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16 views25 pages

Week 1

Uploaded by

setoseto1907
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Database Management

Systems
Introduction
Pınar Yıldırım
Database management systems

• Database: organized collection of logically related data

• Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events (numbers, texts, images etc.)

• Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data

• Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data
• Data example for class
Course: MGT 500 Business Policy
Semester: Spring 2010
Section: 2
Meta data for class
Name Type Length
Name ID GPA Course Alphanumeric 30
Section Integer 1
John 34 2.9
Semester Alphanumeric 10
Lewis 53 3.4 Name Alphanumeric 25
ID Integer 2
Jane 40 2.7
GPA Decimal 3
Disadvantages of file processing (without database)

• Program-data dependence

• Duplication of data (different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data)

• Limited data sharing (No centralized control of data)

• Lengthy development times(Programmers must design their own file formats)

• Excessive program maintenance


Duplicate data
Problems

• Programmers should maintain their own data.

• Application programs need to contain code for the metadata of files.

• Each application program must have its own. processing for reading,
inserting, updating etc.

• Lack of central control

• There is no standard file format.

6
Problems with data redundancy
• Waste of space to have duplicate data

• Causes more maintenance problems

• The biggest problem


• Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
• Data integrity
•
Solution the database approach

• Central respository of shared data

• Stored in a standardized, convenient form

• Requires a database management system (RDMS)


Database Management System
A software system that is used to create, maintain and provide controlled access
to user database.
Components of Database Management Systems
Advantages of the database approach

• Program-data independence

• Planned data redundancy

• Improved data consistency

• Improved data quality

• Improved data accessibility

• Reduced program maintenance


Costs and risks of the database approach

• Specialized personnel

• Installation and management cost and complexity

• Need for backup and recovery


People involved

• Systems analysts

• Database analysts and data modellers

• Users

• Programmers

• Database administrators
People Involved
Parts of the Database Environment

• Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata


• Database Management System (DBMS) –software for managing the
database
• Database–storehouse of the data
• Application Programs–software using the data
• User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
• Data/Database Administrators–people responsible for maintaining the
database
• System Developers–people responsible for designing databases and
software
• End Users–people who use the applications and databases

15
Evolution of database systems

• Need for program-day independence

• Desire to manage more complex data types and structures

• Ease of data access

• Need for more powerful decision support platforms


Evolution of database systems
• Flat files

• Hierarchical

• Network

• Relational

• Object-oriented
• …
Evolution of database systems
Two-tier database with local area network
Three-tiered client/server database architecture
Enterprise data model

• Specifies scope and general context

• Entity-relationship diagrams

• Descriptions of entity types

• Relationships between entities


System Development Life Cycle
System Development Life Cycle
• Planning:
• Preliminary understanding
• Request for study
• Analysis:
• Thorough requirements analysis and structuring
• Functional system specifications
• Logical Design:
• Information requirements elicitation and structure
• Detailed design specifications
System Development Life Cycle
• Physical Design:
• Develop technology and organizational specifications
• Program/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns
• Implementation:
• Programming, testing, training, installation, documenting
• Operational programs, documentation, training materials
• Maintenance:
• Purpose–monitor, repair, enhance
• Deliverable–periodic audits
References

• Modern Database Management 11th Edition, Jeffrey A. Hoffer, V. Ramesh, Heikki Topi © 2013
Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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