ICT REVIEWER

MOTHERBOARD
- Main circuit board that communicates
between components.
- 95% of computer components connect
to MoBo

MoBo 3 FORM FACTOR

Mini ITX (170x170mm)

Micro ATX (244x244mm)

ATX (305x244mm)

PARTS OF THE MOTHERBOARD

1. CPU SLOT
- is used to connect a microprocessor
with a printed circuit board (PCB)
without soldering, allowing for the CPU
to be installed or replaced more easily
on the motherboard.

MoBo’s 2 CPU PLATFORM

● AMD (Advance Micro Devices)

3. 24 PIN ATX POWER CONNECTOR SLOT
● INTEL
(AND 4 PIN ATX POWER CONNECTOR
2. MEMORY SLOT
SLOT)
- allows a computer memory (RAM) chip
- Slot where a 24-pin power supply is
to be inserted into the computer.
connected.
TWO TYPES OF RAM INSERTED IN THE SLOT - The extra four pins provide additional
power to the computer's motherboard,
which in turn provides power to internal
components.
4. SATA SLOT (SERIAL ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT)
- Mass storage devices, such as hard
drives and optical drives, can
communicate with the motherboard
using a high-speed serial cable over two
pairs of conductors.
5. PCI or PCIe SLOT (PERIPHERAL
COMPONENT INTERCONNECT/express)
 - allow your motherboard to connect PARALLEL PORT (Old Version of
with your PC's most critical components Scanner/Printer) - Pink
and provide key functionality.
DVI & HDMI - MONITOR
- supply you with numerous
customization and upgrade options USB PORTS - GENERALLY BLACK
when you're ready to venture beyond
preloaded features like graphics and LAN PORT
storage
6. CMOS BATTERY (COMPLEMENTARY
METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR)
- It powers your device's BIOS firmware,
which is responsible for booting up your
computer and configuring data flow.
7. BIOS (BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM)
- is the program a computer's
microprocessor uses to start the
computer system after it is powered on.
8. NORTH AND SOUTH BRIDGE
- NORTH BRIDGE is to manage the
communications between the Central
Processing Unit and parts of the
motherboard.
- SOUTH BRIDGE is to control the IO
functioning.
9. I/O PANEL ! GUYS HINDI NAMIN ALAM KUNG RED OR
- is the portion of the motherboard that PINK UNG MIC iiyak na kami pero mukang red
lets you connect external devices, such kzi pink ung printer nayahhahahaha amen !
as your monitor, speakers, keyboard, ---------------------------
and mouse.
DISASSEMBLE AND ASSEMBLING
PORTS OF AN INPUT/OUTPUT PANEL
ASSEMBLE - is the act of connecting together
AUDIO/MICROPHONE - Pink
the different parts of a computer.
OUTPUT - Yellow
DISASSEMBLE - is the process of breaking down
INPUT - Blue a device into separate parts to help determine a
problem, replace a part, or take the parts for
PS/2 MOUSE - Green cleaning purposes.
PS/2 KEYBOARD - Violet SECURITY AND SAFETY IN PC ASSEMBLY
SERIAL PORT (Old Version of Mouse) - Blue ● keep your work area clean and with
Green or Light Blue proper lighting
GAME PORT - Yellow ● wear non-conducive apparel
● check for damaged parts
VGA (Video Graphics Array) - Blue
 ● unplug the computer before opening Step 1: Put the Motherboard inside the case.
the case Install the processor.
● do not force the components into the
Step 2: Put the heat sink on top of the processor
ports
and pin it to the motherboard. -> Align the RAM
● discharge electricity from your body by
to its socket. Push down evenly with your
touching grounded metal
thumb.
● read information about the components
● for appropriate handling Step 3: Put the Hard Disk Drive inside the case.
● return coverings after installation -> Put the DVD inside the case. -> Put the power
● remember that electronic components supply inside the case.
should never be hot.
Step 4: Connect all connectors.
TIPS FOR PC HANDLING
Step 5: Cover the System Unit.
● Be sure to draw off any static electricity
that may build up on your hands. Step 6: Plug the power cord and all other cables
● Handle non-circuitry areas of any into the system unit
electronic circuitry -------------------
● Always plan where you will set the
components before disassembling MICROPROCESSOR
them.
CPU
DISASSEMBLING
- It performs numerous calculations
Step 1: Before opening the system case, turn off - necessary for the computer to make
the system unit and unplug it from the wall decisions.
socket.
TWO MICROPROCESSOR BRANDS ALL OVER
Step 2: Disconnect the power cord and all other THE YEARS:
cables from the system unit.
1.) INTEL
Step 3: Rub your hands and touch the 2.) AMD
unpainted metal part of the system unit with
INTEL CPU’s
your bare hands to remove the ESD from your
body. Wear gloves. 1. INTEL 4004
- the first commercially available
Step 4: Remove the screws of the side cover and
microprocessor
put the screws in the container. Wear an
- 4-bit microchip
anti-static wrist strap. Remove all connectors.
- released in 1971
Step 5: Remove the power supply -> Remove - mainly designed by Federico Faggin and
the Hard Disk Drive -> Remove the DVD Drive -> Masatoshi Shima
Remove the Heat Sink. - designed for use in calculators,
automated teller machines, and cash
Step 6: Remove the CPU or Processor ->
machines.
Remove the Motherboard.
2. INTEL PENTIUM
ASSEMBLING - also referred to as P5, microarchitecture
or i586
 - fifth generation other visual multimedia elements to an
- 32-bit x86 microprocessor output device like a monitor.
- was introduced by Intel on March 22,
VIDEO CARD SPECIFICATION
1993, as the very first CPU in the
Pentium Brand 1. GRAPHIC ENGINE
- The P5 Pentium was the world’s first - hardware component inside a video
superscalar microprocessor to be in card that processes graphic tasks
mass production-meaning it generally 2. MEMORY BANDWIDTH
executes at least 2 instructions per clock - also known as video memory
3. INTEL CELERON - one of the most important features to
- targeted at low-cost personal be considered
computers - identifies the capability of the card to
- released in 1998-present utilize its onboard video RAM efficiently
- offers less performance per clock speed when under stress
- often has less cache or intentionally 3. ENGINE CLOCK
disabled advanced features - also known as the core clock
- more affordable - the frequency that the graphics
- most of the Celeron line has exhibited processing unit is running
noticeably degraded performance. - measured in megahertz (MHz)
4. INTEL CORE - 170 MHz is safe
- a line of streamlined midrange - The higher the GPU, the faster the
consumer, workstation, and enthusiast processing
computer’s CPU marketed by. 4. MEMORY CLOCK
- displaced the existing mid to high-end - speed of the built-in memory of the
Pentium processors at the time of their video card.
introduction in 2006. - higher memory bandwidth = better
performance (even in intensive tasks)
LINEUP OF INTEL CORE PROCESSORS:
5. MEMORY INTERFACE
Intel Core i3 - actual bus width of the memory
- bus width - no. of bits that can be sent
Intel Core i5
to the CPU simultaneously
Intel Core i7 - Bit (Binary Digit) - the smallest unit of
data that a computer can process and
Intel Core i9, along with the X-series of Intel store
Core CPUs (extreme edition) 6. DIMENSIONS
- usually expressed in inches, length, and
----------------- width measurements of the video card
7. BUS TYPE
VIDEO CARD
- determinant of compatibility of the
- an integrated circuit card in a computer video card to the motherboard
or expansion card
HDD vs SATA vs Hybrid Drive
- lets the computer system send
information, specifically graphics or Types of Memory
 1. Primary Memory -less frequently used data
- Temporary (RAM)
● flash memory - used for the caching of
2. Secondary Memory
the data
- permanent (storage drives)
- non-volatile (retains data even if you - more frequently used data
turn off the computer)
SERIAL ATA INTERFACE (SATA interface)
TYPES OF INTERNAL STORAGE DEVICES
- what hard drives today use
1. Magnetic Hard Drives - newer and faster
- introduced by IBM in 1956 - the data travel one bit at a time
- still used today - SATA Drives have transfer speeds of
- contain magnetic disks (where the averaging 6 gigabits per second
actual data is stored)
- disks rotate at high speed and as they Hard Drives come in two physical sizes:
do, the actuator arm will either write -3.5 inches (desktop computers and servers)
data to the disks or read data from the
disks -2.5 inches (laptop)
- can rotate at high speeds of either
INTERNAL PARTS OF THE HDD AND
5400, 7200, or 10,000 RPM. (typical
hard drive = 7200 RPM range) BASIC FUNCTION
2. Solid State Drives
- have no moving parts
- use flash memory chips to store data
- data transfer is very fast
- no moving parts = quieter and more
energy efficient
- more expensive
- more resistant to physical shock
- come in different form factors:
a. standard 2.5-inch rectangular form
1. PLATTER
factor
- is a circular magnetic plate that is used
- connects to the motherboard by using
for storing data in a hard disk.
the SATA interface
2. SPINDLE
b. M.2 form factor
- is a shaft that holds a rotating hard disk
- connects to the motherboard by
drive (HDD) platter in place
plugging into an M.2 slot
3. HEAD
3. Hybrid Drives - it reads and writes data from the hard
drive’s disk platter.
- combine the use of magnetic disks and
4. ACTUATOR with Arm and Axis
flash memory.
- is a device that moves head and arm
- take advantage of the large capacity and
assembly.
the low cost of magnetic disks, with the
5. POWER CONNECTOR
speed of an SSD.
- commonly used in computer drive
● magnetic disks - used to store data
connections to bring electricity to it.
 6. JUMPER BLOCK 1. Do not place the PC directly near a
- are used to enable specific types of heating or cooling source excessive
settings. temperatures can damage a PC.
7. INTERFACE CONNECTORS 2. Do not connect power sources directly
- allows for much simpler installation of to wall sockets but connect them to a
the hard drive into the system. surge protector which prevents and
- Most common interface connectors are protects the PC from electrical surges
IDE and SATA 3. Be extremely careful when moving a
PC from one location to another. Even
COMPUTER TROUBLESHOOTING small joints can dislodge chips and
- Refers to the process of analyzing the expansion boards.
source of a problem 4. Always keep a set of rescue disks for
- Can be about Hardware, Software, and the operating system
peripherals. 5. Keep a copy of the original Software,
- Most Common among the three is on CD and keep it handy.
HARDWARE TROUBLESHOOTING 6. Compressing your hard drive may lead
1. HARDWARE TROUBLESHOOTING to corruption of data so if possible,
- Refers to the physical parts of avoid compressing your hard drive.
the computer 7. Make backup copies of important data
2. SOFTWARE TROUBLESHOOTING and files on a CD, DVD, or removable
- Deals with the computer drives
programs running in the
COMMON ERROR BEEP CODES
computer (ex. adding and
removing programs). AMI BIOS BEEP CODES
3. PERIPHERAL TROUBLESHOOTING
A. 1 BEEP - Memory Refresh Failure (Check
- Refers to anything that is
RAM)
connected to the computer (ex.
B. 2 BEEPS - Memory Parity Error in first
mouse and monitor)
64 kb Block ( Check/Replace RAM)
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF PC FAILURE C. 3 BEEPS - Memory Read/Write Error in
first 64 kb block (Check/Replace RAM)
1. Excessive heat or cold
D. 4 BEEPS - Motherboard timer not
2. Dirt and Dust buildup
functioning
3. Magnetism Interference
E. 5 BEEPS - Processor Error (A damaged
4. Viruses, Spyware, Adware
expansion card, CPU, or Motherboard
5. Static electricity shocks a power surge
may be causing the problem)
6. Spilling liquids into the pc
F. 6 BEEPS - Gate A20/Keyboard controller
7. Bumping or dropping the pc
failure may need to replace the
8. Wrong or forceful inversion/ removal of
motherboard)
hardware
G. 7 BEEPS - General Exception Error
9. Wrong hardware driver installed
(replacing faulty hardware on either an
10. Outdated or faulty hardware
expansion card, CPU, or motherboard)
TIPS TO PREVENT PC FAILURE H. 8 BEEPS - Display Memory Read/ Write
failure (Check/Replace Video)
 I. 9 BEEPS - RAM Checksum Error (Replace
BIOS chip or motherboard)
J. 10 BEEPS - CMOS Shutdown
- Read/Write Error (possible
motherboard replacement)
K. 11 BEEPS - Bad Cache-Memory test
Failed (Replace Cache Memory)

goooooodluck andro cassio ori !!!!! kaya natin

toh aayyyeeeeeeeeeee