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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM

ofdm

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Javier Vía
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12 views19 pages

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM

ofdm

Uploaded by

Javier Vía
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM)

Procesado de Señal en Comunicaciones Inalámbricas

Curso 2023-2024
Contents

Introduction

OFDM

Practical Details

Comercial Systems and OFDM Standards


Inter-Symbol Interference

I We have already seen how to exploit diversity in order to combat


fading (time-variant/selective channels)
I We still don’t know how to combat ISI in frequency selective
channels
I Under frequency selectivity, the discrete equivalent baseband signal
model is x[n] = h[n] ∗ s[n] + r [n]
I A convolution in time domain is equivalent to a product in frequency
domain (Isn’t it?)
I Consider a block of Nc samples [x[0], . . . , x[Nc − 1]]
I Nc /fs  Tc : The channel is time-invariant and frequency selective
I Nc /fs  1/Bc : The block is much longer than the duration of the
channel impulse response
I What happens in the frequency domain?
I In other words: How do we get a product in frequency domain?
OFDM Block Diagram with Cyclic Prefix
What are we doing?

I Traditional (analog) Frequency Multiplexing (filtering + guard


frequencies)

I OFDM: Overlapped Orthogonal Subcarriers


I No ICI: Inter-Carrier Interference
System Parameters

I Total bandwidth W divided into Nc subchannels


I Symbol and binary rates: Rs bauds, Rb bps
I Symbol and binary rate per subchannel: Rs bauds, Rb /Nc bps
I Duration of the OFDM symbol: T = 1/Rs = N log Rb
2M

I Nc subcarriers with frequencies fk = f0 + k/T for k = 0, . . . , Nc − 1


Standards: Evolution towards OFDM
Out of Band Spectrum

I Abrupt phase transitions at the extremes of the OFDM symbol


I Out of band PSD decays very slowly
Time Windowing
I Out of band PSD decays very slowly
I Solution: Time Windowing
I At the cost of a small decrease of multipath inmunity: τ ≤ TG − βTs
Guard Frequencies

I Out of band PSD decays very slowly


I Solution: NFG guard subcarriers in each OFDM symbol
I At the cost of a decrease in the effective binary rate
Channel Estimation and Synchronization

I The receiver needs to know the channel. We need Np pilot


subcarriers to estimate the channel
I Moreover, we need to track the channel in time and frequency
I Different strategies for continuous or frame transmissions
I The number and spacing (in time and frequency) is directly related
to Tc and Bc
Receiver

I The use of long symbol periods enables the use of a cyclic prefix
I The ISI problem is avoided. Each subcarrier has a flat channel
I Very simple channel estimation and equalization
I Simple combination with MIMO techniques in each subcarrier
Diversity

I The use of OFDM solves the ISI problem, each information symbol
is sent over a subcarrier, which sees a flat channel
I The channel response will be better for some subcarriers and worse
for others (frequency selectivity)
I We need to exploit the frequency diversity by distributing each
information symbol among several subcarriers
I This problem is partially solved by Channel Coding / Error
Correcting Codes
I Alternative: Linear Precoding of the information symbols
I Instead of directly transmitting one information symbol over one
subcarrier, we transmit a linear combination of information symbols
I More details in the Live Script
PAPR

I With the standard formulation, the OFDM signal has a high PAPR
2
I Peak to Average Power Ratio: PAPR = max(|x(t)|2 )
E [|x(t)| ]
I In time domain, the OFDM signal is the combination of Nc
independent symbols ⇒ Gaussian Distribution
I Amplitude of OFDM signal ∼ Rayleigh
I Instantaneous power: ∼ Exponential
I High peaks with high probability
I Problems with AD’s and DA’s ranges
I Problems with Power Amplifiers
I Solutions to reduce the PAPR:
I Clipping: Spectral Regrowth and BER degradation
I Back-off: Amplifiers in linear operation zone
I Design of symbol sequences with low PAPR: Computationally
complex, reduced Rb
I Linear Precoding: Make the time samples look like symbols again
(see Live Script)
Multiple Access

I The use of OFDM allows Multiple Access without the drawbacks of


conventional FDMA systems
I OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiple Access)
I A predetermined subset of carriers is assigned to each user
I FH-OFDMA (Frequency Hopping Orthogonal Frequency Domain
Multiple Access)
I A subset of carriers is assigned to each user in each time slot
I The assignment follows a predetermined pattern/code
I In combination with channel coding or linear precoding of the
symbols, provides frequency diversity
DAB

I DAB (Digital Audio Broadcast)


Mode I Mode II Mode III Mode IV
Number of Subcarriers (N) 1536 384 192 768
Subcarrier Spacing (∆f) 1 KHz 4 KHz 8 KHz 2 KHz
Symbol Period (Ts ) 1.246 ms 311.5 µs 155.8 µs 623 µs
Guard Time (TG ) 246 µs 61.5 µs 30.8 µs 123 µs
Carrier (f0 ) <375 MHz <1.5 GHz <3 GHz <1.5 GHz
TX Separation (f0 ) <96 Km <24 Km <12 Km <48 Km

I DQPSK Modulation
I Binary Rate Rb = 2N/Ts ' 2.47 Mbps
I Bandwidth W = N∆f ' 1.536 MHz
I Convolutional Code (between 1/4 and 8/9)
DVB-T

I DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcast - Terrestrial)


2k Mode I 8k Mode
Number of useful Subcarriers (Nu ) 1705 6817
Subcarrier Spacing (∆f) 4.464 KHz 1.116 KHz
FFT Time (T ) 224 µs 896 µs
Guard Time (TG ) 7-56 µs 28-224 µs
Guard Frequencies 171 687
I QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM Modulation
I Binary Rate: From Rb = 12.2 Mbps (2k, QPSK) to Rb = 44.3 Mbps
(8k, 64QAM)
I Reed-Solomon (204,188) and Convolutional (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 or
7/8)
802.11 WiFi

I 802.11 a/g: WLAN standard with OFDM @ 2.4 Ghz (802.11 g) and
5 GHz (802.11 a)
Number of useful Subcarriers (Nu ) 52
Subcarrier Spacing (∆f) 312.5 KHz
Symbol Period (Ts ) 4 µs
Guard Time (TG ) 800 ns
Bandwidth 16.56 MHz
I BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM Modulation
I Binary Rate: From Rb = 6 Mbps to Rb = 54 Mbps (8k, 64QAM)
I Convolutional Code (1/2, 2/3, 3/4)
I 802.11 n: MIMO 4x4 + channel aggregation (20/40 MHz) ⇒ 600
Mbps
I 802.11 ac: MU-MIMO 8x8 + 256QAM + (40/80/160 MHz) ⇒
6.24 Gbps
I 802.11 ad @ 60GHz: SC/OFDM + 2.16 GHz + beamforming ⇒
6.76 Gbps
802.16 (WiMAX)

I WMAN standard with OFDMA @ 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz
Number of Subcarriers (N) 128 512 1024 2048
Subcarrier Spacing (∆f) 10.94 KHz
Symbol Period (Ts ) 102.9 µs
Guard Time (TG ) 11.4 µs
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.25 5 10 20
I MIMO with QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM Modulation
I Binary Rate up to 100 Mbps
I Convolutional Code (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6)
I Convolutional Turbo-Code (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6)
I Frames with 1 preamble symbol for synchronization
I Mobile WiMAX up to 120 Km/h (802.16e)

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