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TITLE IBM CHARACTER DISPLAY IBM

.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H CHARACTER
.CODE DISPLAY
MAIN PROC
MOV AH, 2 ; display char function
MOV CX, 256 ; no. of chars to display
MOV DL, 0 ; DL has ASCII code of null char
PRINT_LOOP:
INT 21h ; display a char
Label
INC DL ; increment ASCII code
DEC CX ; decrement counter
JNZ PRINT_LOOP ; keep going if CX not 0
; DOS exit
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
MAIN ENDP
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END MAIN
4
5
 IBM Character Display
• IBM.ASM

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 Conditional Jumps
• Jxxx destination_label
• In IBM.ASM, the CPU executes JNZ
PRINT_LOOP by inspecting ZF.
• If ZF = 0, control transfers to PRINT_LOOP
• If ZF = 1, it goes on to execute MOV AH, 4CH
• Jump instructions themselves do not affect
the flags.

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 Range of a conditional jump
• destination_label must precede the jump
instruction by no more than 126 bytes, or
follow it by no more than 127 bytes.

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 jumps

Conditional Unconditional
jumps jumps

Signed Jumps

Unsigned
Jumps

Single Flag
Jumps

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 The CMP (compare) Instruction
• CMP destination, source
• CMP is just like SUB, except that destination is
not changed.
• CMP AX, BX ; AX = 7FFFh, BX = 0001h
JG BELOW ; AX – BX = 7FFEh
• The jump condition for JG is satisfied because
ZF = SF = OF = 0, so control transfers to label
BELOW.
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Interpreting the Conditional Jumps
• CMP AX, BX
JG BELOW
• If AX is greater than BX (in a signed sense), then
JG (jump if greater than) transfers to BELOW.
• DEC AX
JL THERE
• If the contents of AX, in a signed sense, is less
than 0, control transfers to THERE.

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Jumps Based on Specific Flags

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Jumps Based on Unsigned
Comparisons

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Jumps Based on Signed Comparisons

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 Signed Versus Unsigned Jumps
• CMP AX, BX ; AX = 7FFFh, BX = 8000h
JA BELOW
• 7FFFh > 8000h in a signed sense, the program
does not jump to BELOW.
• 7FFFh < 8000h in an unsigned sense, and we
are using the unsigned jump JA.

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Suppose AX and BX contain signed numbers.
Write some code to put the biggest one in CX.

MOV CX, AX ; put AX in CX

CMP BX, CX ; is BX bigger?
JLE NEXT ; no, go on
MOV CX, BX ; yes, put BX in CX
NEXT:

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 The JMP Instruction
• JMP destination
• JMP can be used to get around the range
restriction of a conditional jump.

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 Unconditional Jump
TOP:
; body of the loop
DEC CX ; decrement counter
JNZ TOP ; keep looping if CX > 0
MOV AX, BX
; the loop body contains so many instructions
that label TOP is out of range for JNZ
(more than 126 bytes before JMP TOP)
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 Unconditional Jump
TOP:
; body of the loop
DEC CX ; decrement counter
JNZ BOTTOM ; keep looping if CX > 0
JMP EXIT
BOTTOM:
JMP TOP
EXIT:
MOV AX, BX

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High level language constructs

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 IF-THEN
IF condition is true
THEN
execute true-branch statements
END_IF

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Replace the number in AX by its
absolute value.
IF AX < 0
THEN
replace AX by –AX
END_IF

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Replace the number in AX by its
absolute value.
; if AX < 0
CMP AX, 0 ; AX < 0 ?
JNL END_IF ; no, exit
; then
NEG AX ; yes, change sign
END IF:

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 IF-THEN-ELSE
IF condition is true
THEN
execute true-branch statements
ELSE
execute false-branch statements
END_IF

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Suppose AL and BL contain extended ASCII
characters. Display the one that comes first
in the character sequence.

IF AL <= BL
THEN
display the character in AL
ELSE
display the character in BL
END_IF

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Suppose AL and BL contain extended ASCII
characters. Display the one that comes first
in the character sequence.
MOV AH, 2 ; prepare to display
; if AL <= BL
CMP AL, BL ; AL <= BL?
JNBE ELSE_ ; no, display char in BL
; then ; AL <= BL
MOV DL, AL ; move char to be displayed
JMP DISPLAY ; go to display
ELSE_: ; BL < AL
ELSE is a
MOV DL, BL
reserved word
DISPLAY:
INT 21h ; display it
END_IF Needed to skip false
branch (not needed in
high level language)
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 CASE
CASE expression
value 1 : statements_1
value 2 : statements_2
.
.
.
value n : statements_n
END_CASE

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If AX contains a negative number, put –1 in
BX; if AX contains 0, put 0 in BX, if AX
contains a positive number , put 1 in BX.

CASE AX
<0 : put –1 in BX
=0 : put 0 in BX
>0 : put 1 in BX
END_CASE

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If AX contains a negative number, put –1 in
BX; if AX contains 0, put 0 in BX, if AX
contains a positive number , put 1 in BX.
; case AX
CMP AX, 0 ; test AX
JL NEGATIVE ; AX < 0
JE ZERO ; AX = 0
JG POSITIVE ; AX > 0 Only one cmp is
NEGATIVE: needed as jump
MOV BX, -1 ; put -1 in BX instructions don’t
JMP END_CASE ; and exit affect the flags
ZERO:
MOV BX, 0 ; put -0in BX
JMP END_CASE ; and exit
POSITIVE:
MOV BX, 1 ; put 1 in BX
END_CASE:

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If AL contains 1 or 3, display “o”;
If AL contains 2 or 4, display “e”.
CASE AL
1, 3 : display “o”
2, 4 : display “e”
END_CASE

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If AL contains 1 or 3, display “o”;
If AL contains 2 or 4, display “e”.
; case AL
; 1,3 :
CMP AL, 1 ; AL = 1?
JE ODD ; yes, display ‘o’
CMP AL ,3 ; AL = 3?
JE ODD ; yes, display ‘o’
; 2,4 :
CMP AL, 2 ; AL = 2?
JE EVEN ; yes, display ‘e’
CMP AL, 4 ; AL = 4?
JE EVEN ; yes, display ‘e’
JMP END_CASE ; not 1..4

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If AL contains 1 or 3, display “o”;
If AL contains 2 or 4, display “e”.
ODD: ; display ‘o’
MOV DL, ‘o’ ; get ‘o’
JMP DISPLAY ; go to display
EVEN: ; display ‘e’
MOV DL, ‘e’ ; get ‘e’
DISPLAY:
MOV AH, 2
INT 21H ; display char
END_CASE:

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Branches with Compound Conditions
• Some times the branching in an IF or CASE
takes from;
• condition_1 AND condition_2
or
condition_1 OR condition_2

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 AND Conditions
• condition_1 AND condition_2
• An AND condition is true if and only if
condition_1 and condition_2 are both true.
• If either condition is false, then the whole
thing is false.

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Read a character, and if it’s an
uppercase letter, display it.
Read a character (into AL)
IF (‘A’ <= character) and (character <= ‘Z’)
THEN
display character
END_IF

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Read a character, and if it’s an
uppercase letter, display it.
; read a character
MOV AH, 1 ; prepare to read
INT 21H ; char in AL
; if (‘A’ <= char) and (char >= ‘Z’)
CMP AL, ‘A’ ; char >= ‘A’?
JNGE END_IF ; no, exit
CMP AL, ‘Z’ ; char <= ‘Z’?
JNLE END_IF ; no, exit
; then display char
MOV DL, AL ; get char
MOV AH, 2 ; prepare to display
INT 21H ; display char
END_IF:

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 OR Conditions
• condition_1 OR condition_2
• condition_1 OR condition_2 is true if at least
one of the conditions is true.
• It is only false when both conditions are false.

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Read a character, and if it is “y” or “Y”, display
it; otherwise, terminate the program.
Read a character (into AL)
IF (character = ‘y’) or (character = ‘Y’)
THEN
display it
ELSE
terminate the program
END_IF

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Read a character, and if it is “y” or “Y”, display
it; otherwise, terminate the program.
; read a character
MOV AH, 1 ; prepare to read
INT 21H ; char in AL
; if (character = ‘y’) or (character = ‘Y’)
CMP AL, ‘y’ ; char = ‘y’?
JE THEN ; yes, go to display it
CMP AL, ‘Y’ ; char = ‘Y’?
JE THEN ; yes, go to display it
JMP ELSE_ ; no, terminate

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Read a character, and if it is “y” or “Y”, display
it; otherwise, terminate the program.
THEN:
MOV AH, 2 ; prepare to display
MOV DL, AL ; get char
INT 21H ; display it
JMP END_IF ; end exit
ELSE_:
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H ; DOS exit
END_IF:

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 Looping Structures
• A loop is a sequence of instructions that is
repeated .
• The number of times to repeat may be known
in advance
or
• Depend on some condition

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 FOR LOOP
Loop statements are repeated a known number
of times;

FOR loop_count times DO

statements
END_FOR

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 The LOOP instruction
• LOOP destination_label
; initialize CX to loop_count
TOP:
; body of the loop
LOOP TOP

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 The LOOP instruction
• The counter for the loop is the register CX which
is initialized to loop_count.
• Execution of the LOOP instruction causes CX to be
decremented automatically.
• If CX is not 0, control transfers to
destination_label.
• If CX = 0, the next instruction after LOOP is done.

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Write a count-controlled loop to
display a row of 80 stars.
FOR 80 times DO
display ‘*’
END_FOR

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Write a count-controlled loop to
display a row of 80 stars.

MOV CX, 80 ; number of stars to display

MOV AH, 2 ; display character function
MOV DL, ‘*’ ; character to display
TOP:
INT 21h ; display a star
LOOP TOP ; repeat 80 times

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The instruction JCXZ (jump if CX is zero)

• JCXZ destination_label
JCXZ SKIP
TOP:
; body of the loop
LOOP TOP
SKIP:

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 WHILE LOOP and REPEAT LOOP
WHILE condition DO
Condition
statements
END_WHILE Statements
_______________________________________
REPEAT
Statements
statements
UNTIL condition
Condition

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Write some code to count the number
of characters in an input line.
Initialize count to 0
read a character
WHILE character <> carriage_return DO
count = count + 1
read a character
END_WHILE

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Write some code to count the number
of characters in an input line.
MOV DX, 0 ; DX counts characters
MOV AH, 1 ; prepare to read
INT 21H ; character in AL
WHILE_:
CMP AL, 0DH ; CR?
JE END_WHILE ; yes, exit
INC DX ; not CR, increment count
INT 21H ; read a character
JMP WHILE_ ; loop back
END_WHILE_:

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Write some code to read characters
until a blank is read.
REPEAT
read a character
UNTIL character is a blank
______________________________________________
MOV AH, 1 ; prepare to read
REPEAT:
INT 21H ; char in AL
; until
CMP AL, ‘ ‘ ; a blank?
JNE REPEAT ; no, keep reading

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 Programming with High-Level Structures

• CAP.ASM

Type a line of text:

THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED.
First capital = B Last capital = X
If no capital letter entered,
display
“No capital letter entered”

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 Read and process a line of text
Read a character
WHILE character is not a carriage return DO
IF character is a capital letter (‘A’ <= character AND character <= ‘Z’)
THEN
IF character precedes first capital
THEN first capital = character
END IF
IF character follows last capital
THEN last capital = character
END IF
END IF
Read a character
END_WHILE

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 Display the results
IF no capitals were typed,
THEN
display “No capitals”
ELSE
display first capital and last capital
END_IF

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 LAST

ASCII
Character
Table

FIRST
TITLE FIRST AND LAST CAPITALS
CAP.ASM
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H 1(4)
.DATA
PROMPT DB 'Type a line of text', 0DH,
0AH, '$'
NOCAP_MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, 'No capitals $'
CAP_MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, 'First capital =
'
FIRST DB '['
DB ' Last capital = '
LAST DB '@ $'

.CODE
MAIN PROC
; initialize DS
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX
; display opening message
MOV AH, 9 ; display string function
LEA DX, PROMPT ; get opening message
INT 21H ; display it
; read and process a line of text CAP.ASM
MOV AH, 1 ; read char function
INT 21H ; char in AL 2(4)
WHILE_:
; while character is not a carriage return do
CMP AL, 0DH ; CR?
JE END_WHILE ; yes, exit
; if character is a capital letter
CMP AL, 'A' ; char >= 'A'?
JNGE END_IF ; not a capital letter
CMP AL, 'Z' ; chat <= 'Z'?
JNLE END_IF ; not a capital letter
; then
; if character precedes first capital
CMP AL, FIRST ; char < first capital?
JNL CHECK_LAST ; no, >=
; then first capital = character CAP.ASM
MOV FIRST, AL ; FIRST = char
; end_if
3(4)
CHECK_LAST:
; if character follows last capital
CMP AL, LAST ; char > last capital?
JNG END_IF ; no, <=
; then last capital = character
MOV LAST, AL ; LAST = char
; end_if
END_IF:
; read a character
INT 21H ; char in AL
JMP WHILE_ ; repeat loop
END_WHILE:
; display results
MOV AH, 9 ; display string function
; if no capitals were typed
CMP FIRST, '['; first = '['
JNE CAPS ; no, display results
; then
LEA DX, NOCAP_MSG ; no capitals
CAP.ASM
JMP DISPLAY 4(4)
CAPS:
LEA DX, CAP_MSG ; capitals
DISPLAY:
INT 21H ; display message
; end_if
; dos exit
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN