WELCOME

SIRJEE CLASSES

[email protected]
SUBSCRIBE Telegram group:- SIRJEE CLASSES
 Storage Devices/computer memory
SIRJEE CLASSES

A storage device is used in the computers to store the data.

Storage devices are available in

diferent form factors depending on the
type of underlying device. For example,
a standard computer has multiple
storage devices including RAM, cache,
and hard disk, as well as possibly having
optical disk drives and externally
connected USB drives.
SIRJEE CLASSES
SIRJEE CLASSES
 Memory Hierarchy
SIRJEE CLASSES

The memory is characterised on the

basis of two key factors:-
1.Capacity
2. access time
 SIRJEE CLASSES
Accessibility

•Refers to reading or writing data

records.

•Two types of accessibility:

–Random access
–Sequential access
 Types of storage/memory
devices
1. Primary memory or main memory SIRJEE CLASSES

2. Secondary memory or auxilary memory

 Memory Access Methods
SIRJEE CLASSES

Each memory type, is a collection of numerous memory

locations.
To access data from any memory, frst it must be located and
then the data is read from the memory location. Following are
the methods to access information from memory locations:

Random Access: Main memories are random access memories, in

which each memory location has a unique address. Using this
unique address any memory location can be reached in the same
(Ex- DRAM, SDRAM, VRAM)
amount of time in any order.

Sequential Access: This methods allows memory access in a

(Ex- Hard disk, CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes)
sequence or in order.

Direct Access: In this mode, information is stored in tracks, with

each track having a separate read/write head.
Ex- (PCI controller, hard drive controller)
SIRJEE CLASSES
 1. Primary memory or main memory
SIRJEE CLASSES

The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is

called main memory.

They are volatile in nature, i.e. when power is of contents of

these memory are lost forever.

Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central

processing unit via a memory bus.

•The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and

executes them as required.

•Example:
–RAM
–ROM
–Cache
 1. RAM (volatile memory)

•It is called Random Access Memory because any of the SIRJEE CLASSES

data in RAM can be accessed just as fast as any of the

other data.
•There are two types of RAM:
–DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
–SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
SIRJEE CLASSES
SIRJEE CLASSES
 2. ROM (non-volatile memory)
SIRJEE CLASSES
•This memory is used as the computer begins to
boot up.

•Small programs called frmware are often stored in

ROM chips on hardware devices (like a BIOS chip),
and they contain instructions the computer can use
in performing some of the most basic operations
required to operate hardware devices.

•ROM memory cannot be easily or quickly

overwritten or modifed.
SIRJEE CLASSES
 3. Cache memory
SIRJEE CLASSES

•Cache is a high-speed access area that can be

either a reserved section of main memory or a
storage device.

Cache memory is a storage bufer that stores the

data that is used more often, temporarily and
makes them available to CPU at a faster rate.

Cache memory is very high speed memory placed

in between RAM and CPU. It is also sequentially
accssesed.

Generally cache memory are available in sizes

256 KB to 2 MB.

•Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2

cache, while older computers include donly L1
SIRJEE CLASSES
SIRJEE CLASSES
 Magnetic disk
1. Hard disk
SIRJEE CLASSES

The hard disk drive is the main and usually

largest, data storage device in a computer.
Theharddiskdriveisthemain,andu
It is used for storing & retrieving data using
suallylargest,datastoragedevicei
rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic
nacomputer.
material

Internal Hard disk

External Hard disk

 Magnetic disk
SIRJEE CLASSES

2. FloppyDisk

•A soft magnetic disk.

•Floppy disks are portable.

•Floppy disks are slower to access

than hard disks and have less storage
capacity,but they are much less
expensive.

•Can store data upto 1.44MB.

5 ¼ inch Floppy Disk 3 ½ inch Floppy Disk

•Two common sizes: 5¼” and 3½”.

 2. Optical
disks
Optical disc is any storage media that holds content in SIRJEE CLASSES

digital format and is read using a laser assembly is

considered optical media.
The most common types of optical
media are:-

CompactDisc (CD)
Digital Versatile Disc
(DVD)
Blu-ray(BD)

CompactDisc (CD) types:-

CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
 3. Solid/state ofine storage device
SIRJEE CLASSES
 It is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that
is
not under the control of a processing unit.

 It must be inserted or connected by a human operator

before a
computer can access it again.
USB Flash Drive
Examples:
•A small, portable fash memory card
–USB Flash
that plugs into a computer’s USB port
or
and functions as a portable hard
pen drive
drive.
–Memory card
•Flash drives are available in sizes
such as 256 MB, 512MB, 1GB, 5GB,
and 16 GB and are an easy way to
transfer and store information.
 Memory Card
SIRJEE CLASSES

•An electronic fash memory storage

disk commonly used in consumer
electronic devices such as digital
cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones,
and other small portable devices.

•Memory cards are usually read by

connecting the device containing the
card to your computer, or by using a
USB card reader
 Magnetic tape
SIRJEE CLASSES

Magnetic tape data storage is

a system for storing digital
information on magnetic
tape using digital recording.

Modern magnetic tape is most

commonly packaged in
cartridges and cassettes.

The device that performs

writing or reading of data is
a tape drive.

Magnetic tape hold the

maximum data, which can be
accessed sequentially.
Comparison of secondary
memory
 Other Example of Storage Ex- SIRJEE CLASSES
Devices

Cloud Storage

•Cloud storage means“ the storage of

data online in the cloud, "wherein a
data is stored in and accessible from
multiple distributed and connected
resources that comprise a cloud.

Cloud storage can provide the benefts

of:

 greater accessibility and reliability;

rapid deployment;
strong protection for data backup,
archival and disaster recovery
purposes.
 Virtual memory
SIRJEE CLASSES

The technique that extends storage

capacities of main memory beyond
the actual size of the main memory
is called virtual memory.

virtual memory is a memory

management capability of an operating
system (OS) that uses hardware and
software to allow a computer to
compensate for physical memory
shortages by temporarily transferring
data from random access memory (RAM
) to disk storage.
Bufer
Bufer is a temporary physical storage used to
hold data during execution of process from one
place to another.
Virtual memory
SIRJEE CLASSES
 DESTRUCTIVE & NON-DESTRUCTIVE READ-OUT
SIRJEE CLASSES

Destructive readout

When data is read from memory, the stored data is extracted

(removed) from memory and in the process the data is erased in
the source. Because the data is lost, the process is referred to
as destructive readout. If it is desired to restore the same data
at the same storage location, the word must be re-written after
reading. Read/write memory such as a main memory is an
example of destructive readout.

Non-destructive readout

If the data in a memory is not destroyed in the reading process,

the system has non-destructive readout. This means the
data can be read over and over again without being re-written.
A fip-fop is an example of non destructive readout..
DESTRUCTIVE & NON-DESTRUCTIVE READ-OUT
SIRJEE CLASSES
Memory measurement
SIRJEE CLASSES
Memory measurement
SIRJEE CLASSES
SIRJEE CLASSES
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
(RRB JE PREVIOUS 2015 QUESTIONS)
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
STORAGE DEVICE/MEMORY IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES
SIRJEE CLASSES