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VM10 LinearImpulse 2019

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19 views5 pages

VM10 LinearImpulse 2019

Uploaded by

kr gael
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 10

Linear Impulse and Momentum

10.1 Introduction

In this chapter we will consider the equations that result


from integrating Newtons second law, F = ma, with re-
spect to time. This approach leads to the equations of linear
impulse and momentum. These equations are useful when
solving problems in which we are interested in determining
the global effect of a force acting on a particle over a time
interval.

10.2 Linear impulse and linear momentum

Consider the curvilinear motion of a particle of mass, m,


under the influence of a force F as shown in Figure 10.1.
The resultant force F of all the forces on the particle is in
the direction of the acceleration v̇. Assuming that the mass
does not change, we have from Newtons second law,

d
F = mv̇ = dt (mv).

The linear momentum vector, L, is defined as

L = mv.

Thus, an alternative form of Newtons second law is


Figure 10.1. Velocity.

F = L̇, (10.1)

101
102

which states that the total force acting on a particle is equal


to the time rate of change of its linear momentum.
The Linear Impulse-Momentum Principle
In the previous section we have rewritten Newton’s second
law in an alternative form in terms of momentum. Consider
now a force acting on the particle between time t1 and time
t2 . Equation 10.1 can then be integrated in time to obtain:

Z t1 Z t1
F(t)dt = L̇dt = L2 − L1 = ∆L. (10.2)
t0 t0

Here L1 = L(t1 ) and L2 = L(t2 ). The term

Z t1
I= F(t)dt = ∆L = (mv)2 − (mv)1 ,
t0

is called the linear impulse. Thus, the linear impulse on a


particle is equal to the linear momentum change ∆L. In
many applications, certain forces are very large and of short
duration. Such forces are called impulsive forces and need to
be taken into consideration when applying equation (10.2).
Non-impulsive forces are often ignored in the calculations.
An example of a non-impulsive force is the weight of a ball
when struck by a bat.
Impulsive forces
Typically the impulsive forces are forces of very large mag-
nitude that act over a very small interval of time, but cause
a significant change in the momentum. Examples of impuls-
ive forces are those generated when a ball is hit by a tennis
racquet or a baseball bat, or when a steel ball bounces on a
steel plate. The table below lists typical time intervals over
which some of these impulses occur.
Time interval ∆t [s]
Racquet hitting a tennis ball 0.005-0.05
Bat hitting a baseball 0.01-0.02
Golf club hitting a golf ball 0.001
Shotgun 0.001
Steel ball bouncing on steel plate 0.0002
For calculation purposes it is often convenient to write equa-
tion (10.2) in terms of its components:
103

R t1
m(v1 )x + t0 Fx dt = m(v2 )x
R t1
m(v1 )y + t0 Fy dt = m(v2 )y (10.3)
R t1
m(v1 )z + t0 Fz dt = m(v2 )z

NOTE: Linear impulse and momentum have the same units.


In the SI system they are N·s or kg·m/s, whereas in the Eng-
lish system they are lb·s, or slug ft/s.

Example 10.1

A tennis player strikes the tennis ball with her racket when
the ball is at the uppermost point of trajectory as shown.
The horizontal velocity of the ball just before impact with
the racket is v1 = 15 m/s and just after impact its velocity
is v2 = 21 m/s directed at the 15◦ angle as shown in Figure
10.2. If the 60-g ball is in contact with the racket for 0.02
s, determine the average force R exerted by the racket on
the ball. Also determine the angle β made by R with the Figure 10.2.
horizontal.
104

SOLUTION:
From equation (10.3) it follows:

Z t1
m(v1 )x + Fx dt = m(v2 )x : −0.060(15)+Rx (0.02) = 0.060(21cos 15◦ )
t0
Z t1
m(v1 )y + Fy dt = m(v2 )y : −0.060(0)+Ry (0.02)−(0.060)(9.81) = 0.060(21sin 15◦ )
t0

Solving for the impact forces, Rx and Ry , yield:

Rx = 105.9 N

Ry = 16.89 N
The average impact force is therefore:

R = {105.9i + 16.89j} N

The angle β is:


16.89
β = tan−1 ( ) = 9.06◦ %
105.9

10.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum

We see from equation (10.2) that if the resultant force on a


particle is zero during an interval of time, then its linear mo-
mentum L must remain constant. Since equation (10.2) is a
vector quantity, we can have situations in which only some
components of the resultant force are zero. For instance, in
Cartesian coordinates, if the resultant force has a non-zero
component in the y direction only, then the x and z com-
ponents of the linear momentum will be conserved since the
force components in x and z are zero. Consider now two
particles, m1 and m2 , which interact during an interval of
time. Assume that interaction forces between them are the
only unbalanced forces on the particles. Let F be the inter-
action force that particle m2 exerts on particle m1 . Then,
according to Newton’s third law, the interaction force that
particle m1 exerts on particle m2 will be −F. Using (10.2),
we will have that ∆L1 = −∆L1 , or ∆L = ∆L1 + ∆L2 = 0.
That is, the changes of momentum of particles m1 and m2
are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, and the total
momentum change equals zero. Recall that this is true if
105

the only unbalanced forces on the particles are the interac-


tion forces. We note that the above argument is also valid
in a componentwise sense. That is, when two particles in-
teract and there are no external unbalanced forces along a
given direction, then the total momentum change along that
direction must be zero.

Example 10.2

The 80-kg man can throw the 20-kg box horizontally at


4 m/s when standing on the ground. If instead he firmly
stands on the 120-kg boat and throws the box, as shown in
Figure 10.3, determine how far the boat will move in the
three seconds. Neglect water resistance.

SOLUTION:
Applying the conservation of linear momentum to the man,
boat and box system:

→) Σ(mv)1 = Σ(mv)2 : 0 + 0 + 0 = (mm + mb )vb − mbox vbox

0 = (80 + 120)vb − (20)vbox


vbox = 10vb (1)
Since the velocity of the box relative to the man (and the
boat), vbox/b , is known, then vb can be related to vbox using
the relative velocity equation.

→) vbox = vb + vbox/b

vbox = vb − 4 (2)
Solving for equations (1) and (2): Figure 10.3.

vbox = 3.64 m/s ←

vb = 0.3636 m/s →
The displacement of the boat in three seconds is therefore

sb = vb t = (0.3636)(3) = 1.09 m

Figure 10.4.

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