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Harvard Citation Style and Formatting

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29 views10 pages

Harvard Citation Style and Formatting

Uploaded by

jubin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Harvard Citation style and Formatting

ANY citation style will be governed in three ways:


 Format: margins, font, page numbers, line spacing, titles, headings, etc.
 Bibliography: Cumulative list of all sources used in your research.
 In-text citation: Citation of sources, within the body of your paper, informing readers
about the incorporation of someone else's words/research/ideas.

Reference List and In-text Citation


1. Harvard Referencing Basics: Reference List
A reference list is a complete list of all the sources used when creating a piece of work. This
list includes information about the sources like the author, date of publication, title of the
source and more. A Harvard reference list must:
 Be on a separate sheet at the end of the document
 Be organised alphabetically by author, unless there is no author then it is ordered by
the source title, excluding articles such as a, an or the
o If there are multiple works by the same author these are ordered by date, if the
works are in the same year they are ordered alphabetically by the title and are
allocated a letter (a,b,c etc) after the date
 Be double spaced: there should be a full, blank line of space between each line of text.
 Have hanging indents, which means the lines after the first line of an entry are
indented.
 Contain full references for all in-text references used
2. Harvard Referencing Basics: In-Text
In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or paraphrase taken from
another piece of work.
In-text references are references written within the main body of text and refer to a quote or
paraphrase. They are much shorter than full references. The full reference of in-text citations
appears in the reference list. In Harvard referencing, in-text citations contain the author(s)’s
or editor(s)’s surname, year of publication and page number(s). Using an example author
James Mitchell, this takes the form:
Mitchell (2017, p. 189) states.. Or (Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)
(Note: p. refers to a single page, pp. refers to a range of pages)
 Two or Three Authors:
When citing a source with two or three authors, state all surnames like so:
Mitchell, Smith and Thomson (2017, p. 189) states… Or
(Mitchell, Coyne and Thomson, 2017, p. 189)
 Four or More Authors:
In this case, the first author’s surname should be stated followed by ‘et al’:
Mitchell et al (2017, p. 189) states… Or (Mitchell et al, 2017, p, 189)
 No Author:
If possible, use the organisation responsible for the post in place of the author. If not, use the
title in italics:
(A guide to citation, 2017, pp. 189-201)
 Multiple Works from the Same Author in the Same Year:
If referencing multiple works from one author released in the same year, the works are
allocated a letter (a, b, c etc) after the year. This allocation is done in the reference list so is
done alphabetically according to the author's surname and source title:
(Mitchell, 2017a, p. 189) or Mitchell (2017b, p. 189)
 Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses:
List the in-text citations in the normal way but with semicolons between different references:
(Mitchell, 2017, p. 189; Smith, 200; Andrews, 1989, pp. 165-176)
 Citing Different Editions of the Same Work in One Parentheses:
Include the author(s)’s name only once followed by all the appropriate dates separated by
semicolons:
Mitchell (2010; 2017) states… Or (Mitchell, 2010; 2017)
 Citing a Reference with No Date:
In this case simply state ‘no date’ in place of the year: (Mitchell, no date, p. 189).
 Citing a Secondary Source:
In this case, state the reference you used first followed by ‘cited in’ and the original author:
Smith 2000 (cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189) or (Smith, 2000, cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)
3. How to Cite Different Source Types
 In-text citations remain quite constant across source types, unless mentioned
explicitly, assume the in-text citation uses the rules stated above
 Reference list references vary quite a lot between sources.

 How to Cite a Book in Harvard Format


Book referencing is the simplest format in Harvard referencing style. The basic format is as
follows:
Example:
Mitchell, J.A. and Thomson, M. (2017) A guide to citation.3rd edn. London: London
Publishings.

 How to Cite an Edited Book in Harvard Format


Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. Their reference format is
very similar to the book reference except instead of the author name, the editor name is used
followed by (eds.) to distinguish them as an editor. The basic format is:
Editor surname(s), initial(s). (eds.) (Year Published). Title. Edition. Place of publication:
publishers
Example:
William, S.T. (eds.) (2015) Referencing: a guide to citation rules. New York: My Publisher

 How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in Harvard Format

For citing chapters, you need to add the chapter author and chapter title to the reference. The
basic format is as follows:

Example:

Troy B.N. (2015) ‘Harvard citation rules’ in Williams, S.T. (ed.) A guide to citation rules.
New York: NY Publishers, pp. 34-89.

In-Text Citations: Chapter in an Edited Book

Use the chapter author surname, not the editor.

 How to Cite an E-Book in Harvard Format

To reference an e-book, information about its collection, location online and the date it was
accessed are needed as well as author name, title and year of publishing:
If the e-book is accessed via an e-book reader the reference format changes slightly:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year Published). Title. Edition. E-book format [e-book reader].
Available at URL or DOI (Accessed: day month year)

This includes information about the e-book format and reader, for instance this could be
‘Kindle e-book [e-book reader]’.

Example:

Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M. and Coyne, R.P. (2017) A guide to citation. E-book
library [online]. Available at: https://www.mendeley.com/reference-
management/reference-manager (Accessed: 10 September 2016)

 How to Cite a Journal Article in Harvard Format

The basic format to cite a journal article is:

Journal Article Example

Mitchell, J.A. ‘How citation changed the research world’, The Mendeley, 62(9), p70-81.

Journal Article Online Example

Mitchell, J.A. ‘How citation changed the research world’, The Mendeley, 62(9) [online].
Available at:
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager (Accessed: 15
November 2016)
 How to Cite a Newspaper Article in Harvard Format

Citing a newspaper article is similar to citing a journal article except, instead of the volume
and issue number, the edition and date of publication are needed:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (edition), day month,
page number(s).

Note: edition is used only where applicable.

Newspaper Article Example:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017) ‘Changes to citation formats shake the research world’, The Mendeley
Telegraph (Weekend edition), 6 July, pp.9-12.

 How to Cite an Online Journal or Newspaper Article in Harvard Format

To cite an online journal or newspaper article, the page numbers section from the print
journal or newspaper reference is swapped with the URL or DOI the article can be accessed
from and when it was accessed. So, the reference for an online journal article is:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume(issue/season)


[online]. Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: day month year)

And the reference for an online newspaper article is:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year) ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (edition), day month
[online]. Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: day month year)

 How to Cite Non-Print Material in Harvard Format

 How to Cite an Online Photograph in Harvard Format

The basic format is as follows:

Photograph surname, initial. (Year of publication) Title of photograph [online]. Available at:
URL (Accessed: day month year)

Online Photograph Example:

Millais, J.E. (1851-1852) Ophelia [online]. Available at:


www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-ophelia-n01506 (Accessed: 21 June 2014)

 How to Cite a Film in Harvard Format

The basic format to cite a film is:


Film Example:

Rear Window (1954) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock [Film]. Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures.

 How to Cite a TV Programme in Harvard Format

The basic format for citing a TV programme is as follows:

TV Programme Example:

‘Fly’ (2010) Breaking Bad, Series 2, episode 10. AMC, 23 May 2010.

 How to Cite Music in Harvard Format

The basic format to cite an album is as follows:

Music Example:

Beyonce (2016) Lemonade [Visual Album] New York: Parkwood Records. Available at:
https://www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/ (Accessed: 17 February
2016).
 How to Cite a Website in Harvard Format

The basic format to cite a website is:

Author surname(s), initial(s). (Year of publishing) Title of page/site [Online[. Available at:
URL (Accessed: day month year)

Website Example:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017) How and when to reference [Online]. Available at:
https://www.howandwhentoreference.com/ (Accessed: 27 May 2017)

(Sample of Harvard styles reference list is given below)


Document formatting rules based on Harvard Style
Typically, a paper that uses Harvard referencing has the following format:
 2.5 cm OR 1-inch margins on all sides
 Recommended fonts: Arial 12 pt or Times New Roman, with double-spacing
 Title is in the centre of the page just above the text
 Left–aligned text, with the first sentence of every paragraph indented by 0.5 inch
 Last name is at the top-right corner of the header, followed by page number
 Title page is centre–aligned
 Subheadings are in sentence case and left–aligned
(Sample of Formatting based on Harvard style)
(Sample of cover page based on Harvard style Formatting)

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