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“Stone and Duke argue that all believers are
Ho w t o T h i n k T h e o l o g i c a l l y
The new edition includes:
• Expansions of existing chapters
• An annotated bibliography of recommended reading
• An appendix of theological labels
• An expanded glossary
• Updated case studies
• Discussion questions
Experienced teachers and beginning students alike will benefit from Stone
and Duke’s latest revision of their classic text.
Howard W. Stone
James O. Duke
FORTRESS PRESS
Minneapolis
HOW TO THINK THEOLOGICALLY
Fourth Edition
Preface����������������������������������������������������������������ix
Introduction ������������������������������������������������������� xv
vii
Preface
ix
x Preface
xv
xvi Introduction
T H E OL O G IC A L R E F L E C T ION
Since theological reflection can be a demanding task,
theologians often go off to work alone in peace and
quiet. Scholars work in the library, pastors in their
studies. Churches hold retreats where their members
can contemplate and discuss their faith away from the
hubbub of daily life. Christians rise early or stay up late
to make time for themselves to read Scripture, pray, and
meditate.
But serious thinking about the meaning of
Christian faith can and does take place anywhere. It
goes on while conversing, worshiping, weathering a life
crisis, keeping up with the latest news, working, or taking
xx Introduction
FA I T H SE E K I NG U N DE R S TA N DI NG
Christians would surely feel more comfortable about
their calling as theologians if they knew exactly what
they had gotten themselves into. Unfortunately, there is
no universally accepted definition of the term theology.
It comes to us as a compound word from Ancient Greek:
theologia are logia (sayings, accounts, teachings, theories)
concerning theos (the divine, gods and goddesses, God).
This root meaning carries over into the most traditional
use of the word: a belief, conception, or study of God.
It is unusual, however, to limit theology to its strictest
sense. Two extended uses of the term are commonplace.
First, theology is typically expanded to embrace
the totality of things having to do with religious life.
Not only ideas of God per se but everything associated
with faith, church, and ministry, are said to be theo-
logical. This expansion comes about quite naturally,
because Christian belief in God neither arose nor exists
in splendid isolation. It is the focal point of the life of
faith as a whole. In keeping with its Jewish origins, early
Christianity centered itself around a conviction about
the arrival of a message from God. Various terms, such
as the Word of God, the kerygma (proclamation), and
the Way, were used to designate God’s self-disclosure.
Among the earliest and most prominent terms for the
subject matter of this message was gospel, God’s good
news to the world. The gospel has to do with the salva-
tion that God brought about through Jesus of Nazareth,
the Christ. Contemporary theologians refer to this core
of faith in a wide variety of ways, such as divine revela-
tion, the Christian mythos, the Christ-event, the funda-
mental datum of Christianity, and so forth. What do
all these terms mean? Simply this: that essential to the
Christian religion is a message from God concerning
God’s relationship to the world, to history, and to all
of life.
Introduction xxv
QU E S T IONS F OR R E F L E C T ION
1. What is the role of the church—to help people
think for themselves as Christians or to uphold its
role as authority and tell people how they are to
think?
2. Why are theological issues, beliefs, and positions
so emotional for some people?
3. What do you think the authors mean when they
use the phrase “draws upon a common stock of
tools and materials?” For Christians, what would
be identified as a common stock of tools and
materials?
4. In defining orthodoxy and orthopraxy, which do
you emphasize more highly?
NO T E
1 Once commonplace, the notion of theology as a craft has been
revived in recent years: see, for instance, Avery Dulles, The Craft
of Theology: From Symbols to System, new expanded ed. (New York:
Herder & Herder, 1995); Charles Wood, Vision and Discernment:
An Orientation in Theological Study (Atlanta: Scholars Press,
2002). See also Patricia O’Connell Killen and John de Beer, The
Art of Theological Reflection (New York: Crossroad, 1994); Evelyn
Eaton Whitehead and James Whitehead, Method in Ministry, rev.
ed. (Chicago: Sheed & Ward, 1995).
ONE
Faith, Understanding,
and Reflection
1
2 HOW TO THINK THEOLOGICALLY
E M BE DDE D T H E OL O G Y
Christians learn what faith is all about from countless
daily encounters with their Christianity—formal and
informal, planned and unplanned. This understanding
of faith, disseminated by the church and assimilated
by its members in their daily lives, we call embedded
theology. The phrase points to the theology that is
deeply in place and at work as we live as Christians in
4 HOW TO THINK THEOLOGICALLY
Language: Danish
Credits: Jens Sadowski. This book was produced from images made
available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.
Vilhelm Bergsøe
Ur
UDVALGTE FORTÆLLINGER