Heat / Heat Transfer

1) Heat is that form of energy due to the vibrations of the particles within a substance.

ii) Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance (object).

iii) Thermocouple, Liquid-in-glass, Pyrometer, Electrical Resistance and Gas are types of
thermometers.

iv) Name three types of liquid-in-glass thermometers, state their principle of operation,
their range and their use.Laboratory / Min & Max / Clinical … liquid expands when heated
(-10 to 110 oC) / (-40 to 120 oC) / (35 to 42 oC)
Temp of substances Temp. of earth Temp of living organisms

v) The upper fixed point is 100 oC and is the temperature at which steam is formed;
however, the lower fixed point is 0 oC and is the temperature at which pure ice melts.

vi) Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated. That is, the particles within each state
have a gain in kinetic (moving) energy and as a result they take up more space. (Expand)

vii) Fire alarm, clothes iron, car indicator and rail-way tracks are examples of the expansion
of solids. ( pasta / rice / dumplings)

viii)When an object cools, its particles decrease in kinetic energy and drift closer together.
(Contract)

ix) Water is very unusual and unique as a liquid. As it cools towards 4 oC, it contracts;
however, as it continues to cool up to 0 oC it expands. This makes ice less dense than
water, and as a result it floats. This unique phenomenon of water allows aquatic life to
survive during winter.

x) Heat can be transferred by the processes of conduction, convection and radiation.

xi) Metals are good conductors. Liquids and gases are good mediums for convection. Dull
black surfaces are good absorbers and radiators (emitters) ;while bright shiny surfaces
are poor radiators and absorbers.

xii) The three states of matter are : solids, liquids, and gases.

xiii)The processes of fusion, boiling and melting are associated with an increase in temperature.

xiv) A decrease in temperature occurs when solidification, evaporation, condensation or

freezing takes place.

xv) The boiling and freezing point of any substance is affected by pressure and impurities.

xvi) The rate of evaporation is affected by temperature, surface area and the flow of air
across its surface.
2) Complete the table below.
BOILING EVAPORATION
specific temperature any temperature
increase in temperature decrease in temp.
throughout substance at the surface
kinetic energy increases kinetic energy decreases
bubbling / effervescence no effervescence
3) During a temperature change, the heat flow is expressed outward; however, it is
inwardly directed to the arrangement of the particles, during a change in state / phase .

4) Bi-metallic strips operate on the principle that different metals expand / contract at
different rates when heated / cooled.
b) As a result one end of the strip extends beyond the other one and the strip bends
towards(ON) or away (OFF) from the circuit. ( fire alarm / clothes iron etc.)

5) The green (glass) - house effect is an example of a useful application of heat

transfer by radiation. The rays from the sun have a short wavelength radiation and can
pass through the glass. These rays are absorbed by the black base and re-radiated as long
wavelength rays which cannot escape through the glass. These trapped rays give off heat
which allows the temperature inside to increase to the benefit of the plants. (not scorched)

ii) The food flask illustrates the reduction of the transfer of heat by conduction,
convection and radiation. The hollow plastic cover and the vacuum between the glass
walls prevent conduction. Convection is thwarted by the vacuum also. Radiation is severely
restricted by the silvered / shiny surfaces. Therefore, this allows the substance within to
remain hot or cold.

6)During the process of heating, the hot air becomes less dense, as the particles gain
kinetic energy and drift apart. As a result the density decreases; since the mass is constant
for an increase in volume. Conversely, the cold air sinks. The cooler particles drift closer
together due to a decrease in their moving energy. The density increases as the volume
decreases for a constant mass .

7) During heat transfer 10C is equal to 1 Kelvin (K). ( heat capacity / specific heat capacity)

ii) The heat capacity (C) is the heat required to raise the temperature by 1 K and its
unit is J/K ( JK-1) C = EH ÷ ΔT

iii) The heat required to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 K is its specific heat capacity (c). It
is measured in J/kg/K (Jkg-1K-1) and given by the equation : c = EH ÷ m ΔT

iv) The latent (hidden) heat allows the substance to CHANGE its state / phase without an
increase in temperature.
b) Specific latent heat (L) is the heat required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance.
Its unit is J/kg ( Jkg-1) L = EH ÷ m

v) When heat is supplied to a substance, the substance will either CHANGE its
temperature , state or both .

THIS HEAT IS NOTHING IN COMPARISON TO THE FLAMES OF THE LAKE OF FIRE REV. 20 :14-25!
3) Define “heat capacity of a substance ” and state its S.I unit

The heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 K (1 OC).

Its unit is J/K (J/OC) (3)

b) Name the three modes of heat transfer.

The three modes of heat transfer are : i) conduction, ii) convection, iii) radiation

(3)

c) A well-insulated hot water tank is used to supply hot water to a residential dwelling
house. The immersion heater has a power rating of 2 200 W and the tank contains 125 kg
of water at 28 OC. Calculate P m
T t
i) the heat energy supplied by the heating element in 2 hours.

P = EH ÷ t P = 2 200 W t = 2 x 60 x 60 = 7 200 s

EH = P x t = 2 200 x 7 200 = 15 840 000 J ( from heater / source) ( heat both)

(3)

ii) the heat energy supplied to the water, given that its temperature increases to 58 OC .

change temperature EH = m c ΔT OR EH = C x ΔT

EH = m c ΔT m = 125 kg c = 4200 J/kg/K ΔT = 58-28 = 30 OC

= 125 x 4 200 x 30
= 15 750 000 J ( heat for water ONLY)

( specific heat capacity (c) of water is 4 200 Jkg-1K-1 )

(3)

iii) the heat capacity ( C) of the tank, assuming that the tank and water reach the same final
temperature of 58 OC .
(Zeroth law of Thermo-dynamics temperature of container equals temperature of
contents)

Heater / Source heats water and tank

EH (supplied to tank ONLY) = 15 840 000 - 15 750 000 = 90 000 J

EH = C x ΔT ΔT = 58 – 28 = 30 OC

C = EH ÷ ΔT = 90 000 ÷ 30 = 3 000 J/K ( J/OC)

(3)

MAY/2005
4) a) i) State what is meant by the term ‘change of phase’.

The substance absorbs heat as a solid to become a liquid and a liquid to a

gas. Or the reverse . ( sublimation - solid to gas or reverse)

(1)
ii) List TWO features that are characteristic of a phase change.

Kinetic energy of particles / forces of attraction of particles / volume / density /

spacing of particles / shape . (2)

iii) Ice initially at -5 OC is heated until steam is formed. Sketch a graph showing
how the temperature of the ice would vary with time.

Temperature against time

T/OC 100 steam

0 t /mins
ice melts

-5

b) i) 200 g of crushed ice at -5 OC is heated until it just reaches 0 OC. Calculate the
heat required for this process.

change temperature EH = m c ΔT OR EH = C x ΔT

EH = m c ΔT m = 200 g ÷ 1000 = 0.2 kg c = 2100 J/kg/K ΔT =T2 –T1 (0 – (-5) = 5 OC

= 0.2 x 2 100 x 5 = 2 100 J (4)

ii) More heat is added at 0 OC until it is completely converted to water. Calculate the
amount of heat that is added during the heating process.

change state / phase EH = m x L

EH = m x L m = 0.2 kg L = 3.34 x 105 Jkg-1

= 0.2 x 3.34 x105 = 6.68 x 104 J (3)

( specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J/kg/K)

( specific latent heat of ice = 3.34 x 105 Jkg-1)
JAN/2003
THIS HEAT IS NOTHING IN COMPARISON TO THE FLAMES OF THE LAKE OF FIRE REV. 20 :14-25!