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Research # - 2 - : Economic Operation of Power Systems: ND ST

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15 views8 pages

Research # - 2 - : Economic Operation of Power Systems: ND ST

gdg

Uploaded by

Antonette Capara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Research #__2___: Economic operation of power systems

1. What is power generation Scheduling?


2. Why do we need generation scheduling?
3. How does generation scheduling work?
4. How do we minimize cost in power system?
5. How does the power market work?
6. How do we balance power generation with market demand?
7. What are the techniques to optimize power system operation?

Research #__3__: Modelling power system components

1. What is a Synchronous Generator?


2. What is the equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator?
3. What is the equivalent circuit for Stator phase winding? Explain the formula?
4. What is the equivalent circuit for armature reaction?
5. What is the full equivalent circuit for a three-phase synchronous generator?
6. What is an AC transformer?
7. How to design an AC transformer?
8. What is a transmission line?
9. How to model a transmission line?
10. How do we represent a load in power systems?
11. How do we represent a motor load in power systems?

Requirements

 Engineering Lettering
 Illustrate the figures
 Submission will be on the 22nd for the research and 21st for the laboratory
RESEARCH 2

POWER GENERATION SCHEDULING


Power generation scheduling, also known as load scheduling, involves selecting
which units to operate and determining how to distribute the load among them. In broader
terms, power scheduling refers to the logistical planning of physical power flows by operators
in the power market. These operators may be companies that generate, consume, or trade
power physically within the market. They interact with the power system by either feeding
power into it or drawing power from it at specific locations.

IMPORTANCE OF POWER GENERATION SCHEDULING


 Power generation scheduling balances electricity supply and demand to prevent
blackouts or overloading while minimizing operational costs through efficient
allocation of generation resources.
 It helps incorporate intermittent energy sources like wind and solar into the grid,
ensuring their effective use without compromising stability.
 Facilitates fair and transparent power trading in competitive energy markets and
leverages demand-supply predictions to enhance grid performance.

HOW DOES GENERATION SCHEDULING WORK?


Generation scheduling begins with demand forecasting, where operators
predict electricity needs based on historical data, weather, and economic trends.
This forecast guides the scheduling of power plants, considering each generator's
availability, efficiency, costs, and operational constraints (e.g., ramp rates and
maintenance). Operators prioritize cheaper, more efficient plants, like renewable or
base-load generators, for steady operation, while peaking plants are scheduled for
demand spikes. Grid reliability is ensured with reserves for unexpected outages or
surges.
Modern scheduling incorporates renewable energy, energy storage, and
demand-response mechanisms. Advanced optimization algorithms in energy
management systems (EMS) help balance supply and demand, minimizing costs
and emissions. The final schedule is communicated to generation units and adjusted
in real-time to accommodate changes in demand or grid conditions

MINIMIZING COST IN POWER SYSTEM


Minimizing costs in a power system involves several key strategies
1. Economic Dispatch: Allocating generation to the lowest-cost units while meeting
demand and system constraints.
2. Load Forecasting: Accurate demand predictions enable efficient scheduling of cost-
effective generation resources.
3. Demand-Side Management (DSM): Shifting consumer energy use to off-peak
periods via dynamic pricing and efficiency programs reduces peak demand costs.
4. Optimal Power Flow (OPF): Using optimization algorithms to manage power flows,
voltages, and line loadings minimizes losses and operational expenses.
5. Energy Market Participation: Competitive markets encourage generators to operate
based on price signals, enhancing cost efficiency.
6. Maintenance and Upgrades: Regular maintenance and modernizing infrastructure
reduce outages and improve efficiency.

POWER MARKET
The power market facilitates buying and selling electricity between generators, suppliers,
and consumers. It has two main components:

1. Wholesale Market: Generators sell electricity to suppliers or large users through


day-ahead and real-time markets, where prices are determined by supply and
demand.
2. Retail Market: Suppliers purchase electricity from the wholesale market and sell it to
end-users with fixed or variable pricing plans.

Grid operators ensure balance and reliability, while competition in the market drives
efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Increasing integration of renewables, storage, and
demand-response mechanisms shapes modern market dynamics.

BALANCING POWER GENERATION WITH MARKET DEMAND

Balancing power generation with market demand involves matching electricity supply with
real-time consumption while maintaining grid stability. This starts with demand forecasting,
where operators predict consumption patterns using historical data, weather forecasts, and
economic factors. Based on this, generation is scheduled through economic dispatch,
prioritizing cost-effective plants while meeting technical constraints.

During operations, real-time adjustments are made using fast-response resources like gas
turbines, batteries, or demand-response programs to address sudden demand changes or
generation outages. Market mechanisms, such as day-ahead and real-time markets, send
price signals that encourage generators and consumers to adjust their behavior to maintain
balance. Reserves and ancillary services provide backup power and support grid
frequency and voltage stability, ensuring a seamless supply-demand match under fluctuating
conditions.

POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

Optimizing power system operation involves several techniques to ensure efficient,


reliable, and cost-effective electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. Key
techniques include:

1. Load Flow Analysis: the numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an
interconnected power system. In operating studies, load flow analysis is used to
ensure that each power generation unit runs at the optimum operating point; demand
will be met without overloading facilities; and maintenance plans can proceed without
undermining the security of the system.
2. Optimal Power Flow: determines the minimum operating costs of an interconnected
power system by dispatching generation resources to supply system loads and to
take into account generation unit constraints.
3. Economic Dispatch: It determines the output of each generator in the system, such
that the total production cost is minimized, while meeting the load demand and the
transmission losses. Economic dispatch can also consider environmental factors,
such as emission limits, renewable energy sources, and carbon taxes.
4. Reliability Analysis: measure of a power systems ability to supply adequate
electricity to meet up with the demand. Reliability analysis involves studying the
probability of failure, downtime and overall performance of components within the
power system.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
The synchronous generator, also known as an alternator, is an electrical device that
transforms mechanical energy from a prime mover into AC electric power at a specific
voltage and frequency. The synchronous motor operates at a consistent speed known as
the synchronous speed. A synchronous generator is a type of electrical generator that is
used widely in power generation. The term "synchronous" refers to the synchronization
between the rotational speed of the rotor and the frequency of the alternating current
(AC) output.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR STATOR PHASE WINDING? EXPLAIN THE


FORMULA?
The stator circuit model of an induction motor consists of a stator phase winding
resistance R1, stator phase winding leakage reactance X1 as shown in the circuit
diagram below:
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR ARMATURE REACTION

FULL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

WHAT IS AN AC TRANSFORMER?

An alternating current (AC) transformer is a device that changes the voltage in


alternating current (AC) electrical circuits. AC transformers do not change their
frequency in any manner, nor do they transmit the amount of electrical power
generated by the voltage and their supply support from one winding to another via a
magnetic circuit. It can be used to raise or lower the current level.

How to design an AC transformer?

Designing an AC transformer involves a series of well-defined steps to ensure it meets


specific voltage, current, and power requirements while maintaining efficiency and safety.
Here’s a guide to designing one:
What is a transmission line?

 A TRANSMISSION LINE is a device designed to guide electrical energy from one


point to another. It is used, for example, to transfer the output rf energy of a
transmitter to an antenna. This energy will not travel through normal electrical wire
without great losses. Although the antenna can be connected directly to the
transmitter, the antenna is usually located some distance away from the transmitter

HOW TO MODEL A TRANSMISSION LINE?

HOW DO WE REPRESENT A LOAD IN POWER SYSTEMS?


In power systems, a load represents the demand for active (P) and reactive (Q) power and is
modeled depending on the analysis type:

HOW DO WE REPRESENT A MOTOR LOAD IN POWER SYSTEMS?

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