Cascading Style Sheets

Lesson 7
Lecturer: Dr. Geoffrey Mariga, PhD
EMAIL: [email protected]
CONTENT

7.1 Introduction to CSS

7.2 CSS Syntax
7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML
7.4 CSS Styling

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7.1 Introduction to CSS
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 Styles define how to display HTML elements
 Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
 Change the appearance of hundreds of Web pages by changing just
one file
 External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
 Platform Independent.
 Style sheets can make an author's life much easier.
 While one could use <HR WIDTH="75%" SIZE=5 ALIGN=center> for
every horizontal rule, this becomes very cumbersome for the author.
 With style sheets, one only needs to specify such presentational
preferences once, and the style can be applied to an entire site.
 If the author decides that WIDTH="50%" would be better, then he or
she only needs to change this preference in one place, rather than
having to search through hundreds of pages to change the HTML.
 Style sheets also reduce download time when one file contains all the
style information.

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7.1 Introduction to CSS
Why CSS? - Styles Solved a Big Problem
 HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
 HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
 When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML
3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers.
 Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information
were added to every single page, became a long and expensive
process.
 To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created
CSS.
 In HTML 4.0, all formatting could be removed from the HTML
document, and stored in a separate CSS file.
 All browsers support CSS today.
 A style sheet is made up of style rules that tell a browser how to
present a document.
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7.2 CSS Syntax
 A CSS rule has two main parts:
 a selector,
 and one or more declarations:
 The selector is normally the HTML element you want to
style.
 Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
 The property is the style attribute you want to change.
 Each property has a value.

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7.2 CSS Syntax
 A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and
declaration groups are surrounded by curly brackets:

p {color:red;text-align:center;}

 To make the CSS more readable, you can put one

declaration on each line, like this:

Example:
p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

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7.2 CSS Syntax
CSS Comments
 Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you
when you edit the source code at a later date.
 Comments are ignored by browsers.
 A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:

/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;
}

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7.2 CSS Syntax
The id and class Selectors

 In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to

specify your own selectors called "id" and "class".
 The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
 The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is
defined with a "#".
 The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":
Example:
#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}

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7.2 CSS Syntax
The id and class Selectors
 The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements.
 Unlike the id selector, the class selector is most often used on
several elements.
 This allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements
with the same class.
 The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined
with a "."
 In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be
center-aligned: Example:
.center {text-align:center;}
 You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be
affected by a class.
 In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be
center-aligned:
Example:
p.center {text-align:center;} 9
7.2 CSS Syntax
The id and class Selectors

Class Selectors

In the style sheet In the HTML

p.right{ <p class="right">

text-align: right; This paragraph will be right-aligned.
} </p>
<p class="center">
p.center{ This paragraph will be center-aligned.
text-align: center; </p>
}

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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML
 When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the
document according to it.

 Three Ways to Insert CSS;

 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline style

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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML
External Style Sheet
 An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages.
 With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web
site by changing one file.
 Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag.
 The <link> tag goes inside the head section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>
 An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not
contain any html tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css
extension.
 An example of a style sheet file is shown below:
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML

External Style Sheet

 Advantages:
 An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied
to numerous pages.
 With an external style sheet, an author could change the
look of an entire site by simply changing one file.
 As well, most browsers will cache an external style
sheet, thus avoiding a delay in page presentation once
the style sheet is cached.

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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML
Internal Style Sheet
 An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has
a unique style.
 You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by
using the <style> tag, like this:

<head>
<style type="text/css">

hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

</style>
</head>

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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML

Inline Styles
 An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by
mixing content with presentation. Use this method sparingly!
 To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant
tag.
 The style attribute can contain any CSS property.

The example shows how to change the color and the

left margin of a paragraph:

<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a
paragraph.</p>

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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML
Multiple Style Sheets
 If some properties have been set for the same selector in
different style sheets, the values will be inherited from the more
specific style sheet.

 For example, an external style sheet has these properties for

the h3 selector:
h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt;
}

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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML
Multiple Style Sheets
 And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3
selector:
h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
}

 If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the
external style sheet the properties for h3 will be:
color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
 The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-
alignment and the font-size is replaced by the internal style
sheet.
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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML
Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One
 Styles can be specified:
 inside an HTML element
 inside the head section of an HTML page
 in an external CSS file
Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside
a single HTML document.
Cascading order
 What style will be used when there is more than one style
specified for an HTML element?
 Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will
"cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following
rules, where number four has the highest priority:

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7.3 Ways to link style sheets to HTML

Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One

Cascading order
1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
 So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest
priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside
the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a
default value).
Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the
internal style sheet in HTML <head>, the external style sheet will
override the internal style sheet!

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Background

 CSS background properties are used to define the background

effects of an element.
CSS Background Properties
Property Description
background Sets all the background properties in one
declaration
background- Sets whether a background image is fixed
attachment or scrolls with the rest of the page
background-color Sets the background color of an element
background-image Sets the background image for an
element
background-position Sets the starting position of a background
image
background-repeat Sets how a background image will be
repeated 20
7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Background - Color
 The background-color property specifies the background color of an
element.
 The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:
Example:
body {background-color:#b0c4de;}
 With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
 a HEX value - like "#ff0000"

 an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"

 a color name - like "red"

 In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different
background colors:
Example
h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}
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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Background - Image

 The background-image property specifies an image to use as

the background of an element.

 By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire

element.

 The background image for a page can be set like this:

Example
body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}
Example
body {background-image:url(„clouds‟.jpg');}

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Background - Image

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

 By default, the background-image property repeats an image both
horizontally and vertically.

 In the following example image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-

x)

Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Text - All CSS Text Properties
Property Description
color Sets the color of text
direction Specifies the text direction/writing direction

letter-spacing Increases or decreases the space between characters in a

text
line-height Sets the line height
text-align Specifies the horizontal alignment of text
text-decoration Specifies the decoration added to text
text-indent Specifies the indentation of the first line in a text-block

text-shadow Specifies the shadow effect added to text

text-transform Controls the capitalization of text

vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element

white-space Specifies how white-space inside an element is handled

word-spacing Increases or decreases the space between words in a text

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING - Text Color

 The color property is used to set the color of the text.

 With CSS, a color is most often specified by:

 a HEX value - like "#ff0000"

 an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"

 a color name - like "red"

 The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example
body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING – Text Alignment

 The text-align property is used to set the horizontal

alignment of a text.

 Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or

justified.

 When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so

that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins
are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).

Example
h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}
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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING – Text Decoration
 The text-decoration property is used to set or remove
decorations from text.
 The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove
underlines from links for design purposes:
Example:
a {text-decoration:none;}
 It can also be used to decorate text:

Example:
h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}
 It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as
this often confuses users.
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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING – Text Transformation

 The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and

lowercase letters in a text.
 It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase
letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word.
Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}
STYLING – Text Indentation
 The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation
of the first line of a text.
Example
p {text-indent:50px;}
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8.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – All CSS Font Properties

Property Description
font Sets all the font properties in one
declaration
font-family Specifies the font family for text
font-size Specifies the font size of text
font-style Specifies the font style for text
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be
displayed in a small-caps font
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – Family
 The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.

 The font-family property should hold several font names as a

“fallback” system. If the browser does not support the first
font, it tries the next font.
 Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to
let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no
other fonts are available.

Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must
be in quotation marks, like font-family: “Times New Roman”.
 More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated
list:
Example: p{font-family: “Times New Roman”, Times, serif;}

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – Style
 The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic
text.
 This property has three values:

 normal - The text is shown normally

 italic - The text is shown in italics

 oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar

to italic, but less supported)
Example
p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – Size

 The font-size property sets the size of the text.

 Being able to manage the text size is important in web

design. However, you should not use font size adjustments
to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look
like paragraphs.

 Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for
headings and <p> for paragraphs.

 The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.

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7.4 CSS Styling

STYLING Font – Size

 Absolute size:

 Sets the text to a specified size

 Does not allow a user to change the text size in all

browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)
 Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the
output is known
 Relative size:

 Sets the size relative to surrounding elements

 Allows a user to change the text size in browsers

 If you do not specify a font size, the default size for

normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em).

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7.4 CSS Styling

STYLING Font – Size

Set Font Size With Pixels

 Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control
over the text size:

Example
h1 {font-size:40px;}
h2 {font-size:30px;}
p {font-size:14px;}

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – Size (With Em)

 To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many

developers use em instead of pixels.
 The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.
 1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in
browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is 16px.
 The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this
formula: pixels/16=em
Example
h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */
h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */
p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */
 In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the
previous example in pixels. However, with the em size, it is
possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.
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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – Size (With Em)

 Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing

the text, it becomes larger than it should when made larger,
and smaller than it should when made smaller.
 Use a Combination of Percent and Em
 The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-
size in percent for the body element:
Example
body {font-size:100%;}
h1 {font-size:2.5em;}
h2 {font-size:1.875em;}
p {font-size:0.875em;}

 The above code now works great! It shows the same text size
in all browsers, and allows all browsers to zoom or resize the
text!
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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – Weight
 Set different font weight for three paragraphs:

Example
p.normal {font-weight:normal;}
p.thick {font-weight:bold;}
p.thicker {font-weight:bolder;}

 The font-weight property is supported in all major browsers.

STYLING Font – Variant

 Setting different variants for font:

Example
p.small {font-variant:small-caps;}
p.normal {font-variant:normal;}

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7.4 CSS Styling
STYLING Font – Variant
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p.normal {font-variant:normal;}
p.small {font-variant:small-caps;}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class="normal">Client-Side Internet and Web Programming.</p>
<p class="small">Client-Side Internet and Web Programming.</p>
</body>

</html>

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