CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

​P
ython is a popular programming language created by Guido van
Rossum and launched in 1991. It can be used to build web
applications, servers, in combination with other software to create
workflows, connect to a relational database system that uses Structured
Query Languages (SQLs) such as Oracle, DB2 or MySQL, as well as
connect to non-relational database systems (NoSQL) such as MongoDB.
This is explained in detail in the Advanced Python Programming Textbook.
Advantages of the Python language include:

1. Being able to handle a lot of data and perform complex

mathematical calculations.
2. Rapid prototyping or development of production-ready software
3. Works on different OSs (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.)
4. Simple grammar similar to English, making it easy to program.
5. It contains syntax that allows programmers to write programs with
a smaller number of lines compared to other programming
languages.
6. Works on interpreter systems, so codes can be executed as soon as
it is written, which means prototyping can be done quickly.
7. Able to act in a procedural, object-oriented or function-oriented
manner.
8. Python uses a line break to complete a command, as opposed to
other programming languages that often use semicolons or
 brackets. Relying on indents using spaces to define boundaries,
such as loop boundaries, functions, and classes, other programming
languages often use brackets for this purpose.

Installing Python
Many PCs and Macs have Python pre-installed. To check, launch the
Terminal App on Mac, or Command Line on the PC and enter the command
below.

For Mac or Linux OSs, go to the terminal, the console will

appear to enter the command, with the host name appearing differently
depending on the name defined. The author uses the name “VariitSris”, so
the following line of command will be displayed.
VaritSris>
To find out if the machine has Python installed and which version, use the
following command:
VaritSris> python3 --version
Python 3.12.3
Note: For Windows operating systems, go to the Command Line and use
the py --version command.
If not installed, go to:
https://www.python.org/downloads
To download the latest version of python according to your
operating system, as shown in Figure 1-1: download window for the latest
version of
python.
 Figure 1-1: download window for the latest version of

python

Download the appropriate version for your operating system (in this
example we will install on macOS) using the following steps:
1. Select macOS to download. You should receive file python-3.12.3-
macos11.pkg. Double click the file. The result is shown in Figure 1-2.
 Figure 1-2: 1st python installation window for macOS

2. Click , result is shown as Figure 1-3.

Figure 1-3: 2nd Python installation window for macOS

3. Click , result is shown as Figure 1-4.

 Figure 1-4: 3rd python installation window for macOS

4. Click
5. You will find various files for programming with python. The result
is shown as Figure 1-5.

Figure 1-5: folder showing installed python files

 Now you are not ready to program with python!
Installing Packages or Modules
To install Packages or Modules for Python, you need an installer
program or “pip.” Therefore, it is necessary to check if pip is already
installed. For machines running macOS, Linux or Windows operating
systems, use command:
​VaritSris>pip3 –version
Results
pip 24.0 from
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/lib/python3.12/site-
packages/pip (python 3.12)
If not, for Mac or Linux operating systems, install the following:
VaritSris> python -m ensurepip –upgrade
VaritSris>python get-pip.py
Note: For Windows operating systems, use py -m ensurepip –upgrade, then
py get-pip.py

Installing a Package
After installing pip, try installing the “numpy” package
VaritSris>pip3 install numpy
Results
Collecting numpy
Downloading numpy-1.26.4-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl.metadata (61 kB)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 61.1/61.1 kB 1.2 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Downloading numpy-1.26.4-cp312-cp312-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl (20.3 MB)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 20.3/20.3 MB 6.0 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Installing collected packages: numpy
Successfully installed numpy-1.26.4
To check which packages or modules are installed, use the following command:

VaritSris>pip3 list
Results
​ ackage
P ​Version
​------- ​-------
​numpy ​1.26.4
pip ​24.0
To use Terminal to program Python, follow these steps:
​VaritSris>python3
Results
Python 3.12.3 (v3.12.3:f6650f9ad7, Apr 9 2024, 08:18:48) [Clang 13.0.0
(clang-1300.0.29.30)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
When using the command print('Hi')
>>> print('Hi')
Results
Hi

Program Python Using Visual Studio Code

To use visual studio code in programming python, go to the
following link to download the appropriate installer, according to your
operating system:
https://code.visualstudio.com/download
to download the appropriate installer, according to your operating system.
Visual Studio Code is supported on Windows, Linux and Mac, as shown in
Figure 1-6.
 Figure 1-6: Visual Studio Code Download Window

Click to download the appropriate installer and the installation file will be
shown.

Double click the downloaded file to show:

 Figure 1-7: 1st installation window of Visual Studio Code
Select to allow the installation to begin, the next button
should become visible. Click To set the desired installation path
for Visual Studio Code. In this case, you can use Microsoft’s the default
path:
click , The result is shown as Figure 1-8.
 Figure 1-8: 2nd installation window of Visual Studio Code
Advantages of VS Code

1. The “IntelliSense” feature helps programmers by predicting what

program code will be written in Python language. This is like
having an assistant, making it easier for programmers to perform
tasks such as entering code, show parameter information, quick
information, member lists, variable names, and code hints, as well
as clearly separating by colors that the programmer can adjust as
desired (Color Themes).
2. Built-in Python debugging support makes editing programs easy.
3. It is open source and can be used free of charge.
4. Its Secure Shell (SSH) is designed for connecting to other
computers within a network and is highly secure. Working with
 multiple machines and networks, will be discussed in detail in the
Advanced Python Programming Textbook.

VSCODE Has
its own terminal that runs python, so we need to create a work folder to
keep all programming files. For this textbook, we will use the folder

“ExamplePythonCode.” Click VSCODE, then File->New Window

as show in Figure 1-9.

Figure 1-9: Starting Visual Studio Code

And the following new window will appear in Figure 1-10.
 Figure 1-10: Visual Studio Code Welcome Screen

Click open, then open the newly created folder used to keep our python
files as in Figure 1-11.
 Figure 1-11: folder created to keep files for Python software development

Select and open the ExamplePythonCode folder and the following window
will appear in Figure 1-12.

Figure 1-12: Visual Studio Code asking for permission to use the folder
Choose to confirm that you trust the authors, since
you created this folder yourself.
When selected this screen will be shown in Figure 1-13.

Figure 1-13: Visual Studio Code starting window

A new menu, , will appear, and can be used instead of in

Figure 1-14.
 Figure 1-14: Visual Studio Code menu

Then select “New terminal.” A new terminal window will appear as shown
in Figure 1-15.

Figure 1-15: Visual Studio Code terminal window

To write a program, click the space below EXAMPLEPYTHONCODE to

reveal these icons in Figure 1-16.
 Figure 1-16: Visual Studio Code menu bar

means creating a new file, while means creating a new folder

under EXAMPLEPYTHONCODE. Start by creating a new file named
“Hi.py'' and enter the following instructions:
print("Hi "+input("What is your name?"))
Select File->Autosave in Figure 1-17, so that any changes are saved
automatically.

Figure 1-17: Visual Studio Code file submenu

After that, select the terminal window and enter the following instructions:
 VaritSris>python Hi.py
Results
What is your name?
Enter VariitSris
What is your name?VariitSris
Results
Hi VariitSris
The Code input('What is your name?') is using the text “What is your
name?” To query its user to enter information.
Changing the program text to
print("Welcome "+input("What is your name?")+ " to Thailand")
Then running Hi.py
VaritSris>python3 Hi.py
Results
What is your name? VariitSris
Results
Welcome VariitSris to Thailand
Example
print('No.of Character '+
str(len(input('What is your name? '))))
Results
What is your name? VariitSris
No.of Character 10
Example
name = "Jack"
 print(name)
name = "Angela"
print(name)
name = input("What is your name?")
length = len(name)
print(length)
Results
Jack
Angela
What is your name?VariitSris
10

virtual environment
In case you want to use multiple versions of Python and mutiple projects on
single machine
The methods and steps for using a virtual environment vary according
to different operating systems. For this textbook, let's use macOS as an
example.

1. Install brew

/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/instal
l.sh)"

2. Update brew

brew update

3. Install pyenv

brew install pyenv

4. Install python. Required version for use in Part II, use python
3.9.16

pyenv install 3.9.16

Note :
In case you want to develop other software projects that use
packages or modules. If appropriate for your project, you must
check which version of Python is appropriate and install to match
that version.

5. Install pyenv-virtualenv

brew install pyenv-virtualenv

6. Give the environment an appropriate name for your project so

it is make easy to remember. For Part II, the environment
names are set as follows.

Game
pyenv virtualenv 3.9.16 PyGame
Web Application
pyenv virtualenv 3.9.16 PyWebApp
Data Analysis
pyenv virtualenv 3.9.16 PyDataAnalysis
AI
pyenv virtualenv 3.9.16 PyAI
The command used to create a virtual environment with python
version is shown as follows.
pyenv virtualenv <python_version> <environment_name>

7. To access that environment, use the command.

pyenv activate <environment_name>

If there is an error, it will show as follows.
Failed to activate virtualenv.
Perhaps pyenv-virtualenv has not been loaded into your shell
properly.
Please restart current shell and try again.
Use the following command to resolve the error:
eval "$(pyenv init -)"
eval "$(pyenv virtualenv-init -)"

8. Check python version.

Inside the environment.

python –version
Result
Python 3.9.16
Outside the environment.
Result
The `python' command exists in these Python versions:
3.9.16
3.9.16/envs/PyAI
3.9.16/envs/PyDataAnalysis
3.9.16/envs/PyGame
3.9.16/envs/PyWebApp
PyAI
PyDataAnalysis
PyGame
PyWebApp

9. Exit environment.

source deactivate
10. uninstall environment.

pyenv uninstall <environment_name or python version>

 Exercises

1. Show the results of running print("Hi,"+input("My name is "))

2. Write a program that queries the user's name and address, and
displays the name and address of the user.
 CHAPTER 2 DATA TYPES

P
ython has the following Data Types:
● Integers
Data that is any whole number, such as 123247289343214
● Floats
Data that is any numbers with decimal places, such as 23.5 or 8.63
● Strings
Characters enclosing quotes, such as “Hi”
● Boolean
Can only be True or False
● Lists/Dictionaries/Sets/Tuples
(Examples and programming functions in Chapter 3)
To determine the correct data class that will function as such, you
must use variables to configure the data class you need.
Integers

If you want to determine the number of tourists (NoOfTourist) as a whole

number (integer) of 115, then program:
NoOfTourist = 115

Floats

If you want to determine the Tourist’s Vote point average (VoteTourist) as a

decimal (float) of 3.50, then Program:
VoteTourist = 3.50
In case of decimals within the data, it will not be added to the sum as
integer data, so all data needs to be configured as float data.
For example:
print(float(2.5)+float(3))
This will convert all data to Float first before running.
Results
5.5
For example:
print(float(2.5)+int(3.2))
This will combine the decimals of 2.5 with just the integer of 3.
Results
5.5
print(float(2.5)+float(3.2))
This will add all integer and decimal data between 1.2 and 3.6
Results
5.7
For examples of functions, refer to Table 2-1.
Table 2-1: Functions Used In Data Type Conversion For Python
Functions Used in Data Type Conversion for Python
Function Description Example
int() Make the value x=int(1.7)
in brackets an print(x)
integer, perform print(type(x))
calculations with Results
integers. 3
Results in an <class 'int'>
integer value. Where values in
brackets contain
decimals.
 Functions Used in Data Type Conversion for Python
Function Description Example
float() Make the value x=float(3.56)
in brackets a print(x)
decimal, print(type(x))
perform Results
calculations with 3.56
decimals. <class 'float'>
Results in a Where values in
decimal value. brackets is a whole
number.
str() Make the value x=str(5242)
in brackets a print(x)
String. Display print(type(x))
results as a Results
character. 5242
<class 'str'>
 Functions Used in Data Type Conversion for Python
Function Description Example
bool() Make the value x= bool("Hi Python")
in brackets print(x)
Boolean print(type(x))
Results
True
<class 'bool'>
num= bool(3242)
print(num)
print(type(num))
Results
True
<class 'bool'>
list= bool(["Peter",
"Top", "Lisa"])
print(list)
print(type(list))
Results
True
<class 'bool'>

False values are

bool(False)
bool(None)
bool(0)
bool("")
bool(())
bool([])
bool({})

Strings
In case of String Class Data
Determine the Tourist’s name (TouristName) as Character strings
by using quotation marks. either “” or ‘’ will work.
 TouristName =’Peter’ or TouristName =”Peter”
String Functions
String values have the following functions:
print(“Top"[0]) Results: T
print("Top"[2]) Results: p
print("56"+"211") Results 56211 (as a string)
We can also find the number of characters in the string:
num_char = len(input("What is your name? "))
print("Your name has "+str(num_char)+" characters.")
Results
What is your name? Top
Your name has 3 characters.
We can combine string values, but if the value is not a string value but an
integer, you convert its class into string like this:
num_char = len(input("What is your name? "))
print(type(num_char))
print("Your name has "+str(num_char)+" characters.")
Results
What is your name? Top
<class 'int'>
Your name has 3 characters.
print(str(4.8)+str(9)) to convert values to string
Results
4.89

Boolean
Boolean has a value of True or False only, as in the example.
Finding a value in a string whether it exists or not. If there is a result,
it will be True, if it is not there, it will be False.
 sentence = "Lisa is beautiful girl"
print("Lisa" in sentence)
Result
True

sentence = "Lisa is beautiful girl"

print("Peter" not in sentence)
Result
True
For examples of functions, refer to Table 2-2.

Table 2-2: Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
capitalize( Capitalizes sentence = "lisa is a beautiful girl"
) first print(sentence.capitalize())
character Results
Lisa is a beautiful girl
casefold() Make all sentence = "lISa Is a beaUtiful Girl"
characters print(sentence.casefold())
lowercase Results
lisa is a beautiful girl
center() Centers all sentence = "Lisa is beautiful "
characters print(sentence.center(40))
according Results
to the Lisa is beautiful
number of
characters
in brackets.
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
count() Find the sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. "
number of print(sentence.count("a"))
words or Results
letters in 3
brackets of
a string
sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
has a child. She has two dogs."
print(sentence.count("has"))
Results
2
sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
bananas to her friends. She grows
bananas in her garden"
print(sentence.count("i"))
Results
9

sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She

likes to eat bananas, and likes to give
bananas to her friends. She grows
bananas in her garden"
print(sentence.count("She"))
Results
2
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
endswith( Find out if Find if the value “sentence” ends with
) the end of a “.”
string sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
includes likes to eat bananas, and likes to give
words bananas to her friends. She grows
enclosed in bananas in her garden"
brackets at print(sentence.endswith("."))
the end of Results
the string. False
If there is,
the result is sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
True. If likes to eat bananas, and likes to give
not, False bananas to her friends. She grows
is bananas in her garden"
print(sentence.endswith("her dogs"))
displayed.
Results
False

expandtab Set the Set the space as defined in the brackets

s() space as of the string, using \t between spaces
defined in (tab)
the sentence = "Lisa\tis\ta\tbeautiful\tgirl."
brackets of print(sentence.expandtabs(2))
the string. Results
Lisa is a beautiful girl.
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
find() Searches Finds a value enclosed in brackets, The
for value first position in the string is 0.
enclosed in sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
brackets, if likes to eat bananas, and likes to give
found, bananas to her friends. She grows
returns a bananas in her garden."
return findPosition = sentence.find("a")
value. The print(findPosition)
first Results
position in 3
the string is
0 until all findPosition = sentence.find("A")
the letters print(findPosition)
in the
Results
string are
-1
checked.

Works like -1 means not found

index(),
except that
if not
found, -1 is
returned.
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
bananas to her friends. She grows
bananas in her garden."
findPosition =
sentence.find("She")
print(findPosition)
Results
26

First found in position 26.

sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
likes to eat bananas, and likes to give
bananas to her friends. She grows
bananas in her garden."
findPosition = sentence.find("xxx")
print(findPosition)
Results
-1
index() Searches Finds a value enclosed in brackets, The
for value first position in the string is 0.
enclosed in sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
brackets, if likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
found, bananas to her
returns a
return friends. She grows bananas in her
value. The garden."
first indexPosition = sentence.index("A")
position in print(indexPosition)
the string is Results
0 until all 0
the letters
 FrequentlyinFunctions
the Used in String Type Data for Python
Function string are
Descriptio Example
checked.
n
Works like sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
find(), likes to eat bananas, and likes to give
except that bananas to her friends. She grows
if not bananas in her garden."
found, indexPosition = sentence.index("She")
error is print(indexPosition)
returned.
Results
26

First found in position 26.

sentence = "Lisa is
a beautiful girl. She likes to eat
bananas, and likes to give
bananas to her
friends. She grows bananas in her
garden."
indexPosition = sentence. index("xxx")
print(indexPosition)
Returns
Results
ValueError: substring not found
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
format() Format To display the amount decimal value,
decimal sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
places. e.g.: bananas for {amount:.2f} baht.”
.2f, print(sentence.format(amount=50))
displays 2 Results
decimal
Yesterday, Lisa bought bananas for
places,
50.00 baht.
rounded
up. .0f
displays an If the next decimal is 5 or more, it will
integer. round up. 50.558
rounds to 50.56
sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
bananas for {price:.2f} baht."
print(sentence.format(price=50.558))
Results
Yesterday, Lisa bought bananas for
50.56 baht.

to add comma separators, use ,.2f

sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
bananas for {price:,.2f} baht."
print(sentence.format(price=12250.558
))
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
Results
Yesterday, Lisa bought bananas for
12,250.56 baht.

You can also add currency signs in

front
sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
bananas for
${price:,.2f} baht."
print(sentence.format(price=12250.558
))
Results
Yesterday, Lisa bought bananas for
$12,250.56 baht.

isalnum() If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought

characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isalnum())
are Results
alphanumer False
ic, meaning
alphabet Since it includes space, “,” and “.”
letter (a-z) sentence =
and "YesterdayAnnaboughtbananasfor50ba
numbers ht"
(0-9), print(sentence.isalnum())
returns
Results
True.
True
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
isalpha() If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isalpha())
are Results
alphabet False
letters (a-z)
(A-Z) only, Since it includes space, “,” and “.”
returns sentence =
True. "YesterdayAnnaboughtbananasfor50ba
ht"
print(sentence.isalpha())
Results
False
Since it includes the number 50
sentence =
"YesterdayAnnaboughtbananasforbaht"
print(sentence.isalpha())
Results
True

isdecimal( If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought

) characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isdecimal())
are Results
decimals False
only, not decimal
returns sentence = "3341341"
True. print(sentence.isdecimal())
Results
True
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
isdigit() If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isdigit())
are digits Results
only, False
returns
True. Not a Digit
Note: sentence = "3341341"
Digits are
values with print(sentence.isdigit())
numbers 0,
Results
1, 2, 3, 4,
True
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
in a string.
sentence = "33,413.41"
e.g. 25,
print(sentence.isdigit())
45672 etc.
Results
False
Not all digits. contains “,” and “.”
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
islower() If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.islower())
are Results
lowercase False
only, Contains Uppercase Y and A
returns sentence = "yesterday, anna bought
True. bananas for 50 baht."
print(sentence.islower())
Results
True
sentence = "33,413.41"
print(sentence.islower())
Results
False
Numbers cannot be lowercase
isupper() If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isupper())
are Results
uppercase False
only,
returns Contains Uppercase Y and A
True.
sentence = "yesterday, anna bought
bananas for 50 baht."
print(sentence.isupper())
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
Results
False
sentence = "YESTERDAY, ANNA"
print(sentence.isupper())
Results
True
upper() Change all sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
character in bananas for 50 baht."
string to print(sentence.upper())
uppercase Results
YESTERDAY, ANNA BOUGHT
BANANAS FOR 50 BAHT.
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
isnumeric If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
() characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isnumeric())
are Results
numeric False
only, sentence = "3451"
returns print(sentence.isnumeric())
True.
Results
Note:
True
Numeric
sentence = "-33,413.41"
are values
print(sentence.isnumeric())
with
numbers 0,
Results
1, 2, 3, 4,
False
5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Contains “-”, “,” and “.”
in a string.
e.g.

25, 45672
etc.
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
isprintable If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
() characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isprintable())
are Results
printable True
only, sentence = "Yesterday, \n Lisa bought
returns bananas for 50 baht."
True. print(sentence.isprintable())

Results
False

Contains \n, a character for creating a

new line.
sentence = "Yesterday, \n Lisa bought
bananas for 50 baht."
print(sentence)
Results
Yesterday,
Lisa bought bananas for 50 baht.

isspace() If all the sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought

characters bananas for 50 baht."
in a string print(sentence.isspace())
are spaces Results
only, False
returns sentence = “ ”
True. print(sentence.isspace())
Results
True
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
istitle() If all words sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa Bought
in a text Bananas For 50 Baht."
start with print(sentence.istitle())
an Results
uppercase True
letter, AND
the rest of sentence = “YESTERDAY, Lisa
the word bought bananas for 50 baht.”
are lower print(sentence.istitle())
case letters, Results
returns False
True.
title() Capitalize sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
all words in bananas for 50 baht."
the string. print(sentence.title())
Results
Yesterday, Lisa Bought Bananas For 50
Baht.

lower() Change all sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought

characters bananas for 50 baht."
in string to print(sentence.lower())
lowercase.
Results
yesterday, anna bought bananas for 50
baht.
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
replace() Find and sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
replace bananas for 50 baht."
instances print(sentence.replace("bananas",
of a word "apples"))
in string. Results
Yesterday, Lisa bought apples for 50
baht.

sentence = "Lisa is beautiful girl. She

likes to eat bananas. And likes to give

bananas to her
friends. She grows bananas in her
garden."
print(sentence.replace("bananas",
"apples",1))
Results
Lisa is a beautiful girl. She likes to eat
apples, and likes to give bananas to her
friends. She grows bananas in her
garden.

Replace only the first instance by

adding ,1
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
rfind() From the sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
rightmost, likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
finds the bananas to her friends. She grows
last bananas in her garden."
occurrence print(sentence.rfind("bananas"))
of the Results
specified 104
value in a sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
string. likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
Returns -1 bananas to her friends. She grows
if the value bananas in her
is not garden."
found. print(sentence.rfind("apples"))
Results
-1

Returns -1 if the value is not found

sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She

likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
bananas to her friends. She grows
bananas in her garden."
print(sentence.rfind("bananas",50,100)
)
to search between 50 and 100
Results
70

rindex() From the Finds the last occurrence of the

rightmost, specified value.
finds the
 Frequentlylast
Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function occurrence
Descriptio Example
of then
specified sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
value in a likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
string. bananas to her friends. She grows
Functionall bananas in her garden."
y identical indexPosition = sentence.rindex("A")
to rfind(), print(indexPosition)
but returns
Results
“ValueErro
52
r: substring
not found” sentence = "Lisa is beautiful girl. She
instead if likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
the value is bananas to her friends. She grows
not found. bananas in her garden."
indexPosition = sentence.rindex("She")
print(indexPosition)
Results
94

Found in last position 94.

sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
bananas to her friends. She grows
bananas in her garden."
indexPosition = sentence.rindex("xxx")
print(indexPosition)
Returns
Results
ValueError: substring not found
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
split() Split words sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl. She
in a string. likes to eat bananas. And likes to give
bananas to her friends. She grows
bananas in her garden."
splitSentence = sentence.split()
print(splitSentence)

Results
[‘Lisa’, ‘is’, ‘a’, ‘beautiful’, ‘girl.’,
‘She’, ‘likes’, ‘to’, ‘eat’, ‘bananas,’,
‘and’, ‘likes’, ‘to’, ‘give’, ‘bananas’,
‘to’, ‘her’, ‘friends.’, ‘She’, ‘grows’,
‘bananas’, ‘in’, ‘her’, ‘garden.’]
splitlines( Split lines sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl.
) in a string. \nShe likes to eat bananas. And likes to
requires /n give bananas to her friends. \nShe
to create grows bananas in her garden."
line breaks. splitLinesSentence =
sentence.splitlines()
print(splitLinesSentence)

Results
[‘Lisa is a beautiful girl.’, ‘She likes to
eat bananas, and likes to give bananas
to her friends.’, ‘She grows bananas in
her garden.’]

startswith( Check if Check if “Hi” is the first value of the

) The value string.
in brackets sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl.
is the first \nShe likes to eat bananas. And likes to
 Frequentlyvalue of the Used in String Type Data for Python
Functions
Function string.
Descriptio Example
n
give bananas to her friends. \nShe
grows bananas in her garden."
startswithSentence =
sentence.startswith("Hi")
print(startswithSentence)
Results
False

sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl.

\nShe likes to eat bananas. And likes to
give bananas to her friends. \nShe
grows bananas in her garden."
startswithSentence =
sentence.startswith("Lisa")
print(startswithSentence)

Results
True

sentence = "Lisa is a beautiful girl.

\nShe likes to eat bananas. And likes to
give bananas to her friends. \nShe
grows bananas in her garden."
startswithSentence =
sentence.startswith("Lisa is a
beautiful")
print(startswithSentence)
Results
True
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
strip() Remove Remove spaces at the beginning and at
spaces at the end of the string.
the fruit = " bananas "
beginning print(fruit.strip())
and at the sentence="She likes to eat
end of the "+fruit.strip()+". And likes to give
string "+fruit.strip()+" to her friends."
before
combining print(sentence)
with other Results
string bananas
values. She likes to eat bananas. And likes to
give bananas to her friends.

rstrip() Remove fruit = " bananas "

any spaces print(fruit.rstrip())
at the end sentence="She likes to eat
of the "+fruit.rstrip()+". And likes to give
stringbefor "+fruit.rstrip()+" to her friends."
e print(sentence)
combining
with other Results
string ….bananas
values. She likes to eat bananas. And likes
to give bananas to her friends.
 Frequently Functions Used in String Type Data for Python
Function Descriptio Example
n
swapcase( Swap sentence = "Yesterday, Lisa bought
) uppercase bananas for 50 baht."
characters print(sentence.swapcase())
with Results
lowercase, yESTERDAY, aNNA BOUGHT
and BANANAS FOR 50 BAHT.
vice versa.

zfill() adds 0 at To add 0 In front of the number 20 to

the reach the length specified, which is 5
beginning digits
of the sentence = "20"
number, print(sentence.zfill(5))
until it Results
reaches the 00020
length
Specified
in brackets.

Exercises

1. 23.42 is what python data type?

2. “I love Thailand.” is what python data type?
3. What python data type has the value “true”?
4. What value is returned with: print(int(4.3)+int(3.5))? What data
type is it?
5. Write a program to display ‘a’ from the string “How are U?”
​ ​information = “Where is the best place in
Thailand?”

6. Write a program to display the “information” string but all

uppercase.
7. Write a program to count all the ‘e’s in the “information” string.
8. Write a program to find ‘place’ in the “information” string.

BKKPeople = “In 2016, Bangkok had an estimated population of 9

million according to data from the 2010 census.”
9. write a program to display the estimated population as 8.28
million
10. Write a program to split all the words in the “BKKPeople” string.
 CHAPTER 3 LISTS,
DICTIONARIES, SETS, TUPLES
L
ists
A List is what python uses instead of arrays to store multiple values, sorted
alphabetically in ascending order, in a single variable that can change values and
store repeating values.
One syntax for creating a list is Syntax 3-1.
Syntax 3-1: Create Lists 1

To store multiple fruits (fruit) including “Orange, Apple, Mango, Mangosteen,

Rambutan, Durian, Pineapple, Papaya” in a single variable as a list, proceed as follows:
fruit = ["orange","mango","banana","rambutan", "durian", "pineapple","papaya"]
print(fruit)
Results
[‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’]
Using the data kept in the list requires an index number, starting with the number 0,
followed by 1, 2, 3, up until the last index. The syntax for index number of element in
List is Syntax 0‑1.
Syntax 3-2: Index number of element in List

Example
print(fruit[0])
Results
orange
print(fruit[1])
Results
mango
If you want the last index value in the list, we need to know the total number of items
in a list with this function:
len(List)
Example
print(len(fruit))
Results
7
Therefore, if you want to return the last value in the list, then we need to use fruit[6] as
the last value is always len(List)-1 with the first index being 0.
In case you don't want to search with len(List), alternatively we could use negative
indexes, with -1 as the last index as shown in Syntax 3-3.
Syntax 3-3: Negative index of element in List

print(fruit[-1])
Results
papaya
If the index is -3, it will return the 3rd item from the end.
print(fruit[-3])
Results
durian
For functions, refer to Table 3-1.
Table 3-1: Functions Used in Lists for Python
Functions Used in Lists for Python
Funct Descript Example
ion ion
 Functions Used in Lists for Python
Funct Descript Example
ion ion
appen Append fruit = ["orange","mango","banana",
d() the new "rambutan", "durian","pineapple",
value at
"papaya"]
the end of
fruit.append("strawberry")
the list.
Duplicate print(fruit)
s can only
be added Results
one value [‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’,
at a time.
‘papaya’, ‘strawberry’]
clear() Clear the Clear the “fruit” list of all values.
list. No fruit =
values
["orange","mango","banana","rambutan", "durian","pineapple","papa
kept.
ya"]
fruit.clear()
print(fruit)
Results
[]

copy() Copy the Copy “fruit” with “copy_fruit”

list and fruit =
submit the
["orange","mango","banana","rambutan", "durian","pineapple","papa
value.
ya"]
copy_fruit=fruit.copy()
print(copy_fruit)
Results
[‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’,
‘papaya’, ‘strawberry’]
count( Count the Count the number of "cherry" in the “fruit” list
) number of fruit =
times a
["orange","mango","banana","rambutan", "durian","pineapple","papa
value is in
ya"]
the list
and NoOfCherry = fruit.count("cherry")
submit the print(NoOfCherry)
result. Results
0
 Functions Used in Lists for Python
Funct Descript Example
ion ion
exten Add the Extend the values in the “fruit” list With the values in “chineseFruit”
d() values fruit = ["orange","mango","banana", "rambutan","durian","pineapple",
from one
"papaya"]
list to
chineseFruit = ["loquat","lychee"]
another.
fruit.extend(chineseFruit)
print(fruit)

exten Results
d() [‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’,
‘papaya’, ‘strawberry’, ‘loquat’, ‘lychee’]
index( Returns Find the index of value "mango"
) Index fruit = ["orange","mango","banana", "rambutan","durian","pineapple",
number of
"papaya"]
a value.
indexOfMango=fruit.index("mango")
print(indexOfMango)

Results
1
insert( Insert a Add "strawberry" as the first value in the list.
) value into fruit = ["orange","mango","banana", "rambutan","durian","pineapple",
a list by
"papaya"]
specifying
fruit.insert(0, "strawberry")
its index
number. print(fruit)

Results
[‘strawberry’, ‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’,
‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’]
pop() Removes To remove the value indexed as 0, "orange" from the “fruit” list.
a value fruit = ["orange","mango","banana", "rambutan","durian","pineapple",
from the
"papaya"]
list using
fruit.pop(0)
its index.
print(fruit)
Results
[’mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’]
 Functions Used in Lists for Python
Funct Descript Example
ion ion
remov Removes To remove the value "orange" from the list
e() the fruit = ["orange","mango","banana",
specified
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"]
value
fruit.remove("orange")
from the
list. print(fruit)
Results
[‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’]
sort() Sort the Tube the values alphabetically in ascending order of fruit list:
values fruit = ["orange","mango","banana", "rambutan","durian",
alphabetic
"pineapple","papaya"]
ally or
fruit.sort()
numerical
ly in print(fruit)
ascending
order.
Results
[‘durian’,‘mango’, ‘banana’,’orange’,’papaya’, ‘pineapple’,
‘rambutan’]
If the values within the list have multiple languages, upper and
lowercase, as well as numbers, the
values will be sorted by
numbers value, then all the uppercase values, then all lowercase values,
and finally any other languages.
listSort = ["orange","mango",
"banana",
"Apple","Tomato",
"Peach","5","4","2",
"6"]
listSort.sort()
print(listSort)
Results
['2', '4', '5', '6', 'Apple', 'Peach', 'Tomato', 'mango', 'banana', 'orange']
 Functions Used in Lists for Python
Funct Descript Example
ion ion
join() Join the to display values in the fruit list separated by /
values in fruit = ["orange","mango","banana",
the list
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"]
and
display. print("/".join(fruit))
Results
orange/mango/banana/rambutan/durian/pineapple/papaya
To combine two lists together, use Syntax 3-4.
Syntax 3-4: Combining Two Lists

Note

len1 is number of value in ListName1

len2 is number of value in ListName2
Number of value in ListName3 is len1 + len2

Example:
fruit = ["orange","mango","banana","rambutan", "durian","pineapple", "papaya"]
vegetable = ["tomato","avocado","bean","pepper", "pumpkin"]
plant = [fruit,vegetable]
print(plant)
Results
[[‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’], [‘tomato’,
‘avocado’, ‘bean’, ‘pepper’, ‘pumpkin’]]
Another way to create lists is with Syntax 3-5.
Syntax 3-5: Create Lists 2
Example:
fruit = list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple", "papaya"))
print(fruit)
Results
[‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’, ‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’]

Dictionaries
Dictionaries in Python are data kept in pairs, using the syntax key:value, as shown in
Syntax 3-6.
Syntax 3-6: Create Dictionaries

Dictionaries are useful in collecting related data, such as

Tourist name and gender, and using the same indexes to call the related data in a
database. They’re written using curly braces {} separated by colons.
Tourist_gender = {'Ammy':'Female','Jame':'Male','Mike':'Male','Minnie':'Female'}
print(Tourist_gender)
print(Tourist_gender['Jame'])
Results
{'Ammy': 'Female', 'Jame': 'Male', 'Mike': 'Male', 'Minnie': 'Female'}
Male
In case of Tourist age:
Tourist_age = {'Ammy':'16','Jame':'12','Mike':'17','Minnie':'14'}
print(Tourist_age)
print(Tourist_age['Jame'])
Note that key values cannot repeat. If it does, then only the last key and value will be
referenced.
For example:
Tourist_age = {'Ammy':'16','Jame':'12','Mike':'17','Minnie':'14',
'Minnie':'18','Minnie':'19'}
print(Tourist_age)
print(Tourist_age['Minnie'])
Results
{'Ammy': '16', 'Jame': '12', 'Mike': '17', 'Minnie': '19'}
19
And since duplicate keys do not count, the len command will result as:
print(len(Tourist_age))
Results
4
We can, however, store a list of values within the same key, for example, to store a
Tourist’s name, age, then a list grades in three years:
Tourist = {'Name':'Jame','Age':18,'Vote':['A','C','F']}
print(Tourist)
print(Tourist['Vote'])
Results
{'Name': 'Jame', 'Age': 18, 'Vote': ['A', 'C', 'F']}
['A', 'C', 'F']
To show their first-year grade:
print(Tourist['Vote'][0])
Results
A
For functions, refer to Table 3-2.
Table 3-2: Functions Used in Dictionaries for Python
Functions Used in Dictionaries for Python
Function Description Example
clear() Clears the Tourist=dict(Name =
dictionary. No "Jame", Age = 18, Vote =
values kept. ['A','C','F'])
print(Tourist)
Tourist.clear()
print(Tourist)
Results
{'Name': 'Jame', 'Age':
18, 'Vote': ['A', 'C', 'F']}
{}
Sets
Sets in Python are multiple items stored under a single variable. Items cannot be
repeated, are randomly ordered and cannot be changed. To create a set, use Syntax 3-7.
Syntax 3-7: Create Sets

Tourist={'Ammie','Ann','Minnie','Jame','Mike','Ann'}
print(Tourist)
Results
{'Minnie', 'Ann', 'Jame', 'Ammie', 'Mike'}
For functions, refer to Table 3-3.
Table 3-3: Functions Used in Sets for Python
Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
add() Add values into fruit = {"apple","banana",
the set must be a "cherry","orange",
value not
"mango","banana","rambutan","durian",
already
"pineapple", "papaya"}
contained in the
set, otherwise it fruit.add("papaya")
will not be print(fruit)
added. Results
{‘cherry’, ‘mango’, ‘rambutan’, ‘papaya’,
‘banana’, ‘apple’, ‘banana’, ‘durian’,
‘pineapple’, ‘orange’}

fruit =
{"apple","banana","cherry","orange",
"mango", "banana", "rambutan",
"durian", "pineapple", "papaya"}
fruit.add(“strawberry”)
print(fruit)

Results
{‘orange’, ‘durian’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’,
‘strawberry’, ‘pineapple’, ‘cherry’,
‘papaya’, ‘apple’, ‘rambutan’, ‘banana’}
 Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
clear() Clear the set of fruit =
all values. {"apple","banana","cherry","orange",
"mango","banana","rambutan","durian",
"pineapple","papaya","papaya"}
fruit.clear()
print(fruit)
Results
set()
copy() Copy the set. fruit =
{"apple","banana","cherry","orange",
"mango","banana","rambutan","durian",
"pineapple","papaya","papaya"}
Copy_fruit=fruit.copy()
print(Copy_fruit)
Results
{‘mango’, ‘papaya’, ‘durian’, ‘cherry’,
‘banana’, ‘pineapple’, ‘rambutan’, ‘orange’,
‘apple’, ‘banana’}
 Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
difference() Display the interfruit =
differences {"apple","banana","cherry","orange",
between two
"mango", "banana", "rambutan",
sets.
"durian", "pineapple",
"papaya","papaya"}
Thaifruit = {"banana","orange","mango",
"banana", "rambutan", "durian",
"pineapple", "papaya"}
print(interfruit.difference(Thaifruit))
Results
{'cherry', 'apple'}

Since the interfruit set has apple, cherry,

Which does not appear in Thaifruit,
whereas
print(Thaifruit.difference(interfruit))
Results
set()

Since all fruits in Thaifruit are in

interfruit.

difference_ Show the interfruit = {"apple","banana",

update() different values "cherry","orange", "mango", "banana",
between two
"rambutan","durian", "pineapple",
sets. Differences
"papaya","papaya"}
will be cleared.

Thaifruit = {"banana","orange","mango",
"banana",
"rambutan","durian","pineapple",
"papaya"}
interfruit.difference_update(Thaifruit)
print(interfruit)
Results
{‘apple’,’cherry’}
 Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
discard() Clears the values fruit = {"apple","banana",
in brackets from "cherry","orange", "mango", "banana",
the set
"rambutan","durian",
"pineapple","papaya","papaya"}
fruit.discard("apple")
print(fruit)
Results
{‘pineapple’, ‘orange’, ‘banana’,
‘rambutan’, ‘cherry’, ‘durian’, ‘banana’,
‘papaya’, ‘mango’}
intersection() Display like fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
values between "rambutan","durian","pineapple",
2 or more sets.
"papaya"}
fruit2 = {"apple","mango","banana",
"rambutan","durian","pineapple",
"papaya"}
print( fruit1.intersection( fruit2))
Results
{‘papaya’, ‘pineapple’, ‘durian’, ‘apple’,
‘rambutan’, ‘banana’}

fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
}

fruit2 = {"banana","rambutan","durian",
"pineapple","banana"}

fruit3 = {"rambutan","banana"}
print(fruit1.intersection(fruit2,fruit3))
print(fruit2.intersection(fruit1,fruit3))
print(fruit3.intersection(fruit1,fruit2))
Result of each computation will be the
same, as follows:
Results
{'banana', 'rambutan'}
{'banana', 'rambutan'}
{'banana', 'rambutan'}
 Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
intersection_upda Display like fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
te() values between "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
2 or more sets,
}
then remove all
fruit2 =
other values
from the set {"apple","mango","banana","rambutan",
preceding "durian","pineapple","papaya"}
.intersection_up fruit1.intersection_update(fruit2)
date print(fruit1)
Results
{‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘apple’, ‘pineapple’,
‘durian’, ‘papaya’}
fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
}
fruit2 = {"banana","rambutan",
"durian","pineapple","banana"}
fruit3 = {"rambutan","banana"}

fruit1.intersection_update(fruit2,fruit3)

print(fruit1)
Result of each computation will be the
same, as follows:
{'rambutan', 'banana'}
 Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
isdisjoint() Find the same fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
value between "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
two sets. If there
}
is none, return
fruit2 = {"apple","mango","banana",
true, if not, false.
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
}
print(fruit1.isdisjoint(fruit2))]
Results
False

Contains like values.

fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
}
fruit2 = {"mango"}
print(fruit1.isdisjoint(fruit2))
Results
True
issubset() check whether fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
the first set is a "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
subset of the
}
second. If yes,
fruit2 = {"banana","banana","rambutan",
return true, if not
then false. "durian","pineapple"}
print(fruit1.issubset(fruit2))
Results
False

print(fruit2.issubset(fruit1))
Results
True
issuperset() check whether fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
the first set is a "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
superset of the
}
second. If yes,
fruit2 = {"banana","banana","rambutan",
return true, if not
then false. "durian","pineapple"}
print(fruit1.issuperset(fruit2))
 Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
Results
True

print(fruit2.issuperset(fruit1))
Results
False
pop() Removes a value fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
from the set. "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
(Random)
}
fruit1.pop()
print(fruit1)
Results
{‘pineapple’, ‘banana’, ‘banana’,
‘rambutan’, ‘apple’, ‘papaya’}

Removed value is “durian”

remove() Removes value fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
specified in "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papa
brackets from
ya"}
the set.
fruit1.remove("papaya")
print(fruit1)
Results
{‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘apple’, ‘pineapple’,
‘durian’, ‘papaya’}
symmetric_ Display the fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
difference () differences "rambutan","durian", "pineapple","papaya",
between both
"mango"}
sets.
fruit2 = {"banana","banana",
"rambutan","durian",
"pineapple","strawberry"}
print(fruit1.symmetric_difference(fruit2))
Results
{‘strawberry’, ‘apple’, ‘papaya’, ‘mango’}
 Functions Used in Sets for Python
Function Description Example
union() Combine the fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
values of two or "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya",
more sets,
"mango"}
Removing all
fruit2 = {"banana","banana",
duplicates.
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","strawberr
y"}
print(fruit1.union(fruit2))

Results
{‘papaya’, ‘durian’, ‘banana’, ‘pineapple’,
strawberry’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘apple’,
‘mango’}

union() fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",

"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"}
fruit2 = {"banana","rambutan","durian",
"pineapple","banana"}
fruit3 = {"rambutan","banana"}
print(fruit1.union(fruit2,fruit3))
Results
{‘banana’, ‘banana’, ‘papaya’, ‘durian’,
‘apple’, ‘rambutan’, ‘pineapple’}
update() Updates the set fruit1 = {"apple","banana","banana",
by adding values "rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya",
from another set
"mango"}
without creating
fruit2 = {"banana","banana","rambutan",
duplicates
"durian","pineapple","strawberry"}
fruit1.update(fruit2)
print(fruit1)
Results
{‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’,‘banana’, ‘banana’,
‘durian’, ‘apple’, ‘mango’, ‘rambutan’,
‘strawberry’}

Tuples
Tuples in python are used to store multiple items ordered under a single variable. It is
unchangeable, but does allow duplicates. To write tuples, use Syntax 3-8.
Syntax 3-8: Create Tuples

Example
fruit = ("apple","banana","cherry","orange","mango","banana",
"rambutan","durian","pineapple", "papaya")
print(fruit)
Results
(‘apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’, ‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’,
‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’)
With duplicates:
fruit = ("apple", "banana","cherry","orange","mango","banana",
"rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya", "papaya")
print(fruit)
Results
(‘apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’, ‘orange’, ‘mango’, ‘banana’, ‘rambutan’, ‘durian’,
‘pineapple’, ‘papaya’)
Therefore, when using len() to count the number of items, all items will be counted.
print(len(fruit))
Results
11
There are two different data types to keep a variable as a single item. These are:
Case 1
As a tuple
Tourist = ("Jame",)
print(type(Tourist))
Results
<class 'tuple'>
Case 2
As a String
Tourist = ("Jame")
print(type(Tourist))
For functions, refer to Table 3-4.
Table 3-4: Functions Used in Tuples for Python
Functions Used in Tuples for Python
 Functio Descriptio Example
n n
count() Count the fruit = ("apple","banana",
instances of "cherry","orange",
the "mango","banana",
bracketed "rambutan","durian",
value in the
"pineapple","papaya","papaya")
tuple.
print(fruit.count("papaya"))
Results
2
index() Find the first fruit =
indexed ("apple","banana","cherry","orange",
location of
"mango","banana","rambutan","durian
the
", "pineapple","papaya","papaya")
bracketed
value in the print(fruit.index("papaya"))
tuple, Results
Starting 9
from 0. fruit = ("apple","banana",
"cherry","orange",
"mango", "banana",
"rambutan","durian",
"pineapple","papaya","papaya")
print(fruit.index( "apple"))
Results
0

Table 3-5: Differences between lists, dictionaries, sets and tuples

 Exercises

1. Create a list to store the names and telephone numbers of at least

5 members and display them.
2. Display the name of the 3rd member.
3. Add at least 2 members.
4. Make a copy of the members list named copyMember.
5. Display the number of members.
6. Insert a new value for the 3rd member.
7. Display results of copyMember.pop(2)
8. Display the phone numbers of all members.
9. Write a program that uses issubset().
10. Create a tuple of the members.
 CHAPTER 4 OPERATORS

P
ython has the following operators:
● Arithmetic operators
● Comparison operators
● Logical operators
● Identity operators
● Membership operators
● Bitwise operators
● Assignment operators

Arithmetic Operators
Used in basic calculations, Table 4-1 contains all the arithmetic operators
used by Python.

Table 4-1: Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Meaning Example
Operator
+ Add x=8
y=3
print(x + y)
Results
11
 Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Meaning Example
Operator
- Subtract x=8
y=3
print(x -y)
Results
5
* Multiply x=8
y=3
print(x * y)
24
/ Divide x=8
y=3
print(x / y)
Results
2.6666666666666665
// Floor Division x=8
(Integer only, y=3
discarding print(x // y)
remainders and 2
decimals.)
** Exponentiation x=8
(power of) y=3
print(x ** y)
Results
512
% Modulus (finds x=8
remainder) y=3
print(x%y)
Results
2
 Arithmetic statements follow Table 4-2, from left to right, bracketed
values first.
Table 4-2: Order of Operations
Order Operation
First () Bracketed values
Second ** Exponents
Third % Modulo, * Multiply, / Divide, // Floor
Divide
Fourth + Add, -Subtract
Example 1
print(5+2**2+8/4*10%3%2)
The result of the order of operations are as follows: Starting from the
second order, which is exponents, 2 To the power of 2 equals 4. Next or
third order operations from left to right: 8 divided by 4 equals 2, 2
multiplied by 10 equals 20, then modulo operations, 20 divided by 3 leaves
remainder 2, 2 divided by 2 leaves remainder 0. Finally, do additions from
the fourth order: 5 plus 4 plus 0 equals 9.0
Results
9.0
Example 2
print(5+2/2*5+8)
Start with the third order: 2 divided by 2 equals 1, 1 multiplied by 5 equals
5. Then the addition: 5 plus 5 plus 8 equals 18.0
Results
18.0
print(5+2**2/2*5+8)
Start with exponents: 2 to the power of 2 equals 4. 4 divided by 2 equals 2.
2 multiplied by 5 equals 10. 5 plus 10 plus 8 equals 23.
Results
23.0
Adding brackets will change the order of operations. For example:
print((5+2)**2/(2*5)+8)
Starting with bracketed values: 5 plus 2 equals 7, 2 times 5 equals 10. 7 to
the power of 2 equals 49. 49 divided by 10 equals 4.9. 4.9 plus 8 equals
12.9.
Results
12.9
Example 3
Let's say we want to use python to calculate body mass index (BMI) to
display whether the person is underweight, normal or overweight, using the
formula weight(kg) divided by height(m) to the power of 2, we can
determine the results using Table 4-3:
Table 4-3: BMI results meaning
BMI Category
below 18.5 Underweight
between 18.5 and 22.9 Normal
above 22.9 Overweight
Weight_kg = float(input('Your Weight(Kg) is '))
Height_m = float(input('Your Height(M) is '))
print('Your BMI is '+str(Weight_kg/Height_m**2))
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 80
Your Height(M) is 1.8
Your BMI is 24.691358024691358
and if you want the text to display only 2 decimal places, add this code:
Weight_kg = float(input('Your Weight(Kg) is '))
Height_m = float(input('Your Height(M) is '))
BMI=round(float(Weight_kg/Height_m**2),2)
print('Your BMI is '+str(BMI))
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 50
Your Height(M)is 1.50
Your BMI is 22.22
Comparison Operators
Used in comparing statements, Table 4-4 contains all the comparison
operators used by Python.
Table 4-4:Comparison Operators
Comparison Operators
Comparison Meaning Example
Operator
== equal x=8
y=3
print(x == y)
Results
False
!= not equal x=8
y=3
print(x != y)
Results
True
> more than x=8
y=3
print(x > y)
Results
True
< less than x=8
y=3
print(x < y)
Results
False
 Comparison Operators
Comparison Meaning Example
Operator
>= greater or equal to x=8
y=3
print(x >= y)
Results
True

x=8
y=8
print(x >= y)
Results
True
<= lesser or equal to x=8
y=3
print(x <= y)
Results
False
x=8
y=8
print(x <= y)
Results
True

Logical Operators
Logical operators combine two conditional propositions. They return true or
false under the following tables:
For AND operators, use Table 4-5.
Table 4-5: AND Truth Table
AND Truth Table
p q p and q
True True True
 True False False
False True False
False False False
For OR operators, use Table 4-6.
Table 4-6: OR Truth Table
OR Truth Table
p q p or q
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False

For XOR operators, use Table 4-7.

Table 4-7: XOR Truth Table
XOR Truth Table
p q p^q
True True False
True False True
False True True
False False False
For NOT operators, use Table 4-8.
Table 4-8: NOT Truth Table
NOT Truth Table
p Not p
True False
False True

Note: Statements are either true or false, where symbol p Represents the
first proposition or sq represents the second.
For example:
a=5
b=6
p proposes a<b, which is True
q proposes a=b, which is False
Considering the table,
p and q, True and False, Result is False
p or q , True and False, Result is True
not p, not True, result is False
Examples in Table 4-9.
Table 4-9: Logical Operators

Logical operators
Logical Example
Operator
and x=8
y=3
print(x == y and x>y)
Results
False
x==y is false
x>y is True
When checking the AND Truth Table,
Result is False.
or x=8
y=3
print(x == y or x>y)
Results
True
x==y is false
x>y is True
When checking the OR Truth Table,
Result is True.
 Logical operators
Logical Example
Operator
not x=8
y=3
print(not(x == y or x>y))
Results
False
x==y is false
x>y is True
When checking the OR Table, Result is
True,
adding not, result is False.

print(not(x == y and x>y))

Results
True

x==y is false
x>y is True
When checking the And Table, Result is
False
adding not, result is True.

Identity operators
Identity operators as shown in Table 4-10.
Table 4-10: Identity Operators
Identity Operators
Identity operator Example
 Identity Operators
Identity operator Example
is x=8
y=3
print(x is y)
Results
False
x=8
y=8
print(x is y)
Results
True

x=8
y = "8"
print(x is y)
Results
False
 Identity Operators
Identity operator Example
is not x=8
y=3
print(x is not y)
Results
True

x=8
y=8
print(x is not y)
Results
False

x=8
y = "8"
print(x is not y)
Results
True

Membership operators
Membership operators as shown in Table 4-11.
Table 4-11: Membership Operators
Membership Operators
Membership Meaning Example
operator
 Membership Operators
Membership Meaning Example
operator
in is a member of fruit =
["strawberry",
"mango",
"banana"]
print("banana" in
fruit)
Results
True
print("papaya" in
fruit)
Results
False
not in is not a member fruit =
of ["strawberry",
"mango",
"banana"]
print("banana" not
in fruit)
Results
False

print("papaya" not
in fruit)
Results
True

Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators as shown in Table 4-12.
Table 4-12: Bitwise Operators
 Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Meaning Example
operator
& And (for bits), that x=8
is, Converting both y=3
values in the logical print(x & y)
operator into bits Results
(binary) before
0
performing said
This will compare each
logical operator for
of the 16 digits, one by
each digit.
one, using the AND
truth table, where 0 is
false and 1 is true.
8 in binary is
0000000000001000
3 in binary is
0000000000000011
Using the AND logic
operator for each bit:
0000000000001000
0000000000000011
---------------------------
0000000000000000
Therefore, result is
Results
0
 Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Meaning Example
operator
| Or (for bits), that is, x=8
Converting both y=3
values in the logic print(x | y)
operator into bits Results
(binary) before
11
performing said
logical operator for
each digit. This will compare each
of the 16 digits, one by
one, using the OR truth
table, where 0 is false
and 1 is true.
8 in binary is
0000000000001000
3 in binary is
0000000000000011
Using the OR logic
operator for each bit:
0000000000001000
0000000000000011
---------------------------
0000000000001011
Therefore, result is
Results
11
^ Xor (for bits), that x = 5
is, Converting both y = 6
values in the logic print(x^y)
operator into bits Results
(binary) before
3
performing said
 logical Bitwise
operatorOperators
for
Bitwise each digit.
Meaning Example
operator
This will compare each
of the 16 digits, one by
one, using the XOR
truth table, where 0 is
false and 1 is true.
5 in binary is
0000000000000101
6 in binary is
0000000000000110
Using the XOR logic
operator for each bit:
0000000000000101
0000000000000110
---------------------------
0000000000000011
Therefore, result is
Results
3

In Contrast to using the

OR logic operator for
each bit:
0000000000000101
0000000000000110
---------------------------
0000000000000111
Results
7
 Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Meaning Example
operator
~ Not (for bits), that x=5
is, Converting the print(~x)
value into bits Results
(binary) before -6
performing said
logical operator for
This will compare the 16
each digit.
digits, one by one, using
the NOT truth table,
where 0 is false and 1 is
true.
5 in binary is
0000000000000101
As a NOT, 0 converts to
1, while 1 becomes 0,
like so:
111111111111010
is
Results
-6
 Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Meaning Example
operator
<< After Converting x=5
the value into bits print(x << 2)
(binary) Move all Results
the digits to the left 20
equal to the number
Convert x into 16 digit
specified after <<,
binary.
replacing all
5 in binary is
displaced digits
with 0. 0000000000000101
then move 2 digits to the
left:
0000000000010100
Results
20
>> After Converting x=5
the value into bits print(x >> 2)
(binary) Move all Results
the digits to the 1
right equal to the
number specified
Convert x into 16 digit
after >>, replacing
binary.
all displaced digits
with 0. 5 in binary is
0000000000000101
then move 2 digits to the
right:
00000000000001
is
Results
1

Assignment operators
 Assignment operators as shown in Table 4-13.
Table 4-13: Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators
Assignment Example Equivalent Result
= x=7 x=7
+= x+=7 x=x+7
-= x-=7 x=x-7
*= x*=7 x=x*7
/= x/=7 x=x/7
//= x//=7 x=x//7
**= x**=7 x=x**7
%= x%=7 x=x%7
&= x&=7 x=x&7
|= x|=7 x=x|7
^= x^=7 x=x^7
>>= x>>=7 x=x>>7
<<= x<<=7 x=x<<7
Assignment Examples
num=0
num +=1
print(num)
Results
1
num=0
num +=50
print(num)
Results
50
Deduct values
num=0
num -=50
Results
-50
display the variable using f-String
num=0
num -=50
Logic = True
print(f"num is {num} Logic is {Logic}")
Results
num is -50 Logic is True
 Exercises

1. print(15+2**3+9/4*10%3%3) gives what result?

2. Using the formula for BMIin this chapter, Calculate your BMI.
3. If Tourist = [“ant”,”bee”,”kai”]
print("banana" in Tourist) gives what result?
4. If x = 40 y = 35
print(not(x == y and x>y)) gives what result?
print(not(x == y and x&y)) gives what result?
print(x ^ y and x|y) gives what result?
print(x += y) gives what result?
print(x //= y) gives what result?
print(x <<= y) gives what result?
 CHAPTER 5 CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS

W
hen writing a conditional statement, The program checks whether
the statement is true or false. If true, it executes 1.1, then 1.2 (if
available) then 1.3 (if available) until all commands are executed. if
false, it executes 2.1, then 2.2 (if available) then 2.3 (If available) until all
commands are executed. In python, there are additional statements that help
us write conditional statements, namely elif with...as and pass accordingly.
Conditional statements in python are as follows:
if..else
while..loop
for..loop
elif
Commands that make writing conditional statements more convenient are:
with...as, continue and pass
if
An if statement has the following syntax:
Syntax 5-1: if statement
if..else
An if..else statement has the following syntax:
Syntax 5-2: if..else statement
Programming conditional statements is easier if you organize your thoughts
with a flow chart, which is useful for debugging and software testers
checking if the program is running properly. Symbols used in drawing Flow
Charts are as Table 5-1.
Table 5-1: Symbols for Flow Chart
Example Program
Programming to find BMI values and display results begins with
designing and drawing a flow chart before coding the program, shown as
Figure 5-1.
 Figure 5-1: Flow Chart for finding BMI values and displaying results.

Whether a person is over, under or normal weight, when inputting their

weight and height, write a flow chart first to make programming easier.
Comparison operators, shown as Table 5-2 : Comparison operators
Table 5-2: Comparison operators
Comparison Operators
Comparison Meaning
Operator
> more than
< less than
== equal to
>= greater than or equal to
<= less than or equal to
!= not equal to

To calculate the BMI value and know whether the result is over,
under or normal weight, write a program using additional conditions of
BMI table values to find the result, that is, using if or else, which after if
must be a condition that gives the result TRUE or FALSE (FALSE) and
when the result is true, it will do command 1 and if it is false, it will do
command 2 as follows.
Weight_kg ​= float(input('Your Weight(Kg) is '))
Height_m ​= float(input('Your Height(M) is '))
BMI ​= round(float(Weight_kg/Height_m**2),2)
if BMI > 22.9:
print("You are overweight")
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 60
Your Height(M)is 1.4
You are overweight
Weight_kg ​= float(input('Your Weight(Kg) is '))
Height_m ​= float(input('Your Height(M) is '))
BMI ​= round(float(Weight_kg/Height_m**2),2)
if BMI > 22.9:
print("You are overweight")
else: print("You are normal or underweight")
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 40
Your Height(M)is 1.60
You are normal or underweight
if..elif..else
In the case of overlapping conditions, an if..elif..else command has the
following syntax:
Syntax 5-3: if..elif..else statement
Commands can be programmed as if_else as well.
Weight_kg ​= float(input('Your Weight(Kg) is '))
Height_m ​= float(input('Your Height(M) is '))
BMI ​= round(float(Weight_kg/Height_m**2),2)
if BMI > 22.9:
print("You are overweight")
elif BMI < 18.5:
print("You are underweight")
else:
print("You are normal weight")
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 50
Your Height(M)is 1.5
You are normal weight
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 60
Your Height(M)is 1.4
You are overweight
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 40
Your Height(M)is 1.60
You are underweight
You can also write the program as nested if_else chains. For example, if
condition 1 is this:
if BMI < 18.5:
print("You are underweight")
else:
print("You are normal")
Therefore, you can write the BMI calculation program in this manner:
Weight_kg ​= float(input('Your Weight(Kg) is '))
Height_m ​= float(input('Your Height(M) is '))
BMI ​= round(float(Weight_kg/Height_m**2),2)
if BMI < 22.9:
if BMI < 18.5:
print("You are underweight")
else:
print("You are normal")
else:
print("You are overweight")
Results
Your Weight(Kg) is 50
Your Height(M)is 1.5
You are normal weight
Your Weight(Kg) is 60
Your Height(M)is 1.4
You are overweight
Your Weight(Kg) is 40
Your Height(M)is 1.60
You are underweight
while..loop
The syntax of the while..loop conditional statement has the following
syntax:
Syntax 5-4: while..loop statement

while..loop Is used in case of when you want a program to run for a

certain number of cycles until a number of determined cycles is reached.
Example
Programming to display numbers 0-10 begins with designing and
drawing a flow chart before coding the program, shown as Figure 5-2.
 Figure 5-2: Flow Chart for Displaying number 0 to10

Program for displaying the numbers 0-10

i=0
while i < 11:
print(i)
 i += 1
Results
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
We can use break during the process if there is a condition that requires a
break. The syntax of the while..loop with break as shown in Syntax 5-5
Syntax 5-5: while..loop with break statement
Example program:
Programming to display index of “durian” with designing and
drawing a flow chart before coding the program, shown as Figure 5-3.
 Figure 5-3: Flow Chart for finding index of “durian” in list

fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
i=0
j = len(fruit)
while i < j:
print(fruit[i])
if (fruit[i] == "durian"):
print("position of durian is "+str(i))
break
i += 1
Results
orange
mango
banana
rambutan
durian
position of durian is 4

with…as
with...as is a command that is similar to defining a variable with a different
way to code, but yields the same results. Examples of its use could be found
in Chapter 11: with…as.

continue
Or if you want to show all the items in the list along with a certain item’s
position, you can use continue, but remember to use break to not go
beyond the total values in the list, which can cause errors in the display.
We can use break and continue during the process if there is a condition
that requires break and continue. The syntax of the while..loop with break
and continue as shown in Syntax 5-6

Syntax 5-6: while..loop with break and continue statement

Example Program:
Programming to display index of “durian” and display all of fruit in
list with designing and drawing a flow chart before coding the program, as
shown in Figure 5-4.
Figure 5-4: Flow Chart to display index of “durian” and display all of fruit in list

fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
i=0
j = len(fruit)
while i < j:
print(fruit[i])
i += 1
if (i == j): break
if (fruit[i] == "durian"):
print("Location of Durian is "+str(i))
continue
Result
orange
mango
banana
rambutan
Location of Durian is 4
durian
pineapple
papaya

while..else
We can use else during the process if there is a condition that requires else.
With this, after completing the designated number of loops, will execute
commands after else.The syntax of the while with else, as shown in Syntax
5-7:

Syntax 5-7: while..else statement

Example
fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
i=0
j = len(fruit)
while i < j:
print(fruit[i])
i += 1
else :
print("End of fruit list")
Results
orange
mango
banana
rambutan
durian
pineapple
papaya
End of fruit list

for..loop
The syntax of for..loop is as follows:
Syntax 5-8: for..loop statement

For..loop is for when you want to write a command to cycle through

the desired command from the first value in the list (position 0) until the
last value in the list (position len(list)-1).
fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
for n in fruit:
print(n)
Results
orange
mango
banana
rambutan
durian
pineapple
papaya
We can use a break during processing if there are conditions that require a
break.
The syntax of for..loop with break is as follows:
Syntax 5-9:for..loop with break statement
Example Programs:
If you wish to break once you find "mango" in the list:
fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
for n in fruit:
print(n)
if n == "mango":
print(len(fruit))
break
Results
orange
mango
7
If you wish to break once you find "mango", as well as display its position
in the list:
fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
p=0
for n in fruit:
print(n)
p=p+1
if n == "mango":
print(p)
break
Results
orange
mango
2
Caution: Indentations
Caution: Indentations matter for commands, and will have different
effects on how statements are executed. For example:

For if…else
Example A
m=2
n=m=2
n = 33
if m > n:
print("m>n")
 print("m is more n")
print("results as stated")
Results orange
results as stated
Example B
m=2
n = 33
if m > n:
print("m>n")
print("m is more n")
print("results as stated")
Results
m is more than n
results as stated
Because in example A, print("m is more n") is within if, whereas
example B has print("m is more n") outside if.
For while..loop
Example A
i=0
while i < 11:
i += 1
print(i)
Results
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Example B
i=0
while i < 11:
i += 1
print(i)
Results
11
Because in example A, print(n) is within while, whereas example B has
print(n) outside while.
For for..loop
Example A
fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
p=0
for n in fruit:
if n == "mango":
continue
print(n)
Results
orange
mango
banana
rambutan
durian
pineapple
papaya
Example B
fruit =
list(("orange","mango","banana","rambutan","durian","pineapple","papaya"
))
p=0
for n in fruit:
if n == "mango":
continue
print(n)
Results
papaya
Because in example A, print(n) is within for, whereas example B has
print(n) outside for.

elif
e​ lif checks if the condition preceding if is not true, executes elif
commands instead.
Example
num1 = 2
num2 = 10
if num2>num1:
print("num2 is more than num1")
elif num1 == num2:
print("num2 is equal to num 1")
else:
print("num1 is more than num2")
Results num2 is more than num1
pass
​pass check if the condition is true, will not display anything.
Example
num1 = 2
num2 = 10
if num2>num1:
pass
elif num1 == num2:
 print("num2 is equal to num 1")
else:
print("num1 is more than num2")
Results
Nothing is displayed
 Exercises

1. Draw a flowchart, then write a program to check the conditions

for variable values ​with positive integers displays '+', negative
integers displays '-' and displays '0' when variable values ​have a
value of 0.
2. Repeat Exercise 1, but only use the comparison operator > in
programming.
3. Repeat Exercise 1, but only use the comparison operator >= in
programming.
4. Repeat Exercise 1, but only use the comparison operator != in
programming.
5. Repeat Exercise 1, but use while…loop in programming, where it
accepts 5 values ​to display.
6. Repeat Exercise 1, but use while…loop in programming to only
allow input of values ​less than 100 in the display. If the variable
has a value greater than 100, exit the program and display the
variable value.
7. Repeat Exercise 1, but use while…else in programming to only
allow input of values ​less than 100 in the display. If the variable
has a value greater than 100, exit the program and display the
variable value.
8. Repeat Exercise 1, but use for…loop in programming to only
allow input of values ​less than 100 in the display. If the variable
has a value greater than 100, exit the program and display the
variable value.
 CHAPTER 6 FUNCTIONS

​C
reating a function for Python is creating a block of program code that
runs when it is called and can pass data called parameters into the
function. The function can return data as a result.
define function
The following is the syntax for defining a function in Python:
Syntax 6-1: defining a function
 Where parameter1,…,parameterN are arguments. Whether
arguments are present or not depends on whether perimeters are needed.

calling a function
To call a function, use the following syntax:
Syntax 6-2: calling a function
Where value1,…,valueM are arguments. Whether arguments are present or
not depends on whether perimeters are needed to execute that function.

Example Function Programs

def favoriteFruit():
print("My favorite fruit is "+"orange")
favoriteFruit()

Results

My favorite fruit is orange

when the argument parameter1 is fFruit

def favoriteFruit(fFruit):
print("My favorite fruit is "+fFruit)

favoriteFruit("apple")

Results

My favorite fruit is apple

favoriteFruit("orange")
Results

My favorite fruit is orange

If you want to add a parameter to include the name of the person as well.

def favoriteFruit(fName,fFruit):

print("The fruit "+fName+" likes most is "+fFruit)

favoriteFruit(“Som”,"orange")
Results

The fruit Som likes most is orange

favoriteFruit("Sansuay","mango")

Results
The fruit Sansuay likes most is mango

Caution: include all parameters so it can function without errors.

define a function with *parameter

For Python, in cases where we don't know the exact number of arguments
to be passed to our function, place a asterisk (*) in front of parameter. The
*parameter must be a tuple.
The following is the syntax for defining a function with *parameter
in Python:
Syntax 6-3: defining a function with *parameter
Example Program
def favoriteFruit(*fFruit):
print("At least 2 of my favorite fruits are "+fFruit[0]+" "+fFruit[1])
favoriteFruit("orange","banana","mango",
"watermelon")
Results
At least 2 of my favorite fruits are orange banana
def favoriteFruit(fName,lName,*fFruit):
print("At least 2 fruits that"+fName+" "+lName+" likes most are
"+fFruit[0]+" "+fFruit[1])
favoriteFruit("Sansuay","Sakunsaendeengam","Orange",
"Banana","Mango", "Watermelon")
Results
At least 2 fruits thatSansuay Sakunsaendeengam likes most are Orange
Banana
To display every item of fruit, write a program like this:
def favoriteFruit(fName,lName,*fFruit):
print("The fruits that "+fName+" "+lName+" likes most are ")
for name in fFruit:
print(name)
favoriteFruit("Sansuay","Sakunsaeneengam","Orange",
"Banana","Mango","Watermelon")
Results
The fruits that Sansuay Sakunsaeneengam likes most are
Orange
Banana
Mango
Watermelon

defining a function with **parameter

If we don't know the number of parameters to pass to the function, use

double-asterisks ** before the parameter name.

The following is the syntax for defining a function with

**parameter in Python:
Syntax 6-4: defining a function with **parameter
Example Program
def favoriteFruit(**fFruit):
​print("The fruits that "+fFruit["fName"]+" "+
​fFruit["lName"]+" likes most are " +fFruit["fFruit1"]
​+" "+fFruit["fFruit2"]+" "+fFruit["fFruit3"]
​+fFruit["fFruit4"])
favoriteFruit(fName ="Sansuay",lName
="Sakunsaendeengam",fFruit1="orange",fFruit2="banana",fFruit3="mango
",
fFruit4="watermelon")
Results

The fruits that Sansuay Sakunsaendeengam likes most are orange banana
mangowatermelon
defining a function with default values to parameters
The following is the syntax for defining a function with default
values to parameters in Python:
Syntax 6-5: defining a function with default values to parameters
Example Program
def favoriteFruit(fName="Sansuay",lName
="Sakunsaedeengam",fFruit="orange"):
print("The fruit that "+fName+" "+lName+" likes is
"+fFruit)
favoriteFruit(fName ="Ma",lName
="Boonlaimakmay",fFruit="papaya")
 favoriteFruit()

Results
The fruit that Ma Boonlaimakmay likes is papaya
The fruit that Sansuay Sakunsaedeengam likes is orange

In python, we can send list data as follows:

def favoriteFruit(fFruit):
for n in fFruit:
print("My favorite fruit is "+n)
fruit = ["orange","banana","mango","watermelon"]
favoriteFruit(fruit)
Results

My favorite fruit is orange

My favorite fruit is banana
My favorite fruit is mango
My favorite fruit is watermelon

defining a function with return

Using return returns a value when calling a function. The following
is the syntax for defining a function with return in Python:

Syntax 6-6: defining a function with return

Example
def my_function(n):
print("The input value is "+str(n))
return "The return value is "+str(10 * n)
print(my_function(20))
print(my_function(5))
print(my_function(34))

Results
The input value is 20
The return value is 200
The input value is 5
The return value is 50
The input value is 34
The return value is 340
Using the returned value as a variable can be done as follows:

Example Program
def my_function(n):
print(“The input value is “+str(n))
return “The return value is “+str(10 * n)
m = my_function(20)
print(m)

Results
The input value is 20
The return value is 200
Example Program

def cal(a, b):

result = a + b
result2 = a -b
return "result a+b=",result,"result a+b=",result2
def nocal():
return "no cal"
print(cal(2,2))
print(nocal())
Results
('result a+b=', 4, 'result a+b=', 0)
no cal
Example Program

def factorial(x):
if x == 1:
return 1
 else:
return (x * factorial(x-1))
n=5
print("Factorial value of", n, "is", factorial(n))
Results

Factorial value of 5 is 120

Lambda Functions
​A Lambda function in Python is a block of code that runs when
executed and can pass data called parameters to the function. A function
can return data as a result as a small function written in one line.
The following is the syntax for defining a Lambda function in
Python:
Syntax 6-7: defining a Lambda function

where parameter1,…,parameterN are arguments which may or may not be

present. while the command can use parameters1,…, parameterN.

Example Program
sawasdee = lambda : print("Hi")
sawasdee()
Results
Hi
sawasdee = lambda name: print("Hi "+name)
sawasdee("Sansuay")
Results
Hi Sansuay
add5 = lambda n : n + 5
print(add5(5))
Results
10
multi = lambda n,m : n * m
print(multi(5,6))
Results

30
defining a function with return value of the lambda function
The following is the syntax for defining a function with return value
of the lambda function in Python:
Syntax 6-8: defining a function with return value of the lambda function
The lambda command can use function parameters as demonstrated in the
following
Example programs

def funcandlambda(n):
return lambda m : m * n
callfunclamb = funcandlambda(10)
print(callfunclamb(50))
Results
500

Finding exponents
def powerVal(n):
return lambda m : m ** n
power2 = powerVal(2)
power3 = powerVal(3)
print(power2(5))
print(power3(5))
Results
25
125
def funcandlambda(n,q=5):
q=4
n=6
return lambda m : m * n * q
callfunclamb = funcandlambda(10)
print(callfunclamb(50))
Results
1200
def funcandlambda(n,q=5):
q=4
n=6
 return lambda m,p : m * n * q * p
callfunclamb = funcandlambda(10)
print(callfunclamb(50,10))
Results
12000
 Exercises

1. Create a function called sumX to get the values ​of 5 variables and
sum them up and display the result.
2. Create a lambda function to take the values ​of 5 variables and
combine them and display a result.
 CHAPTER 7 MODULES

T
o create a module, go to https://replit.com/ which lets you write Python code
through a browser.Once there, you will find a previously created module
called “main.py”. Let’s create a new file and name a new .py module with the
following syntax:

create module
Syntax 7-1: create python file

using module
By naming our module my_module.py, we will get a module named my_module.
When we want to use it, use the following syntax:
Syntax 7-2: use a module

For example, write the my_module.py module as follows:

x=5
After saving my_module.py in the main.py program, use the import my_module
command. After that, we can call the defined variable or function saved in that
module. The format of the command to call the variables saved in the module is as
follows.
using variable in module
Syntax 7-3: use a variable in module

For example when you need variable x,

import my_module
print(my_module.x)
Results
5
using function in module
We can add and use functions in a module, and can call the variables saved in the
module with the following syntax:
Syntax 7-4: use a function in module

Note: the presence or absence of parameters depends on the functions in the

module.
For example, when we program a function to my_module.py as follows:
def sawasdee(name):
print("Hi" + name)
When we run my_module and call this function in the program called by writing
the program as follows.
import my_module
my_module.sawasdee("Sansuay")
Results
Hi Sansuay
using dictionary in module
We can also create dictionaries in modules, and call it with the following syntax:
Syntax 7-5: use a dictionary in module

Example Program
Add a dictionary to the my_module module:
Tourist_gender =
{'Ammy':'Female','Jame':'Male','Mike':'Male',
'Minnie':'Female'}
Then, run my_module and call this function as follows:
import my_module
print(my_module.Tourist_gender['Jame'])
Results
Male
rename module
To rename the module, use the following syntax:
Syntax 7-6: rename a module

Once the name is changed, the new module name must be used throughout.
Example Program
import my_module as mm
print(mm.Tourist_gender['Jame'])
Results
Male
Python has built-in modules that can be viewed at
https://docs.python.org/3/py-modindex.html
using random module
To use the random module to randomly pick an integer value between ​1 to 10,
import random and write the program as follows:
import random
random_int = random.randint(1,10)
print(random_int)
When run, it displays a random value between 1 to 10.
First executed result could be:
2
Second executed result could be:
4
python has created a Python Random Module that has functions that can be
used without having to write a new program. You can go see more at:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html
Frequently Python Random Module is shown in Table 7-1
Table 7-1: Frequently Used Functions of Random Module ​Provided by Python
Frequently Used Functions of Random Module ​Provided by Python
Functio Description Example
n
seed() Generate a To generate a random number with 8 as the
random number seed value with random.seed(8), it will always
based on the return 0.2267058593810488 as the same
bracketed seed random number
value. Will always Example
return the same import random
random number. random.seed(8)
print(random.random())
Results
0.2267058593810488
 Frequently Used Functions of Random Module ​Provided by Python
Functio Description Example
n
randint() Returns a random To get a random integer
number between value between 50 and 60:
the given range, import random
including the
given integers. print(random.randint(50, 60))
Results
52

print(random.randint(50, 60))
Results
59
randran Returns a random To get a random integer value between 50 and
ge() number between 59:
the given range, import random
including the first
integer but not the print(random.randrange(50, 60))
last. Results
52
print(random.randrange(50, 60))
Results
59
choice() Returns a random To return 1 random element from the fruit list:
element from the import random
given list (see
chapter 3) fruit =
["orange","mango","banana","rambutan","duria
n",
"pineapple","papaya"]
print(random.choice(fruit))
Results
pineapple
 Frequently Used Functions of Random Module ​Provided by Python
Functio Description Example
n
sample() Returns a given To return a sample of 3 random elements from
sample of a list the fruit list:
(see chapter 3)
import random

fruit =
["orange","mango","banana","rambutan","duria
n",
"pineapple","papaya"]
print(random.sample(fruit,3))
Results
['mango', 'rambutan', 'orange']

random( Returns a random Returns a random float number between

) float number 0.0000000000000000 and
between 1.0000000000000000
0.0000000000000 import random
000 print(random.random())
and Results
1.0000000000000 0.8236315525555947
000
uniform Returns a random Returns a random float number between
() float number 0.0000000000000000 and
between two given 10.0000000000000000
parameters import random
print(random.uniform(1, 10))
Results
3.351523796647222

While using programming applications, various functions available in imported

modules will be displayed, such as in the case of import random. When the
function is called, it will be displayed as shown in Fiqure 7-1:
 Figure 7-1: Visual Studio Code displaying all modules available of python for
programmer

To use generate a random integer value between ​1 and 10, navigate the menu to
randint() as shown:

Figure 7-2: module randint() is used

When clicked, the function will appear in the program.

Figure 7-3:random. randint() will appear in program

If you want to get a random float value, use random.random() instead.

using datetime module
The datetime Module
import datetime
now = datetime.datetime.now()
print(now)
Results
2024-04-27 19:00:18.380691
This Module pulls the current date and time to display in a format we define,
provided by Python, when calling the strftime() or strptime() functions is as
follows:

datetime module formatting when calling the strftime() or strptime() function.

Command Format enclosed in brackets strftime() or strptime() of datetime
Module is shown in Table 7-2
Table 7-2: Command Format enclosed in brackets strftime() or strptime()

Comman Displayed result Example

d
Format
enclosed
in
brackets
strftime(
) or
strptime(
)
%d Date in 2 digits: import datetime
'01'-'31' now =
datetime.datetime.now()
print(now.strftime("%d"))
Results
07
%m Month in 2 digits: print(now.strftime("%m"))
'01'-'12' Results
02
%y Year in 2 digits: print(now.strftime("%y"))
For example, Results
2023 displays 23
'23'.
%Y Year in 4 digits: print(now.strftime("%Y"))
For example, Results
2023 displays 2023
'2023'.
%H Time : hours in print(now.strftime("%H"))
12h, value Results
‘00’-‘12’ 07
%I Time: hours in print(now.strftime("%I"))
24h, value '00'- Results
'23' 07
%M Time: minutes, print(now.strftime("%M"))
value '00'-'59' Results
38
%S Time: seconds, print(now.strftime("%S"))
value '00'-'59' Results
36
%p AM or PM print(now.strftime("%p"))
Results
PM
%f Time: print(now.strftime("%f"))
microseconds, Results
‘000000’-‘99999 784460
9’
%A Days: 'Monday'- print(now.strftime("%A"))
'Sunday' Results
Tuesday
%a Days: 'Mon'-'Sun' print(now.strftime("%a"))
Results
Tue
%B Months 'January'- print(now.strftime("%B"))
'December' Results
February
%b Months 'Jan'- print(now.strftime("%b"))
'Dec' Results
Feb
 %j Order of days in print(now.strftime("%j"))
366 days 001-366 Results
038
%U Order of weeks in print(now.strftime("%U"))
53 weeks 001-53 Results
06
For Thai dates and times, you must use the replace() command to convert Arabic
numbers to Thai numbers. And convert full days, abbreviated days, full months,
abbreviated months from English to Thai, as well as converting A.D. to B.E. by
adding 543 years.
Download source code and consult at
https://www.variitsris.org/learning-python/

or scan QR Code

Exercises

1. Create a module to input 5 variables and display their sum.

2. Use the module from step 1 in 3 different programs that lets you input ​5
variables and display their sum.
3. From step 1, generate 5 random numbers and display their sum.
4. Write a program to display the current date and time in hours and minutes,
in English and Thai.
 CHAPTER 8 STRING
FORMATTING

​P
ython string formatting is a method that lets programmers make sure
the string will display variables as expected, using the following
syntax:
Syntax 8-1: String formatting for Strings

Example
animal1 = 'lions'
zoo = "There are {} at The Beauty Zoo."
print(zoo.format(animal1))
Results
There are lions at The Beauty Zoo.
If the variable to be displayed in the string has the decimal value
to be displayed. The programmer can specify using the following syntax:
Syntax 8-2: String format for decimal values

Example
foodPrice1 = 199.50
zoo = "Beauty Zoo sells animal feed for {:.2f} THB per bag."
print(zoo.format(foodPrice1))
Results
Beauty Zoo sells animal feed for 199.50 THB per bag.
 For multiple variables to display in a string, use the following
syntax:
Syntax 8-3: format to display multiple values inside a string

Example
animal1 = 'lion'
foodPrice1 = 199.50
animal2 = 'fish'
foodPrice2 = 19.50
zoo = "Beauty Zoo sells {} feed for {:.2f} THB per bag and {} feed for
{:.2f} THB per bag."
print(zoo.format(animal1,foodPrice1,animal2,foodPrice2))
Results
Beauty Zoo sells lion feed for 199.50 THB per bag and fish feed for 19.50
THB per bag.
Example
animal1 = 'lion'
foodPrice1 = 199.50
animal2 = 'fish'
foodPrice2 = 19.50
zoo = "Beauty Zoo sells {0} feed for {1:.2f} THB per bag and {2} feed for
{3:.2f} THB per bag. The {0} feeding time is from 10am to 3pm, while the
{2} feeding time is from 9am to 4pm."
print(zoo.format(animal1,foodPrice1,animal2,foodPrice2))
Results
Beauty Zoo sells lion feed for 199.50 THB per bag and fish feed for 19.50
THB per bag. The lion feeding time is from 10am to 3pm, while the fish
feeding time is from 9am to 4pm.
Alternatively, you may use the following syntax:
Syntax 8-4: format with variables inside the string

Example
zoo = "Beauty Zoo sells {animal1} feed for {foodprice1:.2f} THB per bag
and {animal2} feed for {foodprice2:.2f} THB per bag. The {animal1}
feeding time is from 10am to 3pm, while the {animal2} feeding time is
from 9am to 4pm."
print(zoo.format(animal1= 'lion',foodPrice1 = 199.50,animal2 = 'fish',
foodPrice2= 19.50))
Results
Beauty Zoo sells lion feed for 199.50 THB per bag and fish feed for 19.50
THB per bag. The lion feeding time is from 10am to 3pm, while the fish
feeding time is from 9am to 4pm.
 Exercises

1. Write a program to display member names in sentences. “Welcome,

Member name” greeting them every time the member comes to use
the program.
2. Write a program to display product names with prices with
decimals and the unit of product in the sentence “Product name
price Product price baht per unit” and design a product trading
system shown as a class diagram and write the program as
designed.
 CHAPTER 9 OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING

O
bject-Oriented Programming, discovered in 1960, is a method of
writing code to be consistent with the analysis and design of real-
world object-oriented systems by creating abstract Classes and
creating identifiable Objects within those classes. You can then change the
state of the class according to the environment with a State Chart Diagram,
create relationships between classes with a Class Diagram, show details of
the relationship between classes or objects in Sequence Diagrams or
Collaboration Diagrams and show work steps in an Activity Diagram to
visualize how the whole system works before coding a program. System
design analysts will make these diagrams to review the understanding of the
system and use it as a summary before bringing it to the programmer to
write a program, as well as use them to check the programmer's work
before delivering it to the user. Since object-oriented programming is also
compatible with C++, Java, Smalltalk, Delphi, C#, Perl, Python, Ruby, and
PHP, using object-oriented programming in Python will be helpful for
coders in making programs consistent with system design analysis using
object-oriented principles. More importantly, object-oriented language
programmers must be able to understand the diagrams mentioned above.
For more information refer to the Advanced Python manual.
Create Class and Object
Class is the classification of things: types of animals, organizational
positions, tools, equipment, machinery, furniture etc. When creating classes,
create only ones we will use. For example, if we are going to create a
system for a zoo, we must create animal-related classes, such as animals,
pens, cages, feed, staff, etc. to be used in the system. As programmers, we
must understand the diagrams, and if we are acting as both programmers
and system analysts, we need to create diagrams to easily communicate to
users.By using Unified Modeling Language(UML) class diagrams, it is a
standard that ensures every programmer understands how to code object-
oriented programs according to the user’s needs. Therefore, we should use
language in diagrams that is easy to understand. Creating a class consists of
three parts,as shown in Figure 9-1.

Figure 9-1: UML representation of a class

Class names must be consistent with names used in the real world
for ease of understanding between programmers, colleagues in other roles
and users involved with this program.
To create class in a program, use the following syntax:
Syntax 9-1: Creating a class in python
 Note:

L is the number of variables of Class

N is the number of attributes of Class some Class no attribute.
V is the number of methods of Class some Class no method.

Command of method ranging from 0 and have parameters or no parameter.

To create object in PYTHON program, use the following syntax:

Syntax 9-2: Creating an object in python
 Here we will use an example to create an animal class,as shown in
Figure 9-2.

Figure 9-2: UML representation of the “animal” class

To display an object, use the following syntax:

Syntax 9-3: Display an object in python
 For example, to create the animal class:
class Animal:
place = 'Beauty Zoo'
def __init__(do,name,type, age, gender):
do.name = name
do.type = type
do.age = age
do.gender = gender
def __str__(do):
return f"A {do.age} year-old {do.gender} {do.type} named {do.name}."
def eat(animal):
print(animal.name+"is feeding.")
def sleep(animal):
 print(animal.name+"is sleeping.")
A1 = Animal("Sudsuay","lion", "3", "female")
print('At '+A1.place+' are these animals:')
print(A1)
A1.eat()
A1.sleep()
When running the program, you will get
At Beauty Zoo are these animals:
A 3 year-old female lion named Sudsuay.
Sudsuay is feeding.
Sudsuay is sleeping.
parent and child
In the case of classes, there are also properties that help make object-
oriented programming different from non-object-oriented programming,
namely inheritance, which requires the creation of a parent or
generalization. For this textbook, we will use the term parent class, which
is inherited by a child class (or specialization.) This method combines a
commonly used program into its parent to keep programs short and easily
corrected in the parent class, so all its child classes can be called
immediately. Therefore, this is very useful for when designing or drawing
class diagrams, as shown in Figure 9-3:
 Figure 9-3:UML representation of an inheritance relationship.

This class diagram shows a parent and its children, where the parent
is the Animal class. The base of the is divided into 2 child classes:
LandAnimal and AquaticAnimal, which contain the same attributes in the
Animal class, while different methods and attributes are that the child class,
i.e. land animals having number of legs and top running speed, whereas
aquatic animals have number of fins and top swimming speed.
To program Parent/Child classes in Python, Using only its parent's attributes
and methods, without defining attributes and method for the child class, use
the following syntax:
Syntax 9-4: Creating a child class in python
Create an and object of child class in python with the following syntax:
Syntax 9-5: Creating an object in a child class in python

Example
class LandAnimal(Animal):
pass
LA1 = LandAnimal("Sudsuay","lion", "3", "female")
print(LA1)
Results
A 3 year-old female lion named Sudsuay.
​To add attributes or methods to a Child ,use the following syntax:
Syntax 9-6: Adding attributes or methods to a child class
Example
class LandAnimal(Animal):
def __init__(do,name,type, age, gender,noOfLeg,runSpeed):
do.noOfLeg = noOfLeg
do.runSpeed = runSpeed
 Animal.__init__(do,name,type, age, gender)
LA1 = LandAAnimal("Sudsuay","lion", "3", "female", "4", "74")
print(LA1)
def intro(do):
print('A land animal '+'with '+LA1.noOfLeg+' legs'+' and a top speed
of ' —--+LA1.runSpeed+' km/h')
LA1 = LandAnimal("Sudsuay","lion", "3", "female", "4", "74")
LA1.intro()
Results
A 3 year-old female lion named Sudsuay.
A land animal with 4 legs and a top speed of 74 km/h

Overrides
​To Override an Attribute or Method of a parent class with one in
a child class, you use an Attribute or Method with the same name as the
parent class. For example:
class LandAnimal(Animal):
def __init__(do,name,type, age, gender,noOfLeg,runSpeed):
Animal.__init__(do,name,type, age, gender)
do.noOfLeg = noOfLeg
do.runSpeed = runSpeed
do.type = 'land animal, the '+type
def __str__(do):
return f"A {do.age} year-old {do.gender} {do.type} named {do.name}
has —--{do.noOfLegs} legs and a top speed of {do.runSpeed} km/h.”
LA1 = LandAnimal("Sudsuay","lion", "3", "female", "4", "74")
print(LA1)
This overrides the attribute of the parent class: type.This also overrides the
method of the parent class: def __str__(do)
Results
A 3 year-old female land animal, the lion named Sudsuay has 4 legs and a
top speed of 74 km/h.
Polymorphism
 ​ olymorphisms, meaning “many forms,” allows coders to
P
program and manage data types and function using a single interface. For
example, A Tourist's GPA can have multiple statuses, such as “normal”
with a GPA of not less than 2.00, “Under probation” with a GPA under
2.00, or “dropped” with a GPA below 1.50. Thus, creating the Tourist class
that changes according to their context and impacts execution. This in turn
lets us overload methods, meaning create a method with the same name but
behaves differently depending on the input data. An easy example of this in
Python are methods that are not class-based for programmers, such as using
the '+'.
int1 = 22
int2 = 145
float1 = 19.1
str1 = "hi
str2 = "Python"
print(int1 + int2)
print(type(int1 + int2))
print(float1 + float1)
print(type (float1 + float1))
print(str1 + str2)
print(type(str1 + str2))
Results
167
<class 'int'>
38.2
<class 'float'>
hiPython
<class 'str'>
or len()
str = 'Fruits starting with M'
fruit = ('Mango','Mangosteen','Melon','Mandarin')
fruit_list = ['Mango','Mangosteen','Melon','Mandarin']
fruit_dict = {'1':'Mango','2':'Mangosteen','3':'Melon','4':'Mandarin'}
print(len(str))
print(len(fruit))
print(len(fruit_list))
print(len(fruit_dict))
Results
21
4
4
4
Despite using the same len() method, Different values could be found
depending on the type of data inputted.
For example, when animals of different ages receive different types of feed,
such as lions over one years old be fed meat instead of milk, do as follows:
def eat(animal):
if animal.age>=1:
print(animal.name+ 'is over one years old and must be fed meat.')
else :
print(animal.name+ ''is less than a year old and must be fed milk.')
LA1 = LandAnimal("Sandsuay","lion", 4, "wife", "4", "74")
LA1.eat()
Results
Sandsuay is over one years old and must be fed meat.
Example: polymorphism of multiple classes using a method with the same
name.
class Cat:
def __hot__(do, name, moveSpeed):
do.name = name
do.moveSpeed = moveSpeed
def move(animal):
print("The "+animal.name+" runs at a speed of "+animal.moveSpeed)
class Fish:
def __hot__(do, name, moveSpeed):
do.name = name
do.moveSpeed = moveSpeed
def move(animal):
 print("The "+animal.name+" swims at a speed of "+animal.moveSpeed)
class Bird:
def __hot__(do, name, moveSpeed):
do.name = name
do.moveSpeed = moveSpeed
def move(animal):
print("The "+animal.name+" flies at a speed of"+animal.moveSpeed)
tiger1 = Cat("leopard", "60 kilometers per hour")
bird1 = Bird("parrot", "5 kilometers per hour")
fish1 = Fish("Goby", "20 kilometers per hour")
for x in (tiger1, bird1, fish1):
x.move()
Results
The Leopard runs at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour.
The parrot flies at a speed of 5 kilometers per hour.
The goby swims at a speed of 20 kilometers per hour.
Inheriting Multiple Classes
​Multi-class inheritance is when multiple parent classes are
inherited to a child class, as shown in Figure 9-4:
Figure 9-4: UML representation an inheritance relationship with multiple classes.
Example
Diagram of animals in the zoo to show how lions are land animals and
mammals.
 Figure 9-5: Class diagram of animals in the zoo that show an inheritance
relationship with multiple classes.

The syntax used to program Python child classes that have multiple
parents.
​ o create a child class that have multiple parents, using the
T
following syntax:
Syntax 9-7: Create a child class that have multiple parent classes in python
Example program:
class Animal:
place = 'Beauty Zoo'
def __init__(do,name,type, age, gender):
do.name = name
do.type = type
do.age = age
do.gender = gender
def __str__(do):
return f"A {do.age} year-old {do.gender} {do.type} named {do.name}"
def eat(animal):
if animal.age>=1:
print(animal.name+ ' is over one years old and must be fed meat.')
else :
print(animal.name+ ' is less than a year old and must be fed milk.')
def sleep(animal):
print(animal.name+" is sleeping.")
A1 = Animal("Rashun","lion", 3, "female")
print('At '+A1.place+' are these animals:')
print(A1)
A1.eat()
A1.sleep()
class LandAnimal(Animal):
def __init__(do,name,type, age, gender,noOfLeg,runSpeed):
Animal.__init__(do,name,type, age, gender)
do.noOfLeg = noOfLeg
do.runSpeed = runSpeed
do.type = type+', a land animal'
do.legFin = 'legs,'
do.moveMethod = 'and runs with a top speed of'
def __str__(do):
return f"A {do.age} year-old {do.gender} {do.type} named {do.name}
has {do.noOfLeg} {do.legFin} {do.moveMethod} {do.runSpeed} km/h. "
def run(landAnimal):
 print(landAnimal.name+" is running at the top speed of "
+landAnimal.runSpeed+' km/h.')
LA1 = LandAnimal("Sudsuay","lion", 4, "female", "4", "74")
LA1.run()
print(LA1)
class AquaticAnimal(Animal):
def __init__(do,name,type, age, gender,noOfFin,swimSpeed):
Animal.__init__(do,name,type, age, gender)
do.noOfFin = noOfFin
do.swimSpeed = swimSpeed
do.type = type+', an aquatic animal'
do.legFin = 'fins,'
do.moveMethod = 'and swims with a top speed of'
def __str__(do):
return f"A {do.age} year-old {do.gender} {do.type} named {do.name}
has {do.noOfFin} {do.legFin} {do.moveMethod} {do.swimSpeed} km/h. "
def swim(AquaticAnimal):
print(AquaticAnimal.name+" is swimming at a top speed of "
+AquaticAnimal.swimSpeed+' km/h')
AA1 = AquaticAnimal("Bee","goby", 2, "male", "5", "23")
print(AA1)
AA1.swim()
class Mammal(AquaticAnimal,LandAnimal):
def __init__(do,name,type, age,
gender,noOfFin,swimSpeed,noOfLeg,runSpeed):
AquaticAnimal.__init__(do,name,type, age,
gender,noOfFin,swimSpeed)
LandAnimal.__init__(do,name,type, age, gender,noOfLeg,runSpeed)
do.type = type+', a mammal'
def __str__(do):
return f"A {do.age} year-old {do.gender} {do.type} named
{do.name}."
def feedMilk(mammal):
print(mammal.name+" is breastfeeding.")
M1 = Mammal("BB","Dolphin", 2, "female", "5", "0", "0", "0")
print(M1)
M1.feedMilk()
Results
At Beauty Zoo are these animalsL
A 3 year-old female lion named Rashun.
Rashun is over one years old and must be fed meat.
Rashun is sleeping.
Sudsuay is running at the top speed of 74 km/h.
A 4 year-old female lion, a land animal named Sudsuay has 4 legs, and runs
with a top speed of 74 km/h.
A 2 year-old male goby, an aquatic animal named Bee has 5 fins, and swims
with a top speed of 23 km/h.
Bee is swimming at a top speed of 23 km/h.
A 2 year-old female Dolphin, a mammal named BB.
BB is breastfeeding.
Association
Association is when a class is related to another class, such as the
driver class being associated with a car class. To create associations, use the
following Diagram:

Figure 9-6: UML representation of an association relationship.

​ o create an association between class1 and class2 with method in

T
python, using following syntax:
Syntax 9-8: Create an association between class1 and class2 with method in
python

Aggregation
Aggregation is when a class has other classes join in, and will
remain even if the joined classes no longer exist. For example, the
“Company” class has aggregated “department” classes inside. Diagram as
shown:
 Figure 9-7: UML representation an aggregation relationship.

Note: m is the minimum and n is the maximum number of attributes in

class 1, which is the aggregate class, within class 2. (This could be more
than class, depending on the aggregate class.) r is the minimum and s is the
maximum number of attributes in class 2, which is the subclass, within
class 1.

Composition
 ​ ompositions are classes composed by the classes, such as the
C
‘Cars’ class is composed of wheels, doors, roofs, seats, etc., i.e. its
components. diagram as shown:

Figure 9-8: UML representation a composition relationship.

Examples

1. Association: Animals have habitats of various sizes and in

different locations within the zoo. Each animal can only belong in
1 enclosure.
2. Aggregation: in the zoo class, there are habitats, one ticket office,
one staff office, and one Gift Shop.
 3. Composition: A Land mammal is composed of body parts, such as
a head, a body and legs

Example Diagram of a class Association

Figure 9-9: Class diagram of animals in the zoo with an association relationship.

Example Program
class Animal:
place = 'Beauty Zoo'
def __init__(do,name,type, age, gender):
do.name = name
do.type = type
do.age = age
do.gender = gender
def __str__(do):
 return f"A {do.age} year-old {do.gender} {do.type} named {do.name}."
def eat(animal):
if animal.age>=1:
print(animal.name+ ' is over one years old and must be fed meat.')
else :
print(animal.name+ ' is less than a year old and must be fed milk.')
def sleep(animal):
print(animal.name+" is sleeping.")
class Habitat():
def __init__(do, location, width, length):
do.location = location
do.width = width
do.length = length
def __str__(do):
return f"{'Located '+do.location+', the enclosure is '+str(do.width)+'
meters wide and '+str(do.length)+' meters long.'}"
def animalStay(do, animal):
print(animal+' is located '+do.location+'. The enclosure has an area of
'+str(do.width * do.length)+' meters squared.')
Habitat1 = Habitat("across the pool", 2, 6)
print(Habitat1)
A1 = Animal("Rashun","Lion", 3, "Female")
print(A1)
Habitat1.animalStay(A1.name)
Results
Located across the pool, the enclosure is 2 meters wide and 6 meters long.
A 3 year-old Female Lion named Rashun.
Rashun is located across the pool. The enclosure has an area of 12 meter
squared.
 Example
diagram of a class Aggregation

Figure 9-10: Class diagram of animals in the zoo with an aggregation

relationship.

Example program
class Habitat():
def __init__(do, location, width, length):
do.location = location
do.width = width
do.length = length
def __str__(do):
return f"{'Located '+do.location+', the enclosure is '+str(do.width)+'
meters wide and '+str(do.length)+' meters long.'}"
def animalStay(do, animal):
print(animal+' is located '+do.location+'. The enclosure has an area of
'+str(do.width * do.length)+' meters squared.')
class TicketOffice():
def __init__(do,location, width, length, sellerTicket):
do.location = location
do.width = width
do.length = length
do.sellerTicket = sellerTicket
def __str__(do):
return f"{'Ticket Office, staffed by '+do.sellerTicket}"
class StaffOffice():
def __init__(do,location, width, length, staffName):
do.location = location
do.width = width
do.length = length
do.staffName = staffName
def __str__(do):
return f"{'Staffed by'+do.staffName}"
class TourStore():
def __init__(do,location, width, length, seller):
do.location = location
do.width = width
do.length = length
do.seller = seller
def __str__(do):
return f"{'Staffed by'+do.seller}"
class Zoo(object):
 def __init__(do, name, address,
Habitat1,Habitat2,Habitat3,Habitat4,TicketOffice,StaffOffice,TourStore):
do.name = name
do.address = address
do.Habitat1 = Habitat1
do.Habitat2 = Habitat2
do.Habitat3 = Habitat3
do.Habitat4 = Habitat4
do.TicketOffice=TicketOffice
do.StaffOffice=StaffOffice
do.TourStore=TourStore
def __str__(do):
return f"{do.name+' is located at '+do.address+'. Habitat 1 is located
'+do.Habitat1.location+'. Habitat 2 is located '+do.Habitat2.location+'.
Habitat 3 is located '+do.Habitat3.location+'. The Aquarium is located '
+do.Habitat4.location+'. The ticket office is staffed by '
+do.TicketOffice.sellerTicket+'. The staff office is staffed by '
+do.StaffOffice.staffName+'. The gift shop is staffed by '
+do.TourStore.seller}."
H1 = Habitat("across the pool", 2, 6)
H2 = Habitat("right of the entrance", 5, 6)
H3 = Habitat("right of the entrance", 5, 6)
H4 = Habitat("at the end of the pool", 2, 3)
print(H1)
T1 = TicketOffice("at the entrance", 2, 6,"Smiley Mcwelcome")
S1 = StaffOffice("end of zoo ", 2, 6,"Manny Jerial")
TS1 = TourStore("near exit door ", 3, 4,"Kassho Credit")
Z1 = Zoo("Beauty Zoo", "999, Bangkok,
Thailand",H1,H2,H3,H4,T1,S1,TS1)
print(Z1)
Results
Beauty Zoo is located at 999, Bangkok, Thailand. Habitat 1 is located
across the pool. Habitat 2 is located right of the entrance. Habitat 3 is
located right of the entrance. The Aquarium is located at the end of the
pool. The ticket office is staffed by Smiley Mcwelcome. The staff office is
staffed by Manny Jerial. The gift shop is staffed by Kassho Credit.
 Example diagram of a composition

Figure 9-11: Class diagram of animals in the zoo with a composition relationship.

Example program
class Head:
def __init__(do, headSize):
do.headSize = headSize
def __str__(do):
return f"{str(do.headSize)}"
class Body:
def __init__(do, bodySize):
do.bodySize = bodySize
def __str__(do):
 return f"{str(do.bodySize)}"
class Leg:
def __init__(do, legSize, position):
do.legSize = legSize
do.position = position
def __str__(do):
return f"{do.position+' '+str(do.legSize)+' cm. '}"
class LandAnimal:
def
__init__(do,headSize,bodySize,leg1Size,position1,leg2Size,position2,leg3S
ize,position3,leg4Size,position4):
do.headSize = Head(headSize)
do.bodySize = Body(bodySize)
do.leg1Size = Leg(leg1Size,position1)
do.leg2Size = Leg(leg2Size,position2)
do.leg3Size = Leg(leg3Size,position3)
do.leg4Size = Leg(leg4Size,position4)
def __str__(do):
return f"{'Head Length: '+str(do.headSize)+' cm. '+'Body Length: '
+str(do.bodySize)+' cm. '
+str(do.leg1Size)+str(do.leg2Size)+str(do.leg3Size)+str(do.leg4Size)}"
A1 = LandAnimal(80,120,60,'Front Left:',60,'Front Right:',60,'Back
Left:',60,'Back Right:')
print(A1)
print('The head is '+str(Head(A1.headSize))+' cm long.')
print('The body is '+str(Body(A1.bodySize))+' cm long.')
A2 = LandAnimal(5,8,3,'Front Left:',3,'Front Right:',0,'',0,'')
print(A2)
print('The head is '+str(Head(A2.headSize))+' cm long.')
print('The body is '+str(Body(A2.bodySize))+' cm long.')
Results
Head Length: 80 cm. Body Length: 120 cm. Front Left: 60 cm. Front Right:
60 cm. Back Left: 60 cm. Back Right: 60 cm.
The head is 80 cm long.
The body is 120 cm long.
Head Length: 5 cm. Body Length: 8 cm. Front Left: 3 cm. Front Right: 3
cm. 0 cm. 0 cm.
The head is 5 cm long.
The body is 8 cm long.
 Exercises

1. From exercise 1 in Chapter 8, add an association as part of its

design.
2. From exercise 1 in Chapter 8, add an aggregation as part of its
design.
3. From exercise 1 in Chapter 8, add a composition as part of its
design.
 CHAPTER 10 TRY… EXCEPTION

​W
hen a program is being used, there’s always a chance of
malfunction, either from users, the hardware, network, equipment or
power. This affects the operation of the program, so errors must be
pre-written as follows:

Example
while True:
try:
x = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
except ValueError:
print("Sorry, that is not a number. Please enter again...")
 else :
print("We've got the numbers.")
finally :
print("Thank you very much.")
Result in the case where numbers are not entered
Please enter numbers: !
Sorry, that is not a number. Please enter again...
Thank you very much

Result in case of entering numbers

Please enter number: 1
We've got the numbers.
Thank you very much.
Note: The ‘finally’ command is executed every time.
 Exercises

1. From exercise 1 in Chapter 8, create an exception for 3 user errors.

 CHAPTER 11 FILE
MANAGEMENT WITH...AS AND
JSON

​F
ile management includes

1. Open
2. Create
3. Edit/Write
4. Delete

Open File
To open a file, use the open() function with two parameters: the
name of the file you want to open and the mode, as follows:
Mode 1: "r"– reads the specified value in the file instead of opening it. If
that file doesn’t exist, it will show an error.
Example
Create a txt file.
Type 'Test file command' and save the file name as ‘test.txt’ in the same
folder where the program is stored.
f = open("test.txt")
print(f.read())
Results
Test file command
If the file is not found
f = open("test2.txt")
print(f.read())
Results
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'test2.txt'

Create
Mode 2: "a"-Appends (creates) a file.
Example
Create test2.txt file.
f = open("test2.txt","a")
A new file, test2.txt, is created.
If this file already exists, no error will be displayed.
Write File
Mode 3: "w"-Writes into a file.
Example
Write the file Sawasdee.txt
Sawasdee= open("Sawasdee.txt", "w")
Sawasdee.write("Hi, this is Thailand.\n")
Sawasdee.write("A country with delicious food,\n")
Sawasdee.write(“everyone has a smile.\n")
Sawasdee.write("A beautiful, safe place.\n")

with...as
​with...as is a command that is similar to defining a variable with a
different way to code, but yields the same results.
Example 1
In case the file you want to open is in the folder
'/ExamplePythonCode/FileForPythonTest/’
f = open("/ExamplePythonCode/FileForPythonTest/Open.txt", "r")
print(f.read())
The command used to open the open.txt file is long since it is located in a
very deep folder. Therefore, to make the programmer's work easier, it can
be done by specifying it as a variable, f, which the programmer can write
using with...as.
Example 2
with open("/ExamplePythonCode/FileForPythonTest/Open.txt", "r") as The
dead one:
print(The dead one.read())
Both examples have the same effect, meaning the files can be opened in the
same way.
If the programmer wants to use a command to read each line of a file, write
the command as follows:
with open("Sawasdee2.txt") as Sawasdee3:
for line in Sawasdee3:
print(line)
Or it could be written like this:
Sawasdee= open("Sawasdee.txt")
with Sawasdee:
for line in Sawasdee:
print(line)
Results
Hi, this is Thailand.
A country with delicious food,
everyone has a smile.
A beautiful, safe place.

Create File
Mode 4: "x"-Creating a file, but if an extra file with the same name already
exists, an error will be displayed.
Example
f = open("Sawasdee.txt", "x")
Results
have file

f = open("Sawasdee.txt", "x")
Results
FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'Sawasdee.txt'
If not there will be a file created.

Delete File
If you want to delete a file, import os and use the remove command as in
the example.
import os
os.remove("S.txt")
If the file to delete is not found, the following will be displayed:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'S.txt'
import os
os.remove("Hello3.txt")
The file named Hello3.txt will be deleted.
To create an exception, use the following:
import os
if os.path.exists("Hello3.txt"):
os.remove("Hello3.txt")
else:
print("File hello3.txt not found")
Results
The file Hello3.txt was not found.

Delete Folder
if we want to delete a folder, use the following:
import os
os.is rm("myfolder")
Results
delete folder myfolder
If this folder is not found
Results
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'myfolder'
If the folder is found, it will be deleted.
JSON
​JSON, short for JavaScript Object Notation, is a standard format
for representing structured data based on the JavaScript Object syntax,
typically used for sending data in web applications. (e.g. sending some data
from a server to a client so that it can be displayed on a web page or vice
versa.) Python itself has commands that can be used with JSON files, but
you must import JSON first, where specific data type in Python can be
converted to JSON as shown in the table.
Table 11-1:Python to JSON conversion table
Python JSON
dict Object
list Array
tuple Array
str String
int Number
float Number
True true
False false
None null
loads
Using the loads command to convert the person value in Python to
json, namely person2, then print to display the person2 values, and to
display only the Marriage value of person2['Marriage']
Example:
import json
person = '{"name": "Somsak", "Marriage":
true,"age":87,"Country":"Thai"}'
person2 = json.loads(person)
print( person2)
print(person2['Marriage'])
Results
{'name': 'Somsak', 'Marriage': True, 'age': 87, 'Country': 'Thai'}
True
You can also use commands to use the values ​in the json file, for example:
fileperson.json
{"name": "Somsak", "Marriage": true,"age":87,"Country":"Thai"
}
open
Open a json file and read the value, then create a variable that loads
the value, named data.
Example:
with open('person.json', 'r') as f:
data = json.load(f)
print(data)
Results
{'name': 'Somsak', 'Marriage': True, 'age': 87, 'Country': 'Thai'}

convert Python to JSON

You can convert values ​from Python to JSON using the dumps command
and improve readability using the indent, separators and sort_keys
commands as in the example.
import json
print(json.dumps({"name": "Nest", "age": 30}))
print(json.dumps(["orange", "pineapple"]))
print(json.dumps(("orange", "pineapple")))
print(json.dumps("orange"))
print(json.dumps(241))
print(json.dumps(50.23))
print(json.dumps(True))
print(json.dumps(False))
print(json.dumps(None))
person = {"name": "Somsak",
"marriage": True,"age": 87,"country":"Thai",
"children": ("Odd","Nee","Also","Jar","Small"),
"pets": None,
"cars": [
{"model": "Benz S-Class", "price": 3.5},
{"model": "BMW 500", "price": 2.5}
]
}
# Convert person to JSON:
person_json = json.dumps(person)
print(person_json)
# Make it easier to read by using the paragraph indent :
print(json.dumps(person, indent=4))
# By using separators with specified values:
print(json.dumps(person, indent=4, separators=(". ", " = ")))
# Sorting
print(json.dumps(person, indent=4, sort_keys=True))
Results
{"name": "Manee", "age": 30}
["orange", "pineapple"]
["orange", "pineapple"]
"orange"
241
50.23
true
false
null
{"name": "Somsak", "marriage": true, "age": 87, "country": "Thai",
"children": ["Odd", "Nee", "Pun", "Jar", "Yar"], "pets": null,
"cars": [{"model": "Benz S-Class", "price": 3.5}, {"model": "BMW
500", "price": 2.5}]}
{
"name": "Somsak",
"marriage": true,
"age": 87,
"country": "Thai",
"children": [
"Odd",
"Nee",
"Also",
"Jar",
"Small"
],
"pets": null,
"cars": [
{
"model": "Benz S-Class",
"price": 3.5
},
{
"model": "BMW 500",
"price": 2.5
}
]
}
{
"name" = "Somsak".
"marriage" = true.
"age" = 87.
"country" = "Thai".
"children" = [
"Odd".
"Nee".
"Also".
"Jar".
"Small"
].
 "pets" = null.
"cars" = [
{
"model" = "Benz S-Class".
"price" = 3.5
}.
{
"model" = "BMW 500".
"price" = 2.5
}
]
}
{
"age": 87,
"cars": [
{
 Exercises

1. Write a program to create, open, and edit a file to introduce

yourself.
2. Create a json file introducing yourself and write a program to
display the json file.
Files used in projects/Exercise Solutions
Go to : https://www.variitsris.org/learning-python/ Or Scan QR Code
 About The Author
Having written several bestselling textbooks, the author has experience in software
development, research, teaching, and consulting in:

Artificial Intelligence Data mining

Customer relationship Object-Oriented Technology

management (UML).

Human-computer interaction.

Software engineering Image processing

System analysis and design. Big data

Data warehouse Business intelligence

Experience in program and database development and giving advice :

Node.js

JavaScript

Oracle

Python
 HTML5

MongoDB

Author certifications associated with this textbook are as follows:

1. Cybersecurity: Managing Risk in the Information Age, HARVARD University.

2. Digital Transformation: From AI and IoT to Cloud, Blockchain and Cybersecurity, MIT.
3. Data Science and Big Data Analytics : Making Data-Driven Decisions, MIT.