Section 8.

1 –Exponential Functions
Goals:
1. To simplify expressions and solve exponential equations involving
real exponents.

I. Definition of Exponential Function

An ______________ function is in the form ____________,
where _________ and _________.

II. Important Information

A. General Equation: y = ab x 8

B. Initial Value
C. Growth vs. Decay 6

1. Growth
4
a)
b)
2
2. Decay
a)
b) −4 −2 2 4

III. Graphing Exponential Functions 8

A. Graph the growth function: y = 4 x

6
1. What is the domain and range of the function?
2. Any asymptotes? 4

x
1 2
B. Graph the decay function: y =
5
1. What is the domain and range of the function? −4 −2 2 4

2. Any asymptotes?

IV. Growth or Decay

A. Determine whether the following are exponential growth or decay.
1. y = ( 0.7 ) 1 x
x
2. y = ( 3)
2

y = ( 0.5 )
x x
4 4.
3. y = 10
3

1 x
( 2) 2
x
5. y= 6. y = 10
3 5

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 1

 B. Applications
1. In 2006, there were 1,020,000,000 people worldwide using the Internet. At that time,
the number of users was growing by 19.5% annually. Write an equation representing
the number of users from 2006 to 2016, if that rate continued.

2. The pressure of the atmosphere is 14.7 lb/in2 at Earth’s surface. It decreases by about
20% for each mile of altitude up to about 50 miles. Write an equation that estimates
the atmospheric pressure at an altitude of t miles. Estimate the atmospheric pressure
at an altitude of 10 miles.

3. The pressure of a car tire with a bent rim is 34.7 lb/in2 at the start of a road trip. It
decreases by about 3% for each mile driven due to a leaky seal. Write an equation
that estimates the air pressure of the tire after t miles. Estimate the air pressure of the
tire after 20 miles.

Homework: Worksheet

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 2

 Honors Algebra 2 Worksheet
Section 8.1

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 3

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 4
 Section 8.1B – Modeling using Exponential Functions

V. Work Together
A. In previous lessons you have learned how to find a line of best fit for a set of data. Some
data sets are better modeled by exponential functions.
1. Draw a scatter plot for the given data. US Sales of Compact Disks
Year Millions of
2. [0,18] scale: 1 x [0,800] scale: 50 CD's
1987 – 7 102.1
8 149.7
700 9 207.2
10 286.5
600 11 333.3
12 407.5
500 \
13 495.4
400 1994 – 14 662.1

300
200
100

3 6 9 12 15 18
3. Find the exponential regression equation (ExpReg) that best fits the data and graph.

4. Write a sentence that describes the equation and data.

5. Based on the graph find the number of CDs sold in 2000.

6. Do you think a linear regression line would be a good model for the data? Why or
why not? (Hint: Explain the difference between the two regression curves.)

B. Wrap Up

Homework: Worksheet

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 5

 Worksheet
Section 8.1B: Modeling using Exponential Functions
Name: __________________________

Years Since Population Years Since Population Years Since Population

1780 (In millions) 1780 (In millions) 1780 (In millions)
10 3.9 80 31.4 150 132.2
20 5.3 90 38.6 160 132.2
30 7.2 100 50.2 170 151.3
40 9.6 110 63.0 180 179.3
50 12.8 120 76.2 190 203.3
60 17.0 130 92.2 200 226.5
70 23.2 140 106.1 210 248.7

1. Use a graphing calculator to draw a scatter plot of the data. Then calculate and graph the curve of
best fit that shows how the year is related to the population. Use ExpReg for this problem.

Use: [0.300] scale:20 x [0,300] scale:20 300

2. Write the equation of best fit.
240
3. Write a sentence that describes the equation
and data.
180

120

4. Based on the graph, estimate the population

60
for 2000. Explain how you found your
answer.
60 120 180 240 300

5. Based on the graph, when will the population reach 325 million? Explain how you found your
answer.

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 6

 Section 8.2 – Solving Exponential Equations and Inequalities
Objectives:
1. To solve exponential equations and inequalities.

I. Solving Exponential Equations in the form a x1 = a x2

A. Property: Let a > 0 and a ≠ 1 . Then ____________ iff ___________.
B. Examples:
1. 3x = 94 2. 25 x = 42 x −1 3. 32 x = 95 x− 4

C. Writing an exponential function:

Example:
1. In 2000, the population of Phoenix was 1,321,045. By 2007, it was estimated at
1,512,986. Write an exponential function that could be used to model the population
of Phoenix. Write t in terms of the numbers of years since 2000.

2. In 2000, the population of Phoenix was 1,321,045. By 2007, it was estimated at

1,512,986. Predict the population of Phoenix in 2013.

II. Solving Exponential Inequalities in the form

A. Property: Let a > 1 . Then __________ iff _________ and __________ iff __________.
B. Examples:
1 1
1. 53− 2 x > 2. 34 −3 x >
625 243

Homework: p. 488 – 1-8 all, 16, 17, 43, (54-72)/3

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 7

 Section 8.3 – Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions
Objectives:
1. Evaluate logarithmic functions.
2. Graph logarithmic functions

I. Logarithmic Functions and Expressions

A. Write the following in Inverse form:
1. y = 3 x 2. y = x 2 3. y = x + 3 4. y = 2 x

B. Important Information
1. Inverse function of exponential functions x = b y y = 2x
2. Notation: If __________, then __________.
3. Equivalence Statement: y = log 2 x

4. Question asked for by the symbol log b x :

“b to what ________ will equal x?”
C. Examples:
1. Logarithmic to Exponential Form
1
a) log 3 9 = 2 b) log10 = −2 c) log 2 8 = 3
100

2. Exponential to Logarithmic Form

1
a) 5 = 125
3
b) 27 = 3
3
c) 34 = 81

3. Evaluate Logarithmic Expressions

a) log 3 243 b) log10 1000

II. Graphing Logarithmic Functions

A. Examples:
1. f ( x ) = log 3 x

2 4 6 8 10

−2

−4

−6

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 8

 2. f ( x ) = log 1 x 3. f ( x ) = log 5 x
4

4 4

2 2

2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

−2 −2

−4 −4

−6 −6

B. Transformations of Logarithmic Functions

Examples:
1
1. f ( x ) = log 6 x − 1 2. f ( x ) = 4 log 1 ( x + 2 )
3 3

4 4

2 2

2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10

−2 −2

−4 −4

−6 −6

Homework: p. 496 – 1-11 all, (15-45)/3, 49, 57, 65, 72, 73

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 9

 Section 8.4 – Solving Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities
Objectives:
1. To solve equations involving logarithms.
2. To solve inequalities involving logarithms.

I. Logarithmic Equations
Examples: Solve the following Logarithmic Equations
4 2
1. log 8 x = 2. log 27 n =
3 3

3. log 4 x 2 = log 4 ( −6 x − 8 ) 4. log 4 x 2 = log 4 ( x + 20 )

II. Logarithmic Inequalities

A. Property 1

B. Examples
1. log 6 x > 3 2. log 3 x < 2

C. Property 2

D. Examples:
1. log 7 ( 2 x + 8 ) > log 7 ( x + 5 ) 2. log 7 ( 4 x + 5 ) < log 7 ( 5 x + 1)

Homework: p. 504 – 1-8 all, 15, 16, 25, 33, 34, 38, (51-66)/3
Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 10
 Section 8.5 – Properties of Logarithms
Objectives:
1. To simplify and evaluate expressions using properties of logarithms
2. To solve equations involving logarithms

I. Logarithmic Properties
A. Properties:
1. log b mn = 3. log b m p = p ⋅ log b m
m
2. log b = 4. log b b m = or b logb m =
n

B. Examples: Given log 2 3 = 1.5850 and log 2 5 = 2.3219

25
1. Find: log 2 8 4. Find: log 2
9

4
2. Find: log 2 5. Find: log 2 32
3

64
3. Find: log 2 36 6. Find: log 2
15

C. Solve
1. log 3 (4 x + 5) − log 3 (3 − 2 x) = 2

2. log 5 ( x 2 + 3) − log 5 ( x − 1) = log 5 7

3. 4 log 8 x = log 8 81

Homework: p. 512 – 1-4 all, 6-11 all, 12-17 all, 19-21 all, 51-58 all

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 11

 Section 8.6 – Common Logarithms
Objectives:
1. To find common logarithms and antilogarithms.
2. To solve problems involving common logarithms.
3. To solve exponential equations and inequalities.

I. The common logarithm(log) is log10

Examples
1. log 1000 =
2. log 100 =
3. log 0.01 =
4. log 27 =

II. Antilogarithms
A. Antilogarithm means to apply the inverse of a logarithm.
B. What is the inverse of y = log10 x ?

C. Examples
1. 3 = log x
2. 0.2568 = log x
I
3. The loudness L, in decibels, of a sound is L = 10 log where I is the intensity of
m
the sound and m is the minimum intensity of sound detectable by the human ear. The
sound of a jet engine can reach a loudness of 125 decibels. How many times the
minimum intensity of audible sound is this, if m is defined to be 1?

III. Solve Exponential Equations and Inequalities Using Logarithms

Examples
1. 5 x = 62 2. 3x = 17

3. 37 x > 25 x −3 4. 53 x < 10 x − 2

log m a
IV. Converting logarithms: log b a =
log m b
Examples:
1. log 5 140 2. log 5 16

Homework: p. 519 – 1-15 all, 39, (42-51)/3, 61, 68, 77-91 odds

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 12

 Section 8.7 – Base e and Natural Logarithms
Objectives;
1. To evaluate expressions involving the natural base and natural logarithm.
2. To solve exponential equations and inequalities using natural logarithms.
4. To solve problems involving natural logarithms and e.

I. Natural Base Functions

A. Key Concept

B. Equivalent Statement:
C. Examples:
1. e x = 23 2. e4 = x 3. ln x ≈ 1.2528 4. ln 25 = x

II. Natural Logarithmic Properties

A. Same as any other logarithm
B. Examples: Write as a single natural logarithm
1. 4 ln 3 + ln 6 2. 2 ln 3 + ln 4 + ln y

III. Solve Exponential Equations and Inequalities Using Natural Logarithms

A. Examples
3. ln ( 3 x + 1) > 8
2
1. 3e−2 x + 4 = 10 2. 2 ln 5 x = 6

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 13

 B. Investments Compounded Continuously

Examples
1. Suppose you deposit $700 into an account paying an APR of 3%, compounded
continuously. What is the balance after 8 years?

2. Suppose you deposit $700 into an account paying an APR of 3%, compounded
continuously. How long will it take for the balance in your account to reach at least
$1200?

3. Suppose you deposit an unknown amount into an account paying an APR of 3%,
compounded continuously. How much would have to be deposited in order to reach a
balance of $1500 after 12 years?

Homework: p. 529 – 1-19 all, 40, 47, 56, (68-81)/3

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 14

 Section 8.8 – Using Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Objectives:
1. To use logarithms to solve problems involving exponential growth and decay.
2. To use logarithms to solve problems involving logistic growth.

I. Continuous Exponential Growth and Decay

A. The Function

B. Examples
1. The half-life of Sodium-22 is 2.6 years.
a) Determine the rate of decay for Sodium-22.

b) A geologist examining a meteorite estimates that it contains only about 10%

as much Sodium-22 as it would have contained when it reached the surface of
the Earth. How long ago did the meteorite reach the surface of the Earth?

2. In 2007, the population of China was 1.32 billion. In 2000, it was 1.26 billion.
a) Determine China’s relative rate of growth.

b) When will China’s population reach 1.5 billion?

c) India’s population in 2007 was 1.13 billion and can be modeled by

y = 1.13e0.015t . Determine when India’s population will surpass China’s.

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 15

II. Logistic Growth Function
A. The Function

B. Examples
1.432
A city’s population in millions is modeled by f ( t ) = , where t is the number
1 + 1.05e −0.32 t
of years since 2000.
1. Graph the function.

1.5

1.0

0.5

50 100 150

−0.5

2. What is the horizontal asymptote?

3. What will be the maximum population?

4. According to the function, when will the city’s population reach 1 million?

Homework: p. 537 – 1-6 all, 10, 12, 25, 26

Honors Algebra 2 Chapter 8 Page 16