UNIT 4

 First order Ordinary Differential Equations

 Exact, Linear and Bernoulli’s Equations
 Equations not of first degree: equations solvable for 𝒑,
equations solvable for 𝒚, equations solvable for 𝒙 and
Clairaut’s type

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 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
INTRODUCTION

We already studied algebraic equations. The goal there was to solve the equation. In other
words, to find the value of the variable that satisfies the equation. In general, every
algebraic equation has its own particular method of solution. Quadratic equations are
solved by one method, equations involving absolute values by another method and so on. In
every case, an equation was presented and a particular method was employed to arrive at a
solution, a method appropriate for the particular equation at hand.

These same general ideas carry over to differential equations but these equations are
involving derivatives. Each type of differential equation requires its own particular solution
method. The topic of differential equations is an extremely important in mathematics and
science and also in many other branches of studies like economics, commerce in which
changes occur and in which predictions are desirable. The most of systems studied come
with some kind of "Natural Laws" or observations that, when translated into the language of
mathematics then they become differential equations.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A differential equation is an equation which contains differential coefficients (derivatives), either
ordinary derivatives or partial derivatives.

The following are examples of differential equations:

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 2
+ 4 𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 − − − (2)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
√𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 = − − − (3)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑝𝑦 ′′ + 𝑞𝑦 ′ + 𝑟𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − − − (4)

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦2 = 0 − − − (5)

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑘2 = − − − (6)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡

There are two types of differential equations.

1. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation which contains ordinary derivatives with respect to single
independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation.
In the differential equations listed above (1), (2), (3) and (4) are ordinary differential
equations.
2. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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 A differential equation which contains partial derivatives with respect to more than one
independent variables is called a partial differential equation.
In the differential equations listed above (5)and (6) are partial differential equations.

ORDER AND DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The largest (highest) derivative which is present in the differential equation is called the order of
differential equation.

The degree (power) of largest (highest) derivative which is present in the differential equation is
called the degree of differential equation.

In the differential equations listed above,

Equation (1) is differential equation of first order and first degree.

Equation (2) and (4) are ordinary differential equations of second order and first degree.

Equation (3) is differential equation of third order and second degree.

Equation (5) and (6) are partial differential equations of second order and first degree.

Note that the order does not depend on whether or not we have ordinary or partial derivatives in
the differential equation.

EXAMPLE 1 Find the order and degree of the differential equation

2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
( 3) − 𝑡 ( ) + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2
𝑑3 𝑦
SOLUTION highest derivative occurs in the term (
𝑑𝑡 3
)

Hence order = 3 and degree = 2. ANSWER

EXAMPLE 2 Find order and degree of a differential equation (GTU JAN. 2015)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
√𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3

SOLUTION Taking square on both sides of given differential equation, we get

2
𝑑2 𝑦
2
𝑑3 𝑦
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3

2
𝑑3𝑦
Now highest derivative occurs in the term (𝑑𝑥 3 )

Hence order = 3 and degree = 2. ANSWER

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EXAMPLE 3 Find the order and degree of the differential equation (GTU MAY. 2011)

𝑑𝑦
√ + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION Taking square on both sides of given differential equation, we get

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now highest derivative occurs in the term 𝑑𝑥

Hence order = 1 and degree = 1. ANSWER

FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE ORDINARY DIFFERNTIAL

EQUATIONS
SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERNTIAL EQUATIONS

A functional relation between dependent variable and independent variable which satisfies
differential equation is called the solution of ordinary differential equation over a particular
domain of the independent variable. The solution of an ordinary differential equation is also
known as an integral curve.

GENERAL SOLUTION

The solution of 𝑟 𝑡ℎ order ordinary differential equation that involves 𝑟 arbitrary constants is
called general solution of differential equation.

In other words, in a general solution number of arbitrary constants is equal to the order of
the differential equation.

PARTICULAR SOLUTION
From the general solution, the solution obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary
constants is called the particular solution of ordinary differential equation.

In other words, particular values of arbitrary constants give the particular solution because arbitrary
constants indicate that there are infinitely many solutions of differential equation.

FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

If any type of relation or function between the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 is given which contains 𝑛
arbitrary constants then the differential equation getting by eliminating 𝑛 arbitrary
constants. For this, we must have 𝑛 more equations which can be obtained by
differentiating the given relation with respect to the independent variable. From these

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equations we eliminate 𝑛 arbitrary equations then we get 𝑛𝑡ℎ order ordinary differential
equation.

EXAMPLE 1 Find the differential equation of the family of circles of radius 𝑟 whose centre lies on
the 𝑋-axis. (GTU JAN. 2015)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Assume the centre of circle is (𝑎, 0) as it is lying on 𝑋-axis then the equation

of circle of radius 𝑟 and centre (𝑎, 0) is given by

(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 − − − (1)

Step: 2 Eliminate arbitrary constants from equation (1).

For this, differentiate with respect to 𝑥 on both sides of equation (1)

𝑑𝑦
2(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 − − − (2)

Again differentiate with respect to 𝑥 on both sides of equation (2)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
2(1 − 0) + 2 (𝑦 + ∙ )=0 (∵ (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
⟹ 2 + 2 (𝑦 2 +
( ) )=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
⟹ (𝑦 2 +
( ) )=− ⟹𝑦 2 +
( ) = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

which is required differential equation.

EXAMPLE 2 Find the differential equation of the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥),
where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are arbitrary constants. (GTU DEC. 2011)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Consider given family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) − − − (1)

Step: 2 Eliminate arbitrary constants from equation (1).

For this, differentiate with respect to 𝑥 on both sides of equation (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) (𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(∵ (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) + (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(∵ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) + 𝑦 − − − (2) (∵ From (1))

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 𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) − − − (3)

Again differentiate with respect to 𝑥 on both sides of equation (2)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) + (−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + (−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 2 = −𝑒 𝑥 (𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + (−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 − − − (4)

From (1), (3) and (4), we get

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= −𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 2 = −2𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0

which is required differential equation.

TRY YOURSELF
1. Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2 − 2𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑐 3
where 𝑐 is an arbitrary constant.
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
ANSWER ( ) = 4𝑦𝑥 − 8𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. Find the differential equation of the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑞𝑒 5𝑡 where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
arbitrary constants. ANSWER −8 + 15𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

STANDARD FORMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Here we consider only differential equations of first order and first degree.

The standard forms are

1. Variable separable equations

2. Homogeneous equations
3. Linear equations
4. Exact equations

Note that the differential equations which are non-variable separable, non-homogeneous,
non-linear and non-exact can be converted into standard forms by applying some particular
procedure.

VARIABLE SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

𝑑𝑦
In the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), if variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 can be separated then it is called
separable variable equation.

PROCEDURE OF SOLVING VARIABLE SEPARABLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

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Step: 1 Rewrite the given equation in the form 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦. In other words, separate the

Variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in given differential equation.

Step: 2 Integrate on both sides separately with respect to 𝑥 and 𝑦 then we get the solution of
differential equation.

That means, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

where 𝑐 is integrating constant.

Noth that all equations are not variable separable equations but sometimes by using proper
substitution we can convert given equation into variable separable equation.

EXAMPLE 1 Solve the differential equation √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (1), we get

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = −√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ √1−𝑥 2 = − − − − (2)
√1−𝑦 2

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (2)

1 1
∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑦
√1−𝑦 2

⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑐 OR

⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 2 Solve the differential equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 − − − (1)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (1), we get

𝑥2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − − − (2)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (2)

𝑥2
∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (∵ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

𝑑
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ [𝑑𝑦 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦) ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑦

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 = −[𝑥 2 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (2𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 0] + 𝑐
where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 1
( 𝑑𝑢 )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ [𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦] 𝑑𝑦

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − ⋯
1
⟹ 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 − ∫ (𝑦 ∙ 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = −(−𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑑 1
(∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦) = )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

⟹ 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 − ∫(1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 − 1) = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 3 Solve = (𝑦 + 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 + 𝑥)2 − − − (1)

Equation (1) is not variable separable equation. So, we convert it into

variable separable equation. For this,

Let 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑣 − − − (2)

Now differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides in (2)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑣 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + 1 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − 1 − − − (3)

From (1), (2)and (3), we get

𝑑𝑣
− 1 = 𝑣 2 − − − (4)
𝑑𝑥

Now equation (4) is variable separable equation in variables 𝑣 and 𝑥.

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑣 in (4), we get

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 2 + 1 ⟹ 𝑣 2+1 = 𝑑𝑥 − − − (5)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (5)

𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑣 2+1 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫
1+𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 )

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

CHINTAN ARORA Page 8

 ⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 𝑥)

⟹ 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑐) ANSWER

EXAMPLE 4 Find general solution of differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU JAN. 2015)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (1), we get

𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − − − (2)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (2)

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

⟹ 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

⟹ 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 5 Find general solution of differential equation 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 (GTU JUNE. 2014)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 − − − (1)

Rewrite the equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 3𝑦 − − − (2) (∵ 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (2), we get

𝑑𝑦
𝑒 3𝑦
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − − − (3)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (3)

∫ 𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥
⟹ −3
= 2
+ 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

𝑒𝑎𝑥
(∵ ∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑎
𝑒 −3𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥
⟹− 3
− 2
=𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 6 Solve the differential equation (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (GTU DEC. 2013)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − − − (1)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (1), we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑦
= 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − − − (2)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (2)

CHINTAN ARORA Page 9

 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
∫ 𝑦
= ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
⟹∫ 𝑦
= 2 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

𝑓′(𝑥)
(∵ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) )

1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )
1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 = 𝑐

𝑦 𝑎
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 =𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑏))
(1+𝑥 2)2

𝑦
⟹ √1+𝑥 2
= 𝑒𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎 )

⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐 √1 + 𝑥 2 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 7 Solve 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU JUNE. 2013)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − −(1)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (1), we get

𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
⟹ − (1−𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
− − − (2)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (2)

𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑦
∫ − (1−𝑒 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

−𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
⟹ ∫ (1−𝑒 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦

𝑓′(𝑥)
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦) + 𝑐 (∵ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓(𝑥) )

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦) = 𝑐

1−𝑒 𝑥 𝑎
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
=𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑏))

1−𝑒 𝑥
⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
= 𝑒𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎 )

CHINTAN ARORA Page 10

 ⟹ 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 ANSWER
𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 8 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 (GTU JAN. 2013)

𝑑𝑦
SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − − − (1)

Rewrite equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦) − − − (2)

(∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽))

Equation (2) is not variable separable equation. So, we convert it into

variable separable equation. For this,

Let 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣 − − − (3) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣 ⟹ 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − 1 − − − (4)

𝑑𝑣
From (2), (3) and (4), we get 𝑑𝑥 − 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 − − − (5)

Now equation (5) is variable separable equation in variables 𝑣 and 𝑥.

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑣 in (5), we get

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
⟹ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 + 1 ⟹ = 𝑑𝑥 − − − (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣+1

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (6)

1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣+1 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

1 𝜃
⟹∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 (∵ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 2 ))
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )
2

1 𝑣
⟹ 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑣
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥
⟹ =𝑥+𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = )
2 1/2 𝑎

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

𝑣
⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2) = 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑣
⟹ 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑐 ) (∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎)

𝑥+𝑦
⟹ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑐 ) (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦)
2

CHINTAN ARORA Page 11

 ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 𝑐 ) ANSWER
𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 9 Solve the differential equation 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 (GTU MAY. 2012)

𝑑𝑦
SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − − − (1)

Rewrite equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1(1 + 𝑥) + 𝑦(1 + 𝑥) ⟹ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑦) − − − (2)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (2), we get

𝑦 1+𝑥
⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 − − − (3)
1+𝑦 𝑥

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (3)

𝑦 1+𝑥
∫ 1+𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1+𝑦−1 1
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦 𝑥

1 1
⟹ ∫ (1 − 1+𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

(∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦)

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑦)

⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥(1 + 𝑦)) (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑏))

⟹ 𝑥 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥−𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎 )

⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥−𝑐 ANSWER
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 10 Solve (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 [𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦] = 𝑥𝑦 [1 + 𝑑𝑥 ] (GTU MAY. 2012)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 [𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦] = 𝑥𝑦 [1 + 𝑑𝑥 ] − − − (1)

Equation (1) is not variable separable equation. So, we convert it into

variable separable equation. For this,

Let 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣 − − − (2) and 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢 − − − (3)

CHINTAN ARORA Page 12

 Now differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides in (2) and (3)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣 ⟹ 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − − − (4) and

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑢 ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦(1) = ⟹𝑥 +𝑦= − − − (5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), we get

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣2 =𝑢 − − − (6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now equation (6) is variable separable equation in variables 𝑣 and 𝑢.

Separating the variables 𝑢 and 𝑣 in (6), we get

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
⟹ 𝑢
= 𝑣2
− − − (7)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (7)

1 1
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣

1
⟹ ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑣 −2 𝑑𝑣
𝑢

𝑣 −2+1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑢 = −2+1
+ 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

𝑥𝑛+1 1
(∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑢)
𝑛+1

(𝑥+𝑦)−1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥𝑦) = +𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 )
−1
1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥𝑦) = − 𝑥+𝑦
+𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 11 Solve 9𝑦𝑦 ′ + 4𝑥 = 0 (GTU DEC. 2011)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 9𝑦𝑦 ′ + 4𝑥 = 0 − − − (1)

Rewrite equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑦
9𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥 − − − (2)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (2), we get

9𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −4𝑥𝑑𝑥 − − − (3)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (3)

∫ 9𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −4𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑛+1
⟹9 2
= −4 2
+𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑛+1

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

CHINTAN ARORA Page 13

 ⟹ 9𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 = 2𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 12 Solve the IVP: 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(2) = −2 (GTU DEC. 2011)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Rewrite equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 − − − (2)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (2), we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−𝑦
= 𝑥
⟹− 𝑦
= 𝑥
− − − (3)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (3)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫− 𝑦
=∫ 𝑥

1
⟹ −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant).

⟹ −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐

⟹ (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) = −𝑐

⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑦 = −𝑐 − − − (4) (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑏))

Step: 3 Use the initial condition 𝑦(2) = −2 in (4).

𝑦(2) = −2 ⟹ If 𝑥 = 2 then 𝑦 = −2

From (4), we get 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2(−2)) = −𝑐 ⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−4) = −𝑐

But 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (−4) does not exist.

Hence, given initial condition is not valid for this differential equation.

Hence, solution of given IVP does not exist. ANSWER

EXAMPLE 13 Solve: 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 (GTU DEC. 2010)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − − − (1)

Rewrite equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − − − (2)
𝑑𝑥

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (2), we get

CHINTAN ARORA Page 14

 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2 +𝑦
= 𝑥
⟹ (𝑦+1)𝑦 = 𝑥
− − − (3)

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (3)

1 1
∫ (𝑦+1)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦+1−𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⟹ ∫ (𝑦+1)𝑦 = ∫
𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑥
⟹ ∫ ( − (𝑦+1)) = ∫
𝑦 𝑥

1
⟹ (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑦 + 1)) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant.

𝑦 𝑎
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦+1
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑏))

𝑦 𝑎
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥(𝑦+1)
=𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑏))

𝑦
⟹ = 𝑒𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎 )
𝑥(𝑦+1)
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑦 + 1)𝑒 𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 14 Solve: 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU DEC. 2009)

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Rewrite equation (1), we get

2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 − − − (2)

Separating the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 in (2), we get

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 =− ⟹2 =− − − − (3)
𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦

Step: 2 Integrating on both sides of equation (3)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫2 𝑥
= ∫− 𝑦

1 𝑑𝑦
⟹ 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫
𝑥 𝑦

1
⟹ 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating constant.

⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑐 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )

⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 2 𝑦) = 𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑏))

CHINTAN ARORA Page 15

 ⟹ 𝑥2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐 (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎 )
𝑒𝑐
⟹ 𝑦=
𝑥2
ANSWER

TRY YOURSELF

Solve following variable separable differential equations:

𝑑𝑦 2+2𝑥)/2
1. = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 ANSWER 𝑐 (𝑦 + 1) = 𝑒 (𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ANSWER 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
3. √(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1+√1+𝑥 2
ANSWER −𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) + √1 + 𝑥 2 + √1 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦) ANSWER −2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 1
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ANSWER − 3 𝑒 −3𝑦 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐

INTEGRATING FACTOR

A function or factor multiplying with differential equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 and if it

becomes a differential coefficient of some function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 then it is called an integrating
factor of the differential equation.

In other words, any factor multiplying with differential equation gives 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] then that
factor is called integrating factor.

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

𝑑𝑦
The differential equation of the form + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) is called a linear differential equation.
𝑑𝑥

Note that in this equation 𝑦 is dependent variable and 𝑥 is independent variable. In other words, 𝑦 is
a function of 𝑥.

Also 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are functions of single variable only 𝑥 or 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) may be constant
functions.
𝑑𝑦
Note that coefficient of 𝑑𝑥 must be 1.

𝑑𝑥
Another form of Linear differential equation is 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃 (𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦).

Note that in this equation 𝑥 is dependent variable and 𝑦 is independent variable. In other words, 𝑥 is
a function of 𝑦.

Also 𝑃(𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑦) are functions of single variable only 𝑦 or 𝑃(𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑦) may be constant
functions.
𝑑𝑥
Note that coefficient of 𝑑𝑦 must be 1.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 16

PROCEDURE OF SOLVING LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Consider the given differential equation is of the form

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Step: 1 Identify 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥)

Step: 2 Find integrating factor I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Step: 3 Solution of given differential equation is 𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating) constant.

𝑑𝑥
If the given differential equation is of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)

Step: 1 Identify 𝑃(𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑦)

Step: 2 Find integrating factor I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

Step: 3 Solution of given differential equation is 𝑥(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑦) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating) constant.

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the first order differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite given differential equation in other form, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4
+ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 4
⟹ + = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

1 4
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −
𝑥 𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

⟹ I.F. = 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

CHINTAN ARORA Page 17

 𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

4
⟹ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 = ∫ [(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − ) ∙ 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥

⟹ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑛+1
⟹𝑦∙𝑥 = +3 − 4𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = )
4 3 𝑛+1

𝑥4
⟹ 𝑦𝑥 = 4
+ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
EXAMPLE 2 Solve: 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
+ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑥
and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

⟹ I.F. = 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 ∙ (𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 − − − (2)

Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 − − − (3) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 2 = 𝑡 ⟹ 2𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = − − − (4)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥

From (2), (3) and (4), we get

𝑑𝑡
𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ∙ (𝑥)) 2𝑥
+ 𝑐

CHINTAN ARORA Page 18

 1
⟹𝑦∙𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
2

1
⟹𝑦∙𝑥 = (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
2

1
⟹ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 = − 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 )

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2)
⟹ 𝑦𝑥 = −
2
+ 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the first order differential equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 = 2 𝑡

SOLUTION Step 1: Divide by 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 on both sides of given differential equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡
+ =2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
⟹ + = − − − (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑃(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑡).

1 2
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑡) = 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 and 𝑄(𝑡) = 𝑡

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1
∫𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑑𝑡
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒
1/𝑡
∫𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡𝑑𝑡
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒

𝑓′(𝑥)
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑡)) (∵ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥))

⟹ I.F. = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑡) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

2
⟹ 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) = ∫ ( 𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) = 2 ∫ (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 ∙ ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑡

(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)2 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1

⟹ 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) = 2 [ ]+𝑐 (∵ ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 ∙ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = )
2 𝑛+1

⟹ 𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)2 + 𝑐 ANSWER

CHINTAN ARORA Page 19

 𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the first order differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).
𝑑𝑡

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥))

⟹ I.F. = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 1)

𝑒𝑥
⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 12 +12
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑝𝑥
(∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑝𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝2 +𝑞2 (𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑥))

𝑒𝑥
⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 2
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 5 Solve the first order differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (GTU JAN. 2015)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥)

= 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 20

 I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥)
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2 log(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) (∵ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
)

2
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 log(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )

⟹ I.F. = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥)
𝑎

⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐) ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 6 Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (GTU JAN. 2015)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥)
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 log(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) (∵ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑎

⟹ I.F. = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

CHINTAN ARORA Page 21

 constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = ∫(1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 1)

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥)

⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)(𝑥 + 𝑐) ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 7 Solve the differential equation (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2

(GTU JUNE. 2014, JUNE 2019)

SOLUTION Step 1: Divide by (𝑥 + 1) to given differential equation, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
− = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+1

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
∫ − (𝑥+1)𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥+1) (∵ ∫
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
)

−1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥+1) (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F. = (𝑥 + 1)−1 = 𝑥+1 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1 1
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑥+1) = ∫ (𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑥+1) = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑥+1) = + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = )
3 𝑎

𝑒 3𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1) ( 3
+ 𝑐) ANSWER

CHINTAN ARORA Page 22

 𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 1
EXAMPLE 8 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2+1 𝑦 = (𝑥 2+1)3 (GTU DEC. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 1
+ 2 𝑦= 2 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

4𝑥 1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2+1 and 𝑄 (𝑥) = (𝑥 2+1)3

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫𝑥2+1
2𝑥
2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑥 +1

2 +1) 𝑓′(𝑥)
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 (∵ ∫
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) )

2 +1)2
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )

⟹ I.F. = (𝑥 2 + 1)2 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1
⟹ 𝑦( (𝑥 2 + 1)2 ) = ∫ ((𝑥 2 3 ∙ (𝑥 2 + 1)2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
+1)

1
⟹ 𝑦(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1) = ∫ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1 𝑥
⟹ 𝑦(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫
𝑥2+𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎))

⟹ 𝑥 4 𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 9 Solve the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (GTU JUNE. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Divide by 𝑥 on both sides of given differential equation

𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥) 𝑥3 𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥
+ 𝑦= ⟹ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

CHINTAN ARORA Page 23

 1+𝑥
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑥
and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥+𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑦 )

⟹ I.F. = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − (3𝑥 2 )(𝑒 𝑥 ) + (6𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − (6)(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′𝑣4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

⟹ 𝑦𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 10 Solve the differential equation (1 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 − 𝑥 (GTU JUNE. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Divide by (1 + 𝑦 2 ) on both sides of given differential equation, we get

𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑥
= 2
−
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 1 + 𝑦2

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦
⟹ + = − − − (1)
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄 (𝑦).

1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑦
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑦) = 1+𝑦 2
and 𝑄(𝑦) = 1+𝑦 2

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

CHINTAN ARORA Page 24

 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 1+𝑦2

−1 𝑦 1 1 𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (∵ ∫
𝑥2+𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑥(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑦) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

−1 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦
⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = ∫(
1+𝑦 2
∙ 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 − − − (2)

Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡 − − − (3) and differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑦,

we get
𝑑𝑡 1
= ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑡 − − − (4)
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 2

From (2), (3) and (4)

𝑡
𝑥(𝑒 𝑡 ) = ∫ (1+𝑦2 ∙ 𝑒 𝑡 ) (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡 ) = ∫(𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑡(𝑒 𝑡 ) − (1)(𝑒 𝑡 ) + 0 + 𝑐

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑡 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′𝑣4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦 −1 𝑦
⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑐
−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦
⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 − 1) + 𝑐 ANSWER
−1 𝑦
EXAMPLE Solve the differential equation (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 (GTU JUNE. 2019)

SOLUTION Step 1: Divide by (1 + 𝑦 2 ) on both sides of given differential equation, we get

−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑥
= 2
−
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦
⟹ + = − − − (1)
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄 (𝑦).

−1 𝑦
1 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑦) = 1+𝑦 2
and 𝑄(𝑦) = 1+𝑦 2

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

CHINTAN ARORA Page 25

 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 1+𝑦2

−1 𝑦 1 1 𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (∵ ∫
𝑥2+𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑥(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑦) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.
−1 𝑦
−1 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑦
⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = ∫(
1+𝑦 2
∙ 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

−1 𝑦 1
⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = ∫ ( 2 ∙ 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
1+𝑦

−1 𝑦
⟹ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE Solve the differential equation (2𝑥 3 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU JUNE. 2019)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite the given equation

(2𝑥 3 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4𝑦
⟹ = ⟹ − = 2𝑥 2 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

4
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 − ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−4
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑥 −4 = 𝑥 4

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 26

 1 1
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑥 4) = ∫ (2𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 4) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 1
⟹ 𝑥 4 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑥4 = − 𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 11 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 (GTU JAN. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥)
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 log(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) (∵ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
)

⟹ I.F. = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) = ∫(2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)

⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) = ∫(2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 1)

− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑎

⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)(−2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐) ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (GTU JAN. 2020)

SOLUTION Refer above example

𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER

CHINTAN ARORA Page 27

 𝑑𝑦 1
EXAMPLE 12 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 6𝑒1/𝑥

(GTU JUNE 2015, JAN. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑦 = 6𝑒1/𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑥2
and 𝑄(𝑥) = 6𝑒1/𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫𝑥2
−2 𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥

𝑥𝑛+1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −1/𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑛+1

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −1/𝑥 ) = ∫(6𝑒1/𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −1/𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −1/𝑥 ) = 6 ∫(𝑒 (1/𝑥)+(−1/𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 )

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −1/𝑥 ) = 6 ∫ 𝑒 0 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑒0 = 1)

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −1/𝑥 ) = 6 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥)

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −1/𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑒1/𝑥 ) (6𝑥 + 𝑐) ANSWER

EXAMPLE 13 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

(GTU DEC. 2011, MARCH 2010)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite given differential equation

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

CHINTAN ARORA Page 28

 So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
)

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+(−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 )

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑒 0 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑒0 = 1)

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥)

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) (𝑥 + 𝑐) ANSWER
3
𝑒 −2𝑥
EXAMPLE 14 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′ + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥2
where 𝑦(1) = 0
(GTU MARCH 2010)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite given differential equation

3
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −2𝑥
+ 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 2 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

3
𝑒 −2𝑥
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 and 𝑄(𝑥) =
𝑥2

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 6𝑥
𝑥3
6( ) 𝑥𝑛+1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 3 (∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑛+1

3
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2𝑥

CHINTAN ARORA Page 29

 Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.
3
3 𝑒 −2𝑥 3
⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = ∫ ( ∙ 𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥2

3 3 +2𝑥 3 1
⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = ∫ (𝑒 −2𝑥 ∙ ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 )
𝑥2

3 1
⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑒 0 ∙ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑒0 = 1)

3 1
⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = ∫ 1 ∙ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥)
𝑥

3 1 𝑥𝑛+1 1 1
⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = − 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ⟹ ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥)
𝑛+1

3 1
⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 ) (− 𝑥 + 𝑐) − − − (2)

Step: 4 Use the initial condition 𝑦(1) = 0 in(2).

𝑦(1) = 0 ⟹ If 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑦 = 0

From (2), we get

1
0 = (𝑒 −2 ) (− 1 + 𝑐) ⟹ 𝑐 − 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑐 = 1 − − − (3)

From (2) and (3), we get

3 1
𝑦 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 ) (− 𝑥 + 1) ANSWER

EXAMPLE 15 Solve the initial value problem 𝑦 ′ − (1 + 3𝑥 −1 )𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑦(1) = 𝑒 − 1

(GTU DEC. 2010)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite given differential equation

𝑑𝑦
− (1 + 3𝑥 −1 )𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

3
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − (1 + ) and 𝑄 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

CHINTAN ARORA Page 30

 3
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ −(1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑥−3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑦 )

−3
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 −3 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

𝑒 −𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑥3

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

Type equation here. constant.

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 ( 𝑥 3 ) = ∫ ((𝑥 + 2) ∙ 𝑥3
) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2
⟹ 𝑦 ( 𝑥 3 ) = ∫ ((𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3) ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒 −𝑥 1 2
⟹ 𝑦 ( 𝑥 3 ) = ∫ ((𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3) ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒 −𝑥 1 2
⟹ 𝑦 ( 𝑥 3 ) = ∫ 𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑑 1 2
⟹ 𝑦(
𝑥3
)=
𝑥2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2) ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
∵ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑢′ ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑒 −𝑥 1 2 2
⟹ 𝑦( )= − 𝑒 −𝑥 − ∫ (− (−𝑒 −𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3

𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑 2
(∵ (𝑥 𝑝 ) = 𝑝𝑥 𝑝−1 ⟹ ( 2) = (𝑥 −2 ) = −2𝑥 −3 = − 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 1 2 2
⟹ 𝑦 ( 𝑥 3 ) = − 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 ( 𝑥3 ) = − 𝑥2
+ 𝑐 − − − (2)
Step: 4 Use the initial condition 𝑦(1) = 𝑒 − 1 in(2).

𝑦(1) = 𝑒 − 1 ⟹ If 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑦 = 𝑒 − 1

From (2), we get

𝑒 −1 𝑒 −1 1 1
(𝑒 − 1) ( )=− + 𝑐 ⟹ (𝑒 − 1) 𝑒 = − 𝑒 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑐 = 1 − − − (3)
1 1

CHINTAN ARORA Page 31

 From (2) and (3), we get

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ( 𝑥3 ) = − 𝑥2
+ 1 ANSWER

1 1
EXAMPLE 16 Solve 𝑦 ′ + 3 𝑦 = 3 (1 − 2𝑥 )𝑥 4 (GTU DEC. 2010)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite given differential equation

𝑑𝑦 1 1
+ 𝑦 = (1 − 2𝑥)𝑥 4 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

1 1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 3 and 𝑄 (𝑥) = 3 (1 − 2𝑥)𝑥 4

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫3
𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 3 (∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥)

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.
𝑥 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑒 3 ) = ∫ (3 (1 − 2𝑥)𝑥 4 ∙ 𝑒 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑒 3 ) = 3
∫ ((𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 5 ) ∙ 𝑒 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑒 3 ) = [(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 5 ) (3𝑒 3 ) − (4𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 4 ) (9𝑒 3 ) + (12𝑥 2 −
3
𝑥 𝑥
40𝑥 3 ) (27𝑒 3 ) − (24𝑥 − 120𝑥 2 ) (81𝑒 3 ) +
𝑥 𝑥
(24 − 240𝑥) (243𝑒 3 ) − (0 − 240) (729𝑒 3 )] + 𝑐
∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥/𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥
( 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 5 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 3 )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑢′ ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑦 (𝑒 3 ) = [(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 5 ) (3𝑒 3 ) − (4𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 4 ) (9𝑒 3 ) + (12𝑥 2 −
3
𝑥 𝑥
40𝑥 3 ) (27𝑒 3 ) − (24𝑥 − 120𝑥 2 ) (81𝑒 3 ) +
𝑥 𝑥
(24 − 240𝑥 ) (243𝑒 3 ) + 240 (729𝑒 3 )] + 𝑐 ANSWER

CHINTAN ARORA Page 32

 𝑑𝐼
EXAMPLE 17 Solve the initial value problem 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑅𝐼 = 0, 𝐼 (0) = I0 where 𝑅, 𝐿 and I0 being
constants. (GTU DEC. 2010)

SOLUTION Step 1: Divide by 𝐿 on both sides of given differential equation

𝑑𝐼 𝑅
+ 𝐼 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝑑𝐼
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑃 (𝑡)𝐼 = 𝑄(𝑡).

𝑅
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑡) = 𝐿
and 𝑄 (𝑡) = 0

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑅
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 (∵ 𝑅 and 𝐿 are constants)

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝐼(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑡) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.
𝑅 𝑅
⟹ 𝐼(𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) = ∫ (0 ∙ 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

𝑅
⟹ 𝐼(𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) = 0 + 𝑐
𝑅
⟹ 𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) = 𝑐 − − − (2)

Step: 4 Use the condition 𝐼 (0) = I0 in (2)

𝐼 (0) = I0 ⟹ If 𝑡 = 0 then 𝐼 = I0

From (2), we get

I0 (𝑒 0 ) = 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑐 = I0 − − − (3) (∵ 𝑒 0 = 1)

From (2) and (3), we get

𝑅
𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) = I0 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 18 Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 (GTU DEC. 2009)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

CHINTAN ARORA Page 33

 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 1 and 𝑄 (𝑥) = 𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑥

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − (1)(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 0 + 𝑐

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′𝑣4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 19 Solve 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (GTU DEC. 2009)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥).

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = −1 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥

Step 2: Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ −1𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑥

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where c is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 34

 ⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑒 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑒 2𝑥+(−𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 0 (∵ 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑦 )

⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒𝑎𝑥
⟹ 𝑦(𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑎
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 ) ANSWER

TRY YOURSELF

Solve the following linear differential equations:

𝑑𝑦 2 2
1. + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ANSWER 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑐 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 ANSWER 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )2 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
3. + = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ANSWER 𝑦𝑡 2 = (2 − 𝑡 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
4. (𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 =𝑦 ANSWER 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑦
𝑑𝑦
5. + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ANSWER 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐 ) = 1
𝑑𝑥
6. (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 ANSWER 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 − 1 +
−1𝑦
𝑐𝑒 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑦
7. (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 )𝑛+1 ANSWER 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 )𝑛 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 )

BERNOULLI’S (NON-LINEAR) DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
The differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 OR 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑓 (𝑦) = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑓 (𝑦) is
called a Bernoulli’s Non-linear differential equation.

Note that in this equation 𝑦 is dependent variable and 𝑥 is independent variable. In other words, 𝑦 is
a function of 𝑥.

Also 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are functions of single variable only 𝑥 or 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) may be constant
functions. Also f is a function of variable 𝑦.
𝑑𝑦
Note that coefficient of 𝑑𝑥 must be 1.

Another form of Linear differential equation is

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)𝑥 𝑛 OR + 𝑃 (𝑦)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑦)𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Note that in this equation 𝑥 is dependent variable and 𝑦 is independent variable. In other words, 𝑥 is
a function of 𝑦.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 35

Also 𝑃(𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑦) are functions of single variable only 𝑦 or 𝑃(𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑦) may be constant
functions. Also f is a function of variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Note that coefficient of must be 1.
𝑑𝑦

PROCEDURE OF SOLVING BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Consider the given differential equation is of the form

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥

Step: 1 Divide by 𝑦 𝑛 on both sides of equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄(𝑥) − − − (2)

Step: 2 From (2), consider Coefficient of 𝑃(𝑥) is 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑣 − − − (3) and differentiate both sides
with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 1−𝑛 𝑑𝑥 − − − (4)

From (2), (3) and (4) we get

1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+ 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥) ⟹ + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄(𝑥) − − − (5)
1 − 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Equation (5) is linear differential equation in variables 𝑣 and 𝑥.

Step: 3 From (5), identify 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥)

Step: 4 Find integrating factor I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Step: 5 Solution of given differential equation is 𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating) constant and 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑣.

𝑑𝑥
If the given differential equation is of the form 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)𝑥 𝑛 − − − (1)

Step: 1 Divide by 𝑥 𝑛 on both sides of equation (1), we get

𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑛 + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥1−𝑛 = 𝑄 (𝑦) − − − (2)
𝑑𝑦

Step: 2 From (2), consider Coefficient of 𝑃(𝑥) is 𝑥1−𝑛 = 𝑣 − − − (3) and differentiate both sides
with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= (1 − 𝑛)𝑥 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = 1−𝑛 𝑑𝑦 − − − (4)

From (2), (3) and (4) we get

CHINTAN ARORA Page 36

 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+ 𝑃 (𝑦)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑦) ⟹ + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃(𝑦)𝑣 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄(𝑦) − − − (5)
1 − 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Equation (5) is linear differential equation in variables 𝑣 and 𝑦.

Step: 3 From (5), identify 𝑃(𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑦)

Step: 4 Find integrating factor I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

Step: 5 Solution of given differential equation is 𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑦) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating) constant and 𝑥1−𝑛 = 𝑣.

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
EXAMPLE 1 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑦 2

SOLUTION Step 1: Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, Divide by 𝑦 2 (means multiply by 𝑦 −2 ) on both sides of the

differential equation (1) , we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 −1
𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥
= 1 − − − (1)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑦 −1 − − − (2) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
= −𝑦 −2 ⟹ 𝑦 −2 =− − − − (3) (∵ (𝑦 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

From (1), (2) and (3)

𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
− 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 = −1 − − − (4)

Equation (4) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (5) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)

1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = −1

Step: 4 Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
)𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫(−𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 − ∫(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑎 )

CHINTAN ARORA Page 37

 1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step:5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1 1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = ∫ (−1 ∙ 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = − ∫ (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

1 1
⟹ 𝑣 ( ) = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥

1
⟹ 𝑦 −1 ( ) = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑦 −1 )
𝑥

1
⟹ ( ) = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥𝑦

⟹ 𝑥𝑦(−𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐) = 1 ANSWER
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
EXAMPLE Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − √𝑦 = 0

(GTU JUNE. 2019)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite the given equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 = √𝑦

Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, Divide by √𝑦 (means multiply by 𝑦 −1/2 ) on both sides of the

differential equation (1) , we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1/2
𝑦 −1/ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥
= 1 − − − (1)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑦1/2 − − − (2) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
= 𝑦 −1/2 ⟹ 𝑦 −1/2 =2 − − − (3) (∵ (𝑦 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

From (1), (2) and (3)

𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 1
2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 2 − − − (4)

Equation (4) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 38

 𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (5) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)

1 1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = and 𝑄 (𝑥) =
2𝑥 2

Step: 4 Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2 ∫(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

1/2
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑎 )

⟹ I.F. = 𝑥1/2 = √𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step:5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.
1
⟹ 𝑣(√𝑥) = ∫ (√𝑥 ∙ 2) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣(√𝑥) = 2 ∫(√𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 2 𝑥𝑛+1
⟹ 𝑣(√𝑥) = ∙ 𝑥 3/2 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = )
2 3 𝑛+1

1
⟹ 𝑦1/2 (√𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3/2 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑦1/2 )

1 3/2
⟹ √𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ANSWER
3

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 2 Solve the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥

SOLUTION Step 1: Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, Divide by 𝑦 2 (means multiply by 𝑦 −2 ) on both sides of the given

differential equation, we get
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − − − (1)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑦 −1 − − − (2) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 − − − (3) (∵
𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 )

CHINTAN ARORA Page 39

 From (1), (2) and (3)
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 = − 𝑥
− − − (4)

Equation (4) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (4) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)

1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = − 𝑥

Step: 4 Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 − ∫(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step:5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 1
⟹ 𝑣 ( ) = ∫ (− ∙ ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 − − − (5)
𝑥2

Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑡 − − − (6) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥, we get

1 𝑑𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑡

Also 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 − − − (7) (∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 )

From (5), (6) and (7), we get

1 𝑡
⟹ 𝑣( ) = −∫( ) 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑒 2𝑡

1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = − ∫ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

CHINTAN ARORA Page 40

 1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = −[𝑡 (−𝑒 −𝑡 ) − (1)(𝑒 −𝑡 ) + 0] + 𝑐

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑡 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′𝑣4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
1
⟹ 𝑦 −1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑦 −1 )

1
⟹ 𝑦−1 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑒−𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

1 −1 −1
⟹ 𝑦−1 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑎 )
𝑥

1
⟹ 𝑦−1 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−1 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥

1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 1
⟹( )= + + 𝑐 ANSWER
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 − 1+𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦

SOLUTION Step 1: Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, Divide by 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 (means multiply by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦) on both sides of the given
differential equation, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 1+𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 − − − (1)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − − − (2) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − − − (3) (∵
𝑑𝑦
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)

From (1), (2) and (3)

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
− = (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 − − − (4)
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥

Equation (4) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (4) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)

1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − 1+𝑥 and 𝑄 (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥

Step: 4 Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

CHINTAN ARORA Page 41

 1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫(−1+𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 − ∫(1+𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑥) (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1+𝑥) (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F. = (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1+𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step:5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1 1
⟹ 𝑣 (1+𝑥 ) = ∫ ((1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 1+𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣 (1+𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣( ) = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 )
1+𝑥

1
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 (1+𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)

⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)(𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐) ANSWER

𝑑𝑦 𝑦3
EXAMPLE 4 Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑦 2
(GTU JAN. 2020)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite the given equation in other form

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦3
⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦3
+ 𝑦3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦3
+ 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑦3
− − − (1)

Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, Divide by 𝑒 2𝑥 (means multiply by 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) on both sides of the

differential equation (1) , we get

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 1
𝑒 −2𝑥 − = − − − (2)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦3

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 − − − (3) and differentiate with respect to 𝑦 both sides

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 2 𝑑𝑦 − − − (4) (∵ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) = −𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )

From (2), (3) and (4)

1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 2
− 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑦3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦
= − 𝑦3 − − − (5)

CHINTAN ARORA Page 42

 Equation (5) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑦.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (5) with 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑦)

2 2
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑦) = 𝑦
and 𝑄(𝑦) = − 𝑦3

Step: 4 Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
2
∫(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒
1
2 ∫( )𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑦

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)
𝑦

2
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦𝑎 )

⟹ I.F. = 𝑦 2 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦))

Step:5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

2
⟹ 𝑣(𝑦 2 ) = ∫ (− 𝑦3 ∙ 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣(𝑦 2 ) = −2 ∫ (𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣(𝑦 2 ) = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)
𝑦

⟹ 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑦 2 ) = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 )

⟹ 𝑦2 = 𝑒2𝑥 (−2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐) ANSWER

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑦
EXAMPLE 5 Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (GTU JUNE. 2015, MAY 2011)

𝑑𝑦 1 1
OR Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

(GTU JUNE. 2019)

SOLUTION Step 1: Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, Divide by 𝑒 𝑦 (means multiply by 𝑒 −𝑦 ) on both sides of the given

differential equation, we get

CHINTAN ARORA Page 43

 𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − − − (1)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑦 − − − (2) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 − − − (3) (∵
𝑑𝑦
(𝑒 −𝑦 ) = −𝑒 −𝑦 )

From (1), (2) and (3)

𝑑𝑣 1 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 1
− 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 − − − (4)

Equation (4) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (4) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)

1 1
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − 𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = − 𝑥2

Step: 4 Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 − ∫(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step:5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1 1 1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = ∫ (− 𝑥2
∙ 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = ∫ (− 𝑥3
) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = ∫(− 𝑥 −3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 𝑥 −3+1 𝑥𝑛+1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 ) = − + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = )
−3+1 𝑛+1

1 𝑥 −2
⟹ 𝑒 −𝑦 (𝑥 ) = − −2
+ 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑦 )

CHINTAN ARORA Page 44

 1
⟹ 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑥 (2𝑥 2 + 𝑐) ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 6 Solve the differential equation + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 (GTU JAN. 2015)
𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION Step 1: Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, Divide by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 on both sides of the given differential equation,
we get
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 +𝑥 = 𝑥3 (∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
= 𝑥3

𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − − − (1)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 − − − (2) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − − − (3) (∵
𝑑𝑦
(tan 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦)

From (1), (2) and (3)

𝑑𝑣
+ 2𝑥𝑣 = 𝑥 3 − − − (4)
𝑑𝑥

Equation (4) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (4) with + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 and 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

Step: 4 Find Integrating factor.

I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
2( ) 𝑥𝑛+1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2 (∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑛+1

2
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑥

Step:5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 45

 2 2
⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 𝑥 ) = ∫(𝑥 3 ∙ 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 − − − (5)

Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 − − − (6) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 on both sides

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − − − (7)

From (5), (6) and (7)

𝑑𝑡
𝑣(𝑒 𝑡 ) = ∫(𝑥 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 𝑡 ) 2𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 𝑡 ) = 2
∫(𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 𝑡 ) = (𝑡 (𝑒 𝑡 ) − (1)(𝑒 𝑡 ) + 0) + 𝑐
2

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑡 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′𝑣4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
2 1 2 2
⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2
(𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 )

2 1 2
⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2
(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦) ANSWER

𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE Solve 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (GTU JAN. 2020)
𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION Refer above example

2 /2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 + 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 ANSWER
𝑑𝑦
EXAMPLE 7 Solve the differential equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 6 (GTU DEC. 2013)
𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION Step 1: Divide by 𝑥 on both sides of given differential equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 3𝑦6
𝑑𝑥
+𝑥 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 6 − − − (1)

𝑑𝑦
Equation (1) is of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 which is Bernoulli’s
differential equation.

Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, divide by 𝑦 6 (means multiply by 𝑦 −6 ) on both sides of equation (1),

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 −5
we get 𝑦 −6 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑥 2 − − − (2)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑦 −5 − − − (3) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides, we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑣
= −5𝑦 −6 ⟹ 𝑦 −6 =− − − − (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥

From (2), (3) and (4)

CHINTAN ARORA Page 46

 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 5 𝑑𝑣 5
− 5 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑣 = 5𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑣 = −5𝑥 2 − − − (5)

Equation (5) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (5) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)

5
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = − and 𝑄(𝑥) = −5𝑥 2
𝑥

Find Integrating factor.

Step: 4 I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

5
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −5𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−5
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑥 −5 = 𝑥 5 (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1 1
⟹ 𝑣(𝑥 5) = ∫ (−5𝑥 2 ∙ 𝑥 5) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 5 ) = −5 ∫ (𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 5 ) = −5 ∫(𝑥 −3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 𝑥 −2 𝑥𝑛+1
⟹ 𝑣 (𝑥 5 ) = −5 ( −2 ) + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = )
𝑛+1

1 5
⟹ 𝑦 −5 (𝑥 5 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑦 −5 )

5
⟹ 𝑥 5 𝑦 5 (2𝑥 2 + 𝑐) = 1 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 8 Solve the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

(GTU JAN. 2015, JAN. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite the given differential equation in other form, we get

𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦

CHINTAN ARORA Page 47

 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3+𝑥𝑦2 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3+𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
⟹ = ⟹ = + ⟹ = +
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⟹ 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥 −1 − − − (1)

Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, divide by 𝑥 −1 (means multiply by 𝑥) on both sides of equation (1),

𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
we get 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦
= 𝑦 − − − (2)

Step: 2 Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 − − − (3) and differentiate with respect to 𝑦 both sides, we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 1
= 2𝑥 ⟹ = ∙ − − − (4)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥

From (2), (3) and (4)

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ∙ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 ⟹ 2 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦
= 2𝑦 − − − (5)

Equation (5) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑦.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (5) with + 𝑃(𝑦)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦

2
So, we get 𝑃 (𝑦) = − and 𝑄(𝑦) = 2𝑦
𝑦

Find Integrating factor.

Step: 4 I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

2
∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒
1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−2
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F. = 𝑦 −2 = (∵ 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))
𝑦2

Step: 5 Solution of differential equation is given by

𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑦) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

1 1
⟹ 𝑣(𝑦2 ) = ∫ (2𝑦 ∙ 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

CHINTAN ARORA Page 48

 𝑣 1
⟹ 𝑦2 = 2 ∫ ( 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

𝑣 1
⟹ = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑦2 𝑥

⟹ 𝑣 = (𝑦 2 )(2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐)

⟹ 𝑥 2 = (𝑦 2 )(2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 + 𝑐) (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 ) ANSWER
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
EXAMPLE 9 Solve
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦=−
𝑦
(GTU MAY. 2011)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+𝑦 = − OR + 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦 −1 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Equation (1) is of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑓 (𝑦) = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑓(𝑦) which is Bernoulli’s
differential equation.

Convert given Bernoulli’s equation into linear differential equation.

For this, divide by 𝑦 −1 (means multiply by 𝑦) on both sides of equation (1),

𝑑𝑦
we get 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = −𝑥 − − − (2)

Step 2: Let 𝑣 = 𝑦 2 − − − (3) and differentiate with respect to 𝑥 both sides, we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑥 − − − (4)

From (2), (3) and (4)

1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
2 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑣 = −𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑣 = −2𝑥 − − − (5)

Equation (5) is Linear differential equation in dependent variable 𝑣 and

independent variable 𝑥.
𝑑𝑣
Step: 3 Now compare this differential equation (5) with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 (𝑥)𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑥)

So, we get 𝑃 (𝑥) = 2 and 𝑄(𝑥) = −2𝑥

Find Integrating factor.

Step: 4 I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

⟹ I.F. = 𝑒 2𝑥 (∵ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥)

Step: 5 Solution of differential equation is given by

CHINTAN ARORA Page 49

 𝑣(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝑄(𝑥) ∙ 𝐼. 𝐹. ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = ∫(−2𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = −2 ∫(𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = −2 [𝑥 ( 2
) − (1) (
4
) + 0] + 𝑐

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′𝑣4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
⟹ 𝑣(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = −2 [ − ] + 𝑐
2 4

𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 ) = −2 [ 2
− 4
] + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑣 = 𝑦 2 )

𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 [−2 ( − ) + 𝑐] ANSWER
2 4

TRY YOURSELF

Solve the following Bernoulli’s differential equations:

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1. + 𝑥 = 𝑦3 ANSWER 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
2. + 1−𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 1/2 ANSWER 𝑦 1/2 = 3 (𝑥 2 − 1) +
𝑑𝑥
𝑐(1 − 𝑥 2 )1/4
𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑦𝑒 𝑡 ANSWER 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 2 2
4. 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 3 𝑒 −𝑥 ANSWER 𝑒 𝑥 = (2𝑥 − 𝑐 )𝑦 2

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation which is obtained from its solution directly by simple differentiation process
is called exact differential equation.

THEOREM

The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 to
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
be exact is 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥
(Only Statement, GTU JAN. 2013)

Consider given differential equation is 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 OR 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0.

Here 𝑀 and 𝑁 both are functions of two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.

PROCEDURE OF SOLVING EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Step: 1 Consider the given differential equation is 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

CHINTAN ARORA Page 50

 Identify 𝑀 and 𝑁.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Step: 2 Find and . If = then given differential equation is exact differential equation.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀
Here 𝜕𝑦
indicates partial derivative of 𝑀 with respect to 𝑦 keeping 𝑥 as constant.

𝜕𝑁
Here 𝜕𝑥
indicates partial derivative of 𝑁 with respect to 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 as constant.

Step: 3 Solution of given exact differential equation is ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 +

∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

Here ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 indicates integrate 𝑀 with respect to 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 as constant.

EXAMPLE 1 Solve (5𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (7𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(5𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (7𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 2 and 𝑁 = 7𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 4

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (5𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 2 ) = 0 + 7 + 0 = 7 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (7𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 4 ) = 7 + 0 − 0 = 7 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 is

arbitrary constant.

⟹ ∫(5𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(8𝑦 − 4) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

(∵ only two terms of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑛+1
⟹5 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 8 − 4𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = )
2 2 𝑛+1

5
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 𝐶 ANSWER
2

1
EXAMPLE 2 Solve (𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + [(1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = 0

CHINTAN ARORA Page 51

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

1
(𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + [(1 + ) 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑥

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

1
So, we get 𝑀 = (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 and 𝑁 = 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 1 1
Step 2: = ((1 + ) 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ) = 1 + − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − − − (2) and
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕 1
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 ) = 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 is

arbitrary constant.
1
⟹ ∫ [(1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

(∵ All terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)

1
⟹ (𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 0 = 𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 )
𝑥

⟹ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝐶 ANSWER

𝑥 𝑑𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑥
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the first order differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −
𝑥 2+𝑦 2
=0

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite the given differential equation in other form

𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2+𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦 𝑥
⟹ (𝑥 + 𝑥 2+𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑥 2+𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦 𝑥
So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2+𝑦2 and 𝑁 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2+𝑦2

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝑦 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )(1)−𝑦(2𝑦) 𝑥 2+𝑦 2−2𝑦 2 𝑥 2−𝑦 2

Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑥 2+𝑦2 ) = 0 + (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )2
= (𝑥 2+𝑦 2)2
= (𝑥 2+𝑦2)2 − −(2)
and

CHINTAN ARORA Page 52

 𝜕𝑁 𝜕 𝑥 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )(1)−𝑥(2𝑥) −𝑥 2−𝑦 2 +2𝑥 2 𝑥 2−𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑥 2+𝑦2 ) = 0 − (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )2
= (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )2
= (𝑥 2+𝑦2 )2 − −(3)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(∵ 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑣2
)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 is

arbitrary constant.
𝑦
⟹ ∫ [𝑥 + ] 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 2+𝑦 2

(∵ only one term of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑥
⟹( + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ) + =𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
2 𝑦 2 𝑛+1 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑎

𝑥
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 4 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 and 𝑁 = −(1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: = (𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − − − (2) and
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (−(1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) ) = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − −(3)
(∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 is

arbitrary constant.

⟹ ∫ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−(1 + 𝑦 2 )) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

CHINTAN ARORA Page 53

 (∵ only two terms of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑦3 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥

⟹ 𝑦( )−𝑦− =𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − )
2 3 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑎

⟹ 3𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑦 3 = −6𝐶 ANSWER

𝑥
EXAMPLE 5 Solve (1 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU JUNE. 2015)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑥
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑦

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥
So, we get 𝑀 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 and 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1 − 𝑦)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝑥 𝑥
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ) = (0 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ∙ (− y2 ) ) = −𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ∙ (𝑦2 ) − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
= (𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1 − ) ) = [𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (0 − ) + (1 − ) 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ∙ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝜕𝑁 1 1 𝑥 𝑥
⟹ 𝜕𝑥
= −𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ∙ (𝑦2 ) = −𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ∙ (𝑦2 ) − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫(1 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ all terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)

𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
⟹𝑥+ +0= 𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = )
1/𝑦 𝑎

⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 = 𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 6 Solve (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU JAN. 2015)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3

CHINTAN ARORA Page 54

 𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) = 0 + 6𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) = 6𝑥𝑦 + 0 = 6𝑥𝑦 − − − (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ only term 𝑦 3 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

⟹ ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑦4
⟹ 4
+ 3𝑦 2 2
+ 4
=𝐶

𝑥4 3 𝑦4
⟹ 4
+ 2 𝑥2 𝑦 2 + 4
=𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 7 Test for exactness and solve: [(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 0

(GTU MAY. 2012, JUNE. 2014, JUNE 2019)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

[(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 and 𝑁 = −𝑥𝑒 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 ((𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 ) = (0 − 𝑒 𝑦 ) = −𝑒 𝑦 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (−𝑥𝑒 𝑦 ) = −𝑒 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 ) = −𝑒 𝑦 (1) = −𝑒 𝑦 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫((𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ all terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)

⟹ ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 0 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶

CHINTAN ARORA Page 55

 ⟹ [(𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − (1 + 0)(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 0] − 𝑒 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝐶

∵ 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
( )
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′𝑣2 + 𝑢′′𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′𝑣4 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

⟹ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝐶 − − − (4)

Step: 4 Use the condition 𝑦(1) = 0 in (4), we get value of 𝐶

𝑦(1) = 0 ⟹ If 𝑥 = 1 then 𝑦 = 0

From (4),

(1 + 1)(𝑒1 ) − 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0 (1) = 𝐶 ⟹ 2𝑒 − 𝑒 − 1 = 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = (𝑒 − 1) − −(5)

From (4) and (5), we get (𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑒 − 1 ANSWER

𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦+𝑦
EXAMPLE 8 Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦+𝑥 = 0 (GTU JUNE. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite given differential equation in other form

(𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦 and 𝑁 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 1 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 1 − − − (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫(𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ all terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)

⟹ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 + 0 = 𝐶

(∵ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)

⟹ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 = 𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 9 Find the solution of differential equation 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = −1

(GTU MARCH. 2010, JUNE 2015, JAN 2020)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

CHINTAN ARORA Page 56

 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑁 = 2𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (2𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = (0 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Solution of differential equation is given by

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑁 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫ 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ only term 2𝑦 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

⟹ 𝑦 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦2 𝑦 𝑛+1
⟹ 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 2 2
=𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑛+1
)

⟹ 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 − − − (4)

Step: 4 Use the condition 𝑦(0) = −1 in (4), we get value of 𝐶

𝑦(0) = −1 ⟹ If 𝑥 = 0 then 𝑦 = −1

From (4),

(−1)𝑒 0 + (−1)2 = 𝐶 ⟹ (−1) + 1 = 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 0 − −(5)

From (4) and (5), we get 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0 ANSWER

TRY YOURSELF

Solve the following Exact differential equations:

1. (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥3
ANSWER − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 +
3
𝑦3
=𝑐
3
2. (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ANSWER (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐
3. (𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 ANSWER 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑐
4. (𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0 ANSWER 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
−2𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑐

CHINTAN ARORA Page 57

NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Consider given differential equation is 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 OR 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0.

Here 𝑀 and 𝑁 both are functions of two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
For given differential equation, if 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥
then it is called non-exact differential equation.

If the differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not exact then it can be converted into
exact differential equation by multiplying integrating factor.

PROCEDURE OF SOLVING NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Step: 1 Consider the given differential equation is 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

Identify 𝑀 and 𝑁.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Step: 2 Find 𝜕𝑦
and 𝜕𝑥
. If 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥
then given differential equation is non-exact differential
equation.

Step: 3 Convert the non-exact differential equation into exact differential equation by using
following rules:

RULE: 1 If 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogenous differential equation then integrating factor is

1
I.F. = 𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦

RULE: 2 If 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is of the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 then integrating

1
factor is I.F. = 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
RULE: 3 If 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) is constant or function of only 𝑥 (say 𝑔(𝑥)) then integrating factor is
I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
RULE: 4 If ( − ) is constant or function of only 𝑦 (say 𝑔(𝑦)) then integrating factor is
𝑀 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

Step: 4 Find 𝑃 and 𝑄 where 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) and 𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. )

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 Solution of exact differential equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 is

∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 where 𝑐 is arbitrary (integrating)

constant.

EXAMPLES ON RULE 1

EXAMPLE 1 Solve the differential equation (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0

CHINTAN ARORA Page 58

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 and 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 3

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: = (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 ) = 0 − 4𝑦 3 = −4𝑦 3 − − − (2) and
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= (𝑥𝑦 3 ) = 𝑦 3 − − − (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

Here equation (1) is homogeneous as degree of each term is equal.

1
Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦

1 1 1
I.F.= (𝑥 4 −𝑦 4 )𝑥+(𝑥𝑦 3 )𝑦
= =
𝑥 5−𝑥𝑦 4+𝑥𝑦 4 𝑥5

1 1 𝑦4
Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 ) = −
𝑥5 𝑥 𝑥5

1 𝑦3
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥𝑦 3 ) =
𝑥5 𝑥4

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 𝑦4
⟹ ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ All terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥5

𝑥 −4 𝑥 𝑛+1 1
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 4 ( −4 ) + 0 = 𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)

𝑦4
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 4𝑥 4 = 𝐶

⟹ 4𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 = 4𝐶𝑥 4 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 2 Solve the differential equation (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦

SOLUTION Step 1: Rewrite the given differential equation in other form

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

CHINTAN ARORA Page 59

 So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = −2𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑦 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (−2𝑥𝑦) = −2𝑦 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

Here equation (1) is homogeneous as degree of each term is equal.

1
Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦

1 1 1 1
I.F.= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑥+(−2𝑥𝑦)𝑦
= 𝑥 3+𝑥𝑦2−2𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑥 3−𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑥(𝑥 2−𝑦2 )

1 1 1 1
Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥(𝑥 2−𝑦2) = − 𝑥 + 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥+𝑦

1 2𝑦
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (−2𝑥𝑦) 𝑥(𝑥 2−𝑦2) = − 𝑥 2−𝑦2

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 1 1
⟹ ∫ (− 𝑥 + 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥+𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ All terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)

⟹ −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝐶

𝑥 𝑛+1 1
(∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑛+1

⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [(𝑥 − 𝑦) ∙ (𝑥 + 𝑦)] − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐶 (∵ log 𝑎 + log 𝑏 = log 𝑎𝑏)

𝑥 2−𝑦 2 𝑎
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑥
)=𝐶 (∵ log 𝑎 − log 𝑏 = log )
𝑏

⟹ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑒 𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 3 Solve (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU JAN. 2015)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = −(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − − − (2) and

CHINTAN ARORA Page 60

 𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (−(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)) = −(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦) = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

Here equation (1) is homogeneous as degree of each term is equal.

1
Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦

1 1
I.F.= (𝑥 2 𝑦−2𝑥𝑦 2)𝑥+(−(𝑥 3−3𝑥 2𝑦))𝑦
= (𝑥 3𝑦−2𝑥 2𝑦2)+(−(𝑥 3𝑦−3𝑥 2𝑦2))

1 1 1
⟹ I.F.= = =
𝑥 3𝑦−2𝑥 2𝑦 2 −𝑥 3𝑦+3𝑥 2𝑦 2 −2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 +3𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑥 2𝑦2

1 1 2
Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) = −
𝑥 2𝑦2 𝑦 𝑥

1 𝑥 3
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = −(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑥 2𝑦2 = − 𝑦2 + 𝑦

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 2 3 3
⟹ ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ only term of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 1 𝑥 1
⟹ 𝑦 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 3𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥

⟹ 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑦 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 4 Solve (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU DEC. 2013)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 and 𝑁 = −(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 ) = 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (−(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)) = −(2𝑥 − 3𝑦) − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 61

 Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

Here equation (1) is homogeneous as degree of each term is equal.

1
Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦

1 1
I.F.= (𝑥𝑦−2𝑦 2 )𝑥+(−(𝑥 2−3𝑥𝑦))𝑦
= (𝑥 2
𝑦−2𝑥𝑦 2 )+(−(𝑥 2𝑦−3𝑥𝑦 2 ))

1 1 1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑥 2𝑦−2𝑥𝑦2 −𝑥 2𝑦+3𝑥𝑦2 = −2𝑥𝑦2 +3𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑦2

1 1 2
Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 ) = −
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑥

1 𝑥 3
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = −(−(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)) =− +
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑦2 𝑦

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 2 3 3
⟹ ∫ (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ only term 𝑦 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

𝑥 1 𝑥 1
⟹ − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 3𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑦 ANSWER

EXAMPLES ON RULE 2

EXAMPLE 1 Solve (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 and 𝑁 = (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑥

Step: 2 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

Here it is not necessary to check the condition for exactness because given
equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

1
I.F.= 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.= (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑦𝑥−(𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑥𝑦

CHINTAN ARORA Page 62

 1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑥 2𝑦2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦+𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2𝑦2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦+𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.=
2𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦

1 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 1
Step: 3 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 ∙ 2𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 = 2
+ 2𝑥

1 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 1
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦)𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 = 2
− 2𝑦

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 4 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 1 1
⟹ ∫( 2
+ 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (− 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1
(∵ only term − 2𝑦 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

1 1 1 1
⟹ ∫ (𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
2 𝑥 2 𝑦

1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥𝑦) 1
⟹ 2 (𝑦 𝑦
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥) 1

(∵ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)
𝑎

⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 2𝐶

∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎𝑏

𝑥∙𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥𝑦)
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 2𝐶 ( 𝑎𝑛𝑑 )
𝑦 𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏

𝑥∙𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥𝑦)
⟹ = 𝑒 2𝐶 ANSWER
𝑦

EXAMPLE 2 Solve (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 and 𝑁 = (1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥

Step: 2 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

Here it is not necessary to check the condition for exactness because given
equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

CHINTAN ARORA Page 63

 1
I.F.= 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.= (1+𝑥𝑦)𝑦𝑥−(1+𝑥𝑦+𝑥 2
𝑦 2 )𝑥𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑥𝑦+𝑥 2𝑦2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2𝑦2−𝑥 3𝑦3

1
⟹ I.F.= − 𝑥 3𝑦3

1 1 1
Step: 3 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 ∙ (− 𝑥 3𝑦3 ) = − 𝑥 3𝑦2 − 𝑥 2𝑦

1 1 1 1
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 ∙ (− 𝑥 3𝑦3 ) = − 𝑥 2𝑦3 − 𝑥𝑦2 − 𝑦

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 4 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 1 1
⟹ ∫ (− 𝑥 3𝑦2 − 𝑥 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (− 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1
(∵ only term − 𝑦 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

1 1 1 1 1
⟹ − 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 𝑥 −2 1 𝑥 −1
⟹ − 𝑦2 ( −2 ) − 𝑦 ( −1 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥𝑛+1 1
(∵ ∫ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 )
𝑛+1

1 1 1 1
⟹ ( ) + ( ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑦 2 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥

1 1
⟹ 2𝑥 2𝑦 2
+ 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 3 Solve (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

(GTU MAY. 2012, JAN. 2015)

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2)𝑦 and 𝑁 = (2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 ((𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2)𝑦 ) = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 ) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 ((2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 ) = 𝜕𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 ) = 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − − − (3)

CHINTAN ARORA Page 64

 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

Given equation (1) is of the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑓 (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1
Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

1
I.F.= 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.= (𝑥 2
𝑦 2 +2)𝑦𝑥−(2−𝑥 2𝑦 2 )𝑥𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.=
𝑥 3𝑦 3 +2𝑥𝑦−2𝑥𝑦+𝑥 3𝑦 3

1
⟹ I.F.= 2𝑥 3𝑦3

1 1 1 1
Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2)𝑦 ∙ 2𝑥 3𝑦3 = (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦) ∙ 2𝑥 3𝑦3 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3𝑦2

1 1 1 1
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 3𝑦3 = (2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 ) ∙ 2𝑥 3𝑦3 = 𝑥 2𝑦3 − 2𝑦
Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 1 1
⟹ ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
2𝑥 𝑥 3𝑦2 2𝑦

1
(∵ only term − 2𝑦 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

1 1 1 1 1 1
⟹ 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 1 1 1 1
⟹ 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

1 1 𝑥 −2 1
⟹ 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑦2 ( −2 ) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑛+1 1
(∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)
𝑛+1

1 1 1
⟹ 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2𝑦2 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLES ON RULE 3

EXAMPLE 1 Solve (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

CHINTAN ARORA Page 65

 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 ) = 0 + 2𝑦 + 0 = 2𝑦 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑦 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 1 1
First we find ( − )= (2𝑦 − 𝑦) = (𝑦) =
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1
⟹ ( − )= = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥

Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
)𝑑𝑥
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 ∫(𝑥
1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

⟹ I.F.= 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥) ∙ 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2

𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥𝑦) ∙ 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 2

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

(∵ all terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)

𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑛+1
⟹ 4
+ 2
𝑦2 + 3
=𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛+1
)

⟹ 3𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 3 = 12𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 2 Solve (2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

CHINTAN ARORA Page 66

 (2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 2𝑦 and 𝑁 = 2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (2𝑦) = 2 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕 1
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦) = 2 (𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 ∙ 1) − 𝑦

= 2 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 𝑦−2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
First we find 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥−𝑥𝑦 (2 − 2 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥−𝑥𝑦

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑦−2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑦−2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 1
⟹ 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥(2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥−𝑦) = − 𝑥(𝑦−2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) = − 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)

Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 ∫(−𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 (∵ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

1 2𝑦
Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (2𝑦) ∙ =
𝑥 𝑥

1
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (2𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦) ∙ 𝑥 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

2𝑦
⟹ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥

(∵ only one term −𝑦 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

1
⟹ 2𝑦 ∫ (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

CHINTAN ARORA Page 67

 𝑦2 1
⟹ 2𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − =𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
2 𝑥

⟹ 4𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝐶 ANSWER
3
EXAMPLE 3 Solve (𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒1/𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

3
(𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒1/𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

3
So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒1/𝑥 and 𝑁 = −𝑥 2 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 3
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒1/𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑦 − 0 = 2𝑥𝑦 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (−𝑥 2 𝑦) = −2𝑥𝑦 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 1 4𝑥𝑦 4
First we find 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = −𝑥 2𝑦 (2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦) = − 𝑥 2𝑦 = − 𝑥

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 4
⟹ 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = − 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)

Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 ∫(−𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 −4𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑥

−4
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 (∵ 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑎 )

1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑥 −4 = 𝑥 4 (∵ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

3 1 𝑦2 3 1
Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑒1/𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑥 4 = 𝑥3
− 𝑒1/𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 4

1 𝑦
𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (−𝑥 2 𝑦) ∙ 𝑥 4 = − 𝑥 2

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

CHINTAN ARORA Page 68

 𝑦2 3 1
⟹ ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑒1/𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 4) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 (∵ all terms of 𝑁 containing 𝑥)

1 −3
⟹ ∫ (𝑦 2 𝑥 −3 + (𝑒 𝑥 ∙ −3𝑥 −4 )) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
3

𝑥 −2 1 −3
⟹ 𝑦 2 ( −2 ) + 3 𝑒 𝑥 +0=𝐶 (∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) )

𝑦2 1 3
⟹ − 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑒1/𝑥 = 𝐶 ANSWER
EXAMPLES ON RULE 4

EXAMPLE 1 Solve 𝑦(𝑦 3 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

SOLUTION Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑦(𝑦 3 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑦(𝑦 3 + 2) and 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦(𝑦 3 + 2)) = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦 4 + 2𝑦) = 4𝑦 3 + 2 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥) = 𝑦 3 + 0 − 4 = 𝑦 3 − 4 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,
1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1
First we find 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 ) = 𝑦(𝑦3 +2) (𝑦 3 − 4 − 4𝑦 3 − 2)

1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 −3(𝑦 3 +2) −3
⟹ ( − )= (−3𝑦 3 − 6) = = = 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑀 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦(𝑦 3 +2) 𝑦(𝑦 3 +2) 𝑦

Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
3
∫(−𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒
1
−3 ∫( )𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 −3𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)
𝑦

−3
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑎 )

⟹ I.F.= 𝑦 −3 (∵ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑦))

CHINTAN ARORA Page 69

 Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = 𝑦(𝑦 3 + 2) ∙ 𝑦 −3 = 𝑦 + 2𝑦 −2

𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑦 −3 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 −3

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫(𝑦 + 2𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

(∵ only term 2𝑦 of 𝑄 not containing 𝑥)

⟹ (𝑦 + 2𝑦 −2 ) ∫(1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑦2
⟹ (𝑦 + 2𝑦 −2 )𝑥 + 2 2
=𝐶
𝑥 𝑛+1
(∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥)
𝑛+1

⟹ (𝑦 + 2𝑦 −2 )𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 2 State the necessary and sufficient condition to be exact differential equation.

Using it, solve 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 (GTU JAN. 2013)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
SOLUTION Necessary and sufficient condition to be exact differential equation is 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥
for
the differential equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1: Given differential equation is

𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)

Now compare this differential equation (1) with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

So, we get 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 and 𝑁 = −(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )

𝜕𝑀 𝜕
Step 2: 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2 𝑦 ) = 𝑥 2 (1) = 𝑥 2 − − − (2) and

𝜕𝑁 𝜕
𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥 (−(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )) = −(3𝑥 2 + 0) = −3𝑥 2 − − − (3)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
From (2) and (3), we get 𝜕𝑦
≠ 𝜕𝑥

Hence, given differential equation (1) is Non-exact differential equation.

Step: 3 Convert given Non-exact equation into Exact differential equation. For this,

1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 1 4
First we find 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 ) = 𝑥 2𝑦 (−3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2𝑦 (−4𝑥 2 ) = − 𝑦

1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 4
⟹ 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 ) = − 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦)

Hence, Integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

CHINTAN ARORA Page 70

 I.F.= 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
4
∫(−𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒
1
−4 ∫( )𝑑𝑦
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 𝑦

1
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 −4𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)
𝑦

−4
⟹ I.F.= 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 (∵ 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑎 )

⟹ I.F.= 𝑦 −4 (∵ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑦))

Step: 4 𝑃 = 𝑀 ∙ (I. F. ) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 −4 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 −3 (∵ 𝑦 𝑚 ∙ 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑦 𝑚+𝑛 )

𝑄 = 𝑁 ∙ (I. F. ) = −(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) ∙ 𝑦 −4 = −𝑥 3 𝑦 −4 − 𝑦 3 𝑦 −4 = −𝑥 3 𝑦 −4 − 𝑦 −1

Now equation 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 becomes exact differential equation.

Step: 5 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑄 𝑑𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

⟹ ∫(𝑥 2 𝑦 −3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−𝑦 −1 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

(∵ only term −𝑦 −1 of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥)

⟹ 𝑦 −3 ∫(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−𝑦 −1 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑥3
⟹ 𝑦 −3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 𝐶
3
𝑥 𝑛+1 1
(∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦)
𝑛+1

⟹ 𝑥 3 𝑦 −3 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦 = 3𝐶 ANSWER

TRY YOURSELF

Solve the following Non-exact differential equations:

𝑦3
1. (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ANSWER 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 = 𝑐

2. (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 ANSWER 4𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 4 = 4𝑐𝑥 4

3. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0 ANSWER 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 4
= 12𝑐
𝑥2
4. (𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ANSWER 𝑒𝑥 + =𝑐
𝑦
5. 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 ANSWER (𝑥 − 𝑦 )𝑦 2 = 𝑐 ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 )
6. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 ANSWER 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 1 = 𝑐𝑥

CHINTAN ARORA Page 71

 7. (3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ANSWER 𝑥 2 (𝑎𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦) = 𝑐

NOTE: Sometimes we can convert the non-exact differential equation into exact differential
equation by selecting proper integrating factor by inspection. Select the proper integrating factor
and multiply it with given non-exact differential equation such that all terms of the resulting
equation can be integrable easily.

The list of exact differentials given below is useful for selecting a proper integrating factor.

1. 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑑 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑑 ( ) = 6. 𝑑 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) =
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑 ( ) = 7. 𝑑 ( 𝑦 ) =
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥𝑑𝑦+𝑦𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥𝑑𝑦+𝑦𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥𝑦) = 8. 𝑑 (− 𝑥𝑦) =
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2𝑦2

EXAMPLE 1 Solve 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − − − (1)

Divide by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 on both sides of equation (1), we get

𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ) = 𝑑𝑥 − − − (2)
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 𝑥

Step: 2 integrating on both sides of equation (2)

𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
=𝑥+𝑐 ANSWER

EXAMPLE 2 Solve (2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

SOLUTION Step: 1 Given differential equation is (2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − − − (1)

Rewrite equation (1) in other form,

2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (2)

Divide by 𝑦 2 on both sides of equation (2), we get

𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2
= 0 ⟹ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑 ( 𝑦 ) = 0 − − − (2)

Step: 2 integrating on both sides of equation (2)

𝑥2 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
2 2
+ 𝑦
= 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑥2 + 𝑦
=𝑐 ANSWER

TRY YOURSELF

CHINTAN ARORA Page 72

 1. Verify that 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2
2. Write the necessary and sufficient condition for the exactness of ODE. Also
discuss the cases in which the ODE becomes exact.
3. Show that 𝑒 𝑥 is an integrating factor of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
4. Explain the solution procedure of first order linear ODE.
5. Define exact ODE. Also define Integrating factor.

CHINTAN ARORA Page 73