SBI 3U

Genetic Continuity Test

What to Study/Main Topics and Terminology
Terminology (note that this may not be a complete list):

Genes Trait Allele Pedigree

Dominant Recessive Homozygous Heterozygous
Hybrid True Bred Carrier Genotype
Phenotype Principle of Dominance Autosomal Purebred
P Generation F generations Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross
Law of Segregation Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles
Sex chromosome X-linked Barr Body
Karyotype SRY Gene
Polygenetic Inheritance Modifier Genes Cell Cycle
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Mitosis Cytokinesis Chromosome
Chromatid Sister chromatids Centromere Centriole
Spindle Fibres mutation
haploid diploid Somatic
gamete Meiosis I Meiosis II Gonad
chromatin synapsis Homologous pair Tetrad
Crossing over Independent assortment Zygote
gametogenesis spermatogenesis oogenesis Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocyte spermatid Flagellum
oogonium Primary oocyte Secondary oocyte Polar body
ovum Point mutation Chromosomal mutation Mutagen
nondisjunction trisomy Monosomy polyploidy
Triploidy deletion Duplication inversion
translocation amniocentesis Nuchal screening Chorionic villi sampling
NIPT Mode of inheritance Ploidy
Main Topics:

Pedigrees and terms: Mendel’s Work on Peas:

 How to read a pedigree  Generally what occurred/what did he find
 How to decipher phenotypes and genotypes
using a pedigree
 Pedigree analysis - determining and disproving
modes of inheritance

Genetics Problems: Sex Determination

 Monohybrid cross  What determines sex?
 Dihybrid Cross 
 Incomplete
Dominance/Codominance/Multiple Alleles
 Sex-linked inheritance (Role of SRY gene)

Mitosis and Meiosis Gametogenesis

 Compare and contrast  compare/contrast spermatogenesis and
 Cell Cycle oogenesis
 Stages and important events in each  names of the cells
 Reason for meiosis  structure related to function for human sperm
 How variation is created and importance of and egg cells
variation
 Ploidy of cells
 Comparing chromatid and chromosome
number at various stages

Mutations Diagnostic Techniques and Technologies

 what are they?  Screening tests
 Mutagens  Diagnostic tests
 Harmful vs helpful vs neutral
 Nondisjunction and chromosomal
abnormalities
 Gametic vs somatic
 Reading a karyotype
Review Questions – SBI 3U0
1. Draw and label all of the stages of cell division - mitosis and meiosis.
2. Explain how meiosis promotes variation.
3. What kinds of mistakes can happen during anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis? What kinds of mistakes can
happen to chromosome structure? What happens when these mistakes in meiosis occur?
4. Who is Gregor Mendel? Briefly describe his experiments using pea plants and what he discovered?
5. An organism with a diploid number of 10 will have how many chromosomes as a haploid cell?
6. Explain why it is vitally important for human sex cells to undergo meiosis before fertilization takes place?
7. Describe what causes down’s syndrome and what the symptoms are. What is the chromosome count of an
individual with down’s syndrome?
8. Explain how it is possible to produce a trisomic XXX female.
9. Differentiate between co-dominance and incomplete dominance.
10. Cystic fibrosis is regulated by a recessive allele 'c'. Explain how two normal parents can produce a child that has
the disorder.
11. For pea plants, long stems are dominant over short stems. Determine the phenotype and genotype ratios of the
F1 offspring from the cross-pollination of a heterozygous long-stem plant with a short-stem plant.
12. For horses, the trotter characteristic is dominant over the pacer characteristic. A male, who is described as a
trotter, mates with three different females and each female produces a foal. The first female, who is a pacer,
gives birth to a foal that is a pacer. The second female also a pacer, gives birth to a foal that is a trotter. The third
female, a trotter, gives birth to a foal that is a pacer. Determine the genotypes of the male, all three females,
and the three foals sired.
13. For ABO blood groups, the A and B alleles are co-dominant, but both A and B are dominant over type O. Indicate
the blood types possible from the mating of a male, with blood type O to a woman with blood type AB. Could a
female with blood type AB ever produce a child with blood type AB? Could she ever have a child with blood type
O?
14. In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r). If a heterozygous red fruit is crossed with a yellow
fruit….
a) What is the phenotype ratio of the F1 generation? Show the punnett square.
b) What is the genotype ratio AND phenotype ratio of the F2 generation is two plants from the F1 generation are
crossed? Show the punnett square.
15. In foxes, a pair of alleles, Q and q, interact as follows: QQ will cause the fox to die at the embryonic stage; Qq
produces platinum coloured fur, and qq produces silver foxes. Could a fox breeder produce silver foxes without
having some foxes that would die? Prove your answer by showing the full genetic cross (5 steps) and giving a
word explanation at the end.
15. A man has blood type A and his wife has blood type B. A child has blood type O. Could these individuals be the
parents of this child?
16. In Japanese four o’clock plants, red flowers show some dominance over white flowers. The heterozygous
flowers are pink. a) Is this incomplete or co-dominance? b) If a red flowered plant is crossed with a white
flowered plant, what will be the phenotype ratio of the F1 generation? Show the full genetic cross with all the
steps. c) What will be the genotype ratio if a plant from the F1 generation is crossed with a pink flowered plant?
Show the full genetic cross with all the steps.
17. In Canada, it is illegal for individuals to marry their own immediate relatives. Using the principles of genetics,
explain why inbreeding is discouraged.
18. Explain sex linked inheritance patterns. Why does it show up more in males than in females?
 19. The pedigree below shows a family’s genetic history and identifies individuals with muscular dystrophy.

& = muscular dystrophy & = normal muscles

II

Finish the pedigree above by adding the following and the answering the questions below:
a) Individual II-2 has children with a person who is normal.
b) They have a girl and boy, both are normal and one boy with muscular dystrophy.
c) Individual II-3 has children with a person who has muscular dystrophy.
d) They have one boy and a girl with muscular dystrophy.
e) Does the boy from question (d) have the disease or not? Explain your answer.
f) What is the genotype of individual I-2? Explain your answer.