LAB MANUAL

ACTIVITY 5

AIM:
To calculate the acceleration due to gravity at a place using a simple pendulum.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:

 A clamp with stand

 A split cork
 A Cotton Thread (about 2 meters long)
 A bob
 Vernier calliper
 Stop /watch
 Metre scale.

(draw the diagram on the left hand side page)

PROCEDURE:

1. Find the vernier constant and zero error of the vernier calipers and record it.
2. Determine the mean diameter of the simple pendulum bob using the vernier
calipers.
3. Find the mean radius of the bob and represent it using ‘r’.
4. Attach a string to the bob. The length of the pendulum, l is adjusted by measuring
a length of (l-r) from the top of the bob.
5. Fix the clamp in a stand kept on the table such that the height that the bob is just 2
cm above the laboratory floor.
6. Mark a point A on the floor just below the position of the bob at rest.
 7. The equilibrium position of the pendulum is indicated by drawing a vertical line
with a chalk on the edge of the table, just behind the string.
8. Find the least count and the zero error of the stop watch. Bring its hands to the
zero position.
9. Move bob using the hand at an angle not more than 45 0 and leave it. See that the
bob returns over the line without spinning.
10. The stop watch is started when the pendulum crosses the equilibrium position to
any one side.
11. When it passes the equilibrium position in the same direction the next time it has
completed one oscillation.
12. Just when the 20th oscillation is complete, count 20 and at once stop the stop
watch.
13. Note the total time taken for twenty oscillations from the position of both the
hands of the watch.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION:

To find the diameter of the bob

1 M S D = 1mm

10 V S D =9 M S D

1 V S D=9/10 M S D=0.9 mm

Vernier Constant, V.C.= 1 M.S.D.-1 V.S.D. = (1-0.9) mm = 0.1 mm = 0.01cm.

Sr. Main Scale Reading Vernier Scale Division Vernier Scale Reading Measured Diameter=
no. (MSD) in cm (VSD) (VSR)= VSD*VC in cm MSR + VSR

Zero error, e = ± ... cm

Mean observed diameter = ... cm

Corrected diameter = Mean observed diameter – Zero Error

Radius of the bob, r = diameter/2

Table for length ( l) and time (T)

Sl. No. Length of Time for 20 Time 2

T (s )
2

the oscillations, period, T =

pendulum, l t(s) t
(s)
(cm) 20

The acceleration due to gravity,

 2 l
g=4 π 2
T
g = …………m/s2

RESULT:
Acceleration due to gravity (g) at the place,

 By calculation =………….ms-2

 Standard value = ____________ ms-2

 Error in measurement = ____________ ms-2

NOTE: The observation table and result of both the wire and petiole is to be written separately.

ACTIVITY 6

AIM:
Using a Simple Pendulum plot L – T2 graphs, hence find the effective length of second's
pendulum using appropriate graph.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:

 A clamp with stand

 A split cork
 A Cotton Thread (about 2 meters long)
 A bob
 Vernier calliper
 Stop /watch
 Metre scale.
 (draw the diagram on the left hand side page)

PROCEDURE:

1. Find the vernier constant and zero error of the vernier callipers and record it.
2. Determine the mean diameter of the simple pendulum bob using the vernier
callipers.
3. Find the mean radius of the bob and represent it using ‘r’.
4. Attach a string to the bob. The length of the pendulum, l is adjusted by measuring a
length of (l-r) from the top of the bob.
5. Put ink marks M1, M2 and M3 on the thread at distance of 50cm,60cm and 70cm
from the C.G of the bob.
6. Pass the thread through the splited cork with the 50 cm mark at the bottom of the
cork and tighten the two cork pieces between the clamp.
7. Fix the clamp in a stand kept on the table such that the height that the bob is just 2
cm above the laboratory floor.
8. Mark a point A on the floor just below the position of the bob at rest.
9. The equilibrium position of the pendulum is indicated by drawing a vertical line with
a chalk on the edge of the table, just behind the string.
10. Find the least count and the zero error of the stop watch. Bring its hands to the zero
position.
11. Move bob using the hand at an angle not more than 150 and leave it. See that the
bob returns over the line without spinning.
12. The stop watch is started when the pendulum crosses the equilibrium position to
any one side.
13. When it passes the equilibrium position in the same direction the next time it has
completed one oscillation.
14. Just when the 20th oscillation is complete, count 20 and at once stop the stop
watch.
15. Note the total time taken for twenty oscillations from the position of both the hands
of the watch.
16. Repeat the experiment for four different lengths.
l
17. In each case 2 is calculated. In all cases it is found as a constant.
T

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATION:

To find the diameter of the bob

1 M S D = 1mm

10 V S D =9 M S D

1 V S D=9/10 M S D=0.9 mm

Vernier Constant, V.C.= 1 M.S.D.-1 V.S.D. = (1-0.9) mm = 0.1 mm = 0.01cm.

 Sr. Main Scale Reading Vernier Scale Division Vernier Scale Reading Measured Diameter=
no. (MSD) in cm (VSD) (VSR)= VSD*VC in cm MSR + VSR

Zero error, e = ± ... cm

Mean observed diameter = ... cm

Corrected diameter = Mean observed diameter – Zero Error

Radius of the bob, r = diameter/2

Table for length ( l) and time (T)

Sl. No. Length of Time for 20 Time 2

T (s )
2
l
the oscillations, period, T = T
2

pendulum, l t(s) t
(s)
(cm) 20

PLOTTING THE GRAPH:

Plot a graph between L versus T2 from observations recorded in the table, taking L along x-axis and T2
along y-axis.

RESULT:
The graph is a straight line passing through origin

NOTE: The observation table and result of both the wire and petiole is to be written separately.