us think about “being connected” in terms of electronic devices
such as servers, computers, tablets, telephones and smart phones. In what’s
called the Internet of Things, sensors and actuators embedded in physical
objects―from roadways to pacemakers―are linked through wired and wireless
networks, often using the same Internet IP that connects the Internet. These
networks churn out huge volumes of data that flow to computers for analysis.
When objects can both sense the environment and communicate, they become
tools for understanding complexity and responding to it swiftly. What’s
revolutionary in all this is that these physical information systems are now
beginning to be deployed, and some of them even work largely without human
intervention. The “Internet of Things” refers to the coding and networking of
everyday objects and things to render them individually machine-readable and
traceable on the Internet . Much existing content in the Internet of Things has
been created through coded RFID tags and IP addresses linked into an EPC
(Electronic Product Code) network.

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2.1HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Here you will get to know about how IOT is involved and also from the
explanation of each will let you know how IOT plays a role in this innovations

 1982 – Vending machine: The first glimpse of IoT emerged as a vending

machine at Carnegie Mellon University was connected to the internet to
report its inventory and status, paving the way for remote monitoring.
 1990 – Toaster: Early IoT innovation saw a toaster connected to the internet,
allowing users to control it remotely, foreshadowing the convenience of
smart home devices.
 1999 – IoT Coined (Kevin Ashton): Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of
Things” to describe the interconnected network of devices communicating
and sharing data, laying the foundation for a new era of connectivity.
 2000 – LG Smart Fridge: The LG Smart Fridge marked a breakthrough,
enabling users to check and manage refrigerator contents remotely,
showcasing the potential of IoT in daily life.
 2004 – Smart Watch: The advent of smartwatches introduced IoT to the
wearable tech realm, offering fitness tracking and notifications on-the-go.
 2007 – Smart iPhone: Apple’s iPhone became a game-changer, integrating IoT
capabilities with apps that connected users to a myriad of services and
devices, transforming smartphones into hubs.

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 2009 – Car Testing: IoT entered the automotive industry, enhancing vehicles
with sensors for real-time diagnostics, performance monitoring, and remote
testing.
 2011 – Smart TV: The introduction of Smart TVs brought IoT to the living
room, enabling internet connectivity for streaming, app usage, and
interactive content.
 2013 – Google Lens: Google Lens showcased IoT’s potential in image
recognition, allowing smartphones to provide information about objects in
the physical world.
 2014 – Echo: Amazon’s Echo, equipped with the virtual assistant Alexa,
demonstrated the power of voice-activated IoT, making smart homes more
intuitive and responsive.
 2015 – Tesla Autopilot: Tesla’s Autopilot system exemplified IoT in
automobiles, introducing semi-autonomous driving capabilities through
interconnected sensors and software.

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3. Technologies Used In IOT

The Internet of Things [15] was initially inspired by members of the RFID
community, who referred to the possibility of discovering information about a
tagged object by browsing an internet address or database entry that
corresponds to a particular RFID or Near Field Communication [16] technologies.
In the research paper “Research and application on the smart home based on
component technologies and Internet of Things”, the included key technologies of
IoT are RFID, the sensor technology, nano technology and intelligence embedded
technology. Among them, RFID is the foundation and networking core of the
construction of Internet of Things [17]. The Internet of Things (IoT) enabled users
to bring physical objects into the sphere of cyber world. This was made possible
by different tagging technologies like NFC, RFID and 2D barcode which allowed
physical objects to be identified and referred over the internet [18]. IoT, which is
integrated with Sensor Technology and Radio Frequency Technology, is the
ubiquitous network based on the omnipresent hardware resources of Internet, is
the Internet contents objects together. It is also a new wave of IT industry since
the application of computing fields, communication network and global roaming
technology had been applied. It involves in addition to sophisticated technologies
of computer and communication network outside, still including many new
supporting technologies of Internet of Things, such as collecting Information
Technology, Remote Communication Technology, Remote Information
Transmission Technology, Sea Measures Information Intelligence Analyzes and
Controlling Technology etc. [19].

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3.1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a system that transmits the identity of an

object or person wirelessly using radio waves in the form of a serial number [20].
First use of RFID device was happened in 2 nd world war in Brittan and it is used for
Identify of Friend or Foe in 1948. Later RFID technology is founded at Auto-ID
center in MIT in the year 1999. RFID technology plays an important role in IoT for
solving identification issues of objects around us in a cost effective manner [5].
The technology is classified into three categories based on the method of power
supply provision in Tags: Active RFID, Passive RFID and Semi Passive RFID. The
main components of RFID are tag, reader, antenna, access controller, software
and server. It is more reliable, efficient, secured, inexpensive and accurate. RFID
has an extensive range of wireless applications such as distribution, tracing,
patient monitoring, military apps etc. [21].

3.2. Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary network protocol used on the Internet,
developed in 1970s. IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet
protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. The two
versions of Internet Protocol (IP) are in use: IPv4 and IPv6. Each version defines an
IP address differently. Because of its prevalence, the generic term IP address
typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. There are five classes of
available IP ranges in IPv4: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E, while only
A, B, and C are commonly used. The actual protocol provides for 4.3 billion IPv4
addresses while the IPv6 will significantly augment the availability to 85,000

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trillion addresses [22]. IPv6 is the 21st century Internet Protocol. This supports
around for 2128 addresses.

3.3. Electronic Product Code (EPC)

Electronic Product Code (EPC) is a 64 bit or 98 bit code electronically recorded on

an RFID tag and intended to design an improvement in the EPC barcode system.
EPC code can store information about the type of EPC, unique serial number of
product, its specifications, manufacturer information etc. EPC was developed by
Auto- ID centre in MIT in 1999. EPCglobal Organisation [Wikipedia, “EPCglobal”,
2010] which is responsible for standardization of Electronic Product Code (EPC)
technology, created EPCglobal Network [Wikipedia, “EPCglobal Network”, 2010]
for sharing RFID information. It has four components namely Object Naming
Service (ONS), EPC Discovery Service (EPCDS), EPC Information Services (EPCIS)
and EPC Security Services (EPCSS)

3.4. Barcode

Barcode is just a different way of encoding numbers and letters by using

combination of bars and spaces of varying width. Behind Bars [23] serves its
original intent to be descriptive but is not critical. In The Bar Code Book, Palmer
(1995) acknowledges that there are alternative methods of data entry techniques.
Quick Response (QR) Codes the trademark for a type of matrix barcode first
designed for the automotive industry in Japan. Bar codes are optical machine-
readable labels attached to items that record information related to the item.
Recently, the QR Code system has become popular outside the automotive

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industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to
standard. There are 3 types of barcodes of Alpha Numeric, Numeric and 2
Dimensional. Barcodes are designed to be machine readable. Usually they are
read by laser scanners, they can also be read using a cameras.

3.5. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a networking technology that allows computers and

other devices to communicate over a wireless signal. Vic Hayes has been named
as father of Wireless Fidelity. The precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by NCR
Corporation in Nieuwege in the Netherland. The first wireless products were
brought on the market under the name WaveLAN with speeds of 1 Mbps to 2
Mbps. Today, there are nearly pervasive Wi-Fi that delivers the high speed
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) connectivity to millions of offices, homes,
and public locations such as hotels, cafes, and airports. The integration of Wi-Fi
into notebooks, handhelds and Consumer Electronics (CE) devices has accelerated
the adoption of Wi-Fi to the point where it is nearly a default in these devices
[24]. Technology contains any type of WLAN product support any of the IEEE
802.11 together with dual-band, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n.
Nowadays entire cities are becoming Wi-Fi corridors through wireless APs.

3.6. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and

responsive to the presence of people. In an ambient intelligence world, devices
work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life activities in
easy, natural way using Information and Intelligence that is hidden in the network

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connected devices. It is characterized by the following systems of characteristics

(1) Embedded: Many Net- worked devices are integrated in to the environment
(2) Context Aware: These devices can recognize you and your situational context
(3) Personalized: They can be tailored to your needs (4) Adaptive: They can
change in response to you (5) Anticipatory: They can anticipate your desires
without conscious mediation

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4. Advantages
 It can assist in the smarter control of homes and cities via mobile phones.
It enhances security and offers personal protection.
 By automating activities, it saves us a lot of time.
 Information is easily accessible, even if we are far away from our actual
location, and it is updated frequently in real time.
 Electric Devices are directly connected and communicate with a controller
computer, such as a cell phone, resulting in efficient electricity use. As a
result, there will be no unnecessary use of electricity equipment.
 Personal assistance can be provided by IoT apps, which can alert you to
your regular plans.
 It is useful for safety because it senses any potential danger and warns
users. For example, GM OnStar, is a integrated device that system which
identifies a car crash or accident on road. It immediately makes a call if an
accident or crash is found.
 It minimizes human effort because IoT devices connect and communicate
with one another and perform a variety of tasks without the need for
human intervention.
 Patient care can be performed more effectively in real time without the
need for a doctor’s visit. It gives them the ability to make choices as well
as provide evidence-based care.
 Asset tracking, traffic or transportation tracking, inventory control,
delivery, surveillance, individual order tracking, and customer
management can all be made more cost-effective with the right tracking
system.

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4.1 Image representation of Advantages

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5. Disadvantages
 Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal
information. Since we add so many devices to the internet, there is
a risk that our information as it can be misused.
 They rely heavily on the internet and are unable to function
effectively without it.
 With the complexity of systems, there are many ways for them to
fail.
 We lose control of our lives—our lives will be fully controlled and
reliant on technology.
 Overuse of the Internet and technology makes people unintelligent
because they rely on smart devices instead of doing physical work,
causing them to become lazy.
 Unskilled workers are at a high risk of losing their jobs, which could
lead to unemployment. Smart surveillance cameras, robots, smart
ironing systems, smart washing machines, and other facilities are
replacing security guards, maids, ironmen, and dry-cleaning
services etc.
 It is very difficult to plan, build, manage, and enable a broad
technology to IoT framework.
 Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming.

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6. Application

 Home lighting application

 Smart phones application

 Wearable technology application

 home& application

 personal computer application

 analytics application

 in flight services application

 online shopping application

 music application

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7. Conclusions

IoT has been gradually bringing a sea of technological changes in our daily lives,
which in turn helps to making our life simpler and more comfortable, though
various technologies and applications. There is innumerable usefulness of IoT
applications into all the domains including medical, manufacturing, industrial,
transportation, education, governance, mining, habitat etc. Though IoT has
abundant benefits, there are some flaws in the IoT governance and
implementation level. The key observations in the literature are that (1) There is
no standard definition in worldwide (2) Universal standardizations are required in
architectural level (3) Technologies are varying from vendor-vendor, so needs to
be interoperable (4) For better global governance, we need to build standard
protocols. Let us hope future better IoT.

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