CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Power Supply section
The 9V battery, BAT1 powers the whole
system.Capacitors,C1 and C2 provide a dual power
supply (+4.5V,-4.5V) for the Operational Amplifier,U1.The
switch,S1 turns the whole system ON/OFF. The LED,D3
indicates power switched ON/OFF.It’s current is limited by
resistor R5.
Obstacle Detector Section
The IR transmitter,D1 sends out an Infrared(IR) light,
which would be received by the photodiode,D2.D2
receives the IR light from D1 through a reflection from an
obstacle before them.
D2 forms a potential divider with the 10K resistor, R2.The
resistance of D2 varies when illuminated with IR radiation
from D1, and when not. The output voltage across R2
serves as the input signal to the comparator switching
section.
Switching Section
The LM741 operational amplifier, U1 is configured as a
comparator. It sets its output pin 6 HIGH(ON) or
LOW(OFF) depending on the voltage levels at its two
input pins 2 and 3.Resistors R3 and R4 form another
potential divider,where at R4,about 2V drops across
it.This voltage serves as the reference voltage to the
comparator at the non-inverting input pin 3,such that
when the input signal at the other input pin(inverting
input pin 2) goes beyond the reference voltage ,the
output state toggles to another digital state,hence
controlling the output automatically.
The output for the system is the buzzer, which turns
ON and OFF to sound an alarm whether or not an
object/obstacle is before the “IR transceiver.”
CIRCUIT WORKING
This circuit is designed to sound an alarm whenever an
item/object is removed, displaced from where it initially
was.
When system is turned ON, the RED indicator LED will
turn ON. The object is placed before the transceiver. The
IR transmitter sends out IR rays, which are reflected back
by the object infront.The rays are received by the
photodiode. The resistance of the photodiode reduces
hence voltage drop across it reduces greatly, much of the
supply voltage dropping across the 10K resistor R2.The
inverting input pin 2 of the Op Amp receives a voltage
signal, higher than the reference voltage at the non-
inverting input pin 3.The output at pin 6 turns LOW,
hence the buzzer alarm stays silent.
Now, in any case the object is removed from its position,
the IR rays are no longer being received at the
photodiode(no reflection).The photodiode exhibits infinite
resistance, much of the supply drops across it, leaving
just a few volts(less than reference voltage,<2V).The
comparator output is set to HIGH. The buzzer sounds an
alarm as long as the object removed hasn’t been
returned.
