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Operating Systems Important Topics Notes

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Operating Systems Important Topics Notes

Uploaded by

Tanmay Warthe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating Systems Important Topics - Notes

1. Real-Time Operating System

Definition:

- A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is an OS intended to serve real-time applications that process data

as it comes in, typically without buffer delays.

Types:

- Hard Real-Time: Guarantees critical task completion on time.

- Soft Real-Time: Prioritizes tasks, but delays are acceptable.

Applications:

- Flight Control, Medical Systems, Industrial Automation, Military Applications.

2. Operating System Services

Services provided by OS:

- User Interface: CLI, GUI, and batch interface for user interaction.

- Program Execution: Manages execution and termination of processes.

- I/O Operations: Manages input and output devices and operations.

- File System Manipulation: Organizes, reads, writes, and deletes files.

- Communication: Provides inter-process communication (IPC) capabilities.

- Error Detection: Detects and responds to errors from CPU and memory.

3. Process Management

Process States:

- New: Process is being created.

- Ready: Process is loaded and waiting for CPU allocation.

- Running: Process is being executed.

- Waiting: Process is waiting for resources.

- Terminated: Process has completed.

Process Control Block (PCB):


- PCB stores process-specific information such as process ID, state, program counter, registers, and

allocated resources.

CPU Scheduling Algorithms:

- FCFS (First-Come-First-Serve): Non-preemptive, executes in order of arrival.

- SJF (Shortest Job First): Executes shortest jobs first; may be preemptive or non-preemptive.

- Round Robin: Allocates time slices to each process, ensuring fair execution.

4. Memory Management

Virtual Memory:

- Allows execution of processes not completely in memory, increasing flexibility.

Paging vs Segmentation:

- Paging: Divides memory into fixed-size pages.

- Segmentation: Divides memory into variable-size segments.

Partitioning:

- Fixed Partitioning: Divides memory into fixed-size blocks.

- Variable Partitioning: Allocates memory dynamically as per process needs.

5. File Management

File Attributes:

- Name, type, location, size, protection, and timestamps.

File Operations:

- Creating, opening, reading, writing, deleting, and repositioning files.

Allocation Methods:

- Contiguous Allocation: Files occupy contiguous memory blocks.

- Linked Allocation: Files are linked through pointers.

- Indexed Allocation: Uses an index block to manage blocks of a file.

6. Inter-Process Communication (IPC)

Shared Memory Model:

- Processes share a memory segment and read/write to exchange data.


Message Passing Model:

- Uses message exchanges for communication, suitable for distributed systems.

7. Deadlock

Definition:

- Deadlock occurs when a set of processes are blocked as each process is holding a resource and waiting for

another resource held by another process.

Necessary Conditions:

1. Mutual Exclusion

2. Hold and Wait

3. No Preemption

4. Circular Wait

Prevention Strategies:

- Avoid one or more conditions to prevent deadlocks.

8. UNIX/Linux Commands

Common Commands:

- ps: Lists current processes with options for user/process filters.

- kill: Terminates processes using process ID.

- sleep: Pauses command execution for a specified time.

- mkdir: Creates a new directory.

- ls: Lists files and directories in a specified path.

9. System Calls

Purpose:

- Interface for user programs to request services from the OS.

Types of System Calls:


- Process Control: end, load, execute.

- File Management: create, delete, read, write.

- Device Management: request device, release device.

10. Multithreading Models

Multithreading Models:

- Many-to-One: Maps multiple user threads to one kernel thread.

- One-to-One: Each user thread has its own kernel thread.

- Many-to-Many: Maps many user threads to a few or equal kernel threads.

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