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    2 Cell Respiration HL

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    mariannamattusch

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    2 Cell Respiration HL

    Uploaded by

    mariannamattusch
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    2-cell-respiration-hl

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    11 views48 pages

    2 Cell Respiration HL

    Uploaded by

    mariannamattusch

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 48

    2.

    Metabolism

    1. Enzymes and metabolism

    2. Cell respiration HL

    3. Photosynthesis
    Cell respiration
     the controlled release of energy from organic
    compounds in cells to form ATP
     primary substrates: glucose and fatty acids
     other are possible

    C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (~36 ATP + heat)


    Cell respiration
     aerobic cell respiration
     glycolysis

     link reaction
     the Krebs cycle
     electron transport chain

     anaerobic cell respiration


     glycolysis

     production of lactate/ethanol
    Oxidation and reduction reactions

     cell respiration involves the oxidation and


    reduction of electron carriers
     redox reactions: a linked process
    ◼ one molecule starts in the oxidised state and becomes
    reduced
    ◼ the other starts in the reduced state and becomes
    oxidised
    Ways of reduction/oxidation
     dehydrogenation oxidizes the substrate
     the reduced molecule has more potential energy than
    the oxidised molecule
    Glycolysis
     a common step for
    aerobic and anaerobic
    cell respiration
     in the cytoplasm
     breaking glucose (C6)
    into two molecules of
    pyruvate (C3)
    a small ATP yield
    (2 molecules)
     no oxygen is required
    Cellular respiration
    http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animati
    ons/content/cellularrespiration.html
    Glycolysis
     the first stage: phosphorylation of glucose by 2 ATP
    molecules
     to make the sugar less stable
    a hexose* bisphosphate molecule is produced

    *a sugar made of 6 carbon atoms


    Glycolysis
     the second stage: lysis of hexose bisphosphate
     thehexose bisphosphate is split into two triose
    phosphates
    Glycolysis
     the third stage: oxidation
     thetwo triose phosphates are oxidised by removal of
    hydrogen
     one NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is reduced
    to NADH + H+ for each triose phosphate
    ◼ the energy of the redox reaction is used to phosphorylate
    triose phosphates: two triose bisphosphates are formed
    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
     a hydrogen carrier that accepts hydrogen atoms
    removed during the reactions of respiration

     two hydrogen atoms are removed from the carbohydrate

     the protons from one


    of them and the
    electrons from both
    of them are accepted
    by NAD+

    NAD+ + 2H → NADH + H+
    Glycolysis
     the fourth stage: ATP formation
     each triose biphosphate undergoes a series of
    reactions to produce a pyruvate molecule and to
    transfer the two phosphate groups onto two molecules
    of ADP to form two molecules of ATP
     netgain of two ATP: two ATP used and four ATP
    produced in the phosphorylation stage
    Net products of glycolysis per glucose
    molecule

     2 ATP

     2 NADH + H+

     2 molecules of
    pyruvate
    Mitochondria
     outer membrane
     encloses the mitochondrion and keeps it separate from
    the cytoplasm
    Mitochondria
     inner membrane folded to form cristae
     increases the surface area for eletron transport
    chain
     contains ATP synthase and the proteins needed for the
    electron transfer chain
    Mitochondria
     inter-membrane space
     small to enable a high
    concentration of protons
    to accumulate

     fluid matrix
     contains the enzymes
    required for the link
    reaction and Krebs cycle
    Mitochondria
     DNA molecules
     contain genes coding for proteins involved in cell
    respiration

     ribosomes
     70S

     sitesof protein
    biosynthesis
    The link reaction and Krebs cycle

     a molecule of glucose forms


    two molecules of pyruvate
    during glycolysis
     each glucose molecule
    requires two link reactions
    and two rotations of the
    Krebs cycle
    The link reaction
     pyruvate enters a mitochondrion
     pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to
    acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix
    Oxidative decarboxylation of
    pyruvate
     enzymes in the matrix remove one carbon dioxide
    and hydrogen from the pyruvate to form acetyl
    group
     removal of hydrogen: oxidation/dehydrogenation
    ◼ hydrogen is accepted by NAD+: NADH + H+ is formed
     removal of carbon dioxide: decarboxylation
    Acetyl-CoA
     both carbohydrates and lipids are metabolized to
    form acetyl groups
     lipidscannot be used as substrates in anaerobic
    respiration
    The link reaction
     acetyl group a reacts with CoA to form acetyl-CoA
     acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle
    The Krebs cycle
     occurs in the mitochondrial
    matrix only in aerobic
    conditions

     events in the Krebs cycle


     the oxidation of acetyl
    groups coupled to the
    reduction of hydrogen
    carriers: NAD+ and FAD+

     further decarboxylations
    The Krebs cycle
     coenzyme A is removed from acetyl-CoA
    immediately after entering the Krebs cycle
     acetyl group is joined to oxaloacetate (a 4-carbon
    molecule) to form citrate (a 6-carbon molecule)
    The Krebs cycle

     citrate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to 5-


    carbon molecule
     the 6-carbon molecule is oxidized/dehydrogenated by
    the removal of hydrogen

     release of energy: NAD+


    is reduced to NADH + H+
    by accepting the removed
    hydrogen

     decarboxylation:
    removal of carbon dioxide
    The Krebs cycle

     the 5-carbon molecule undergoes oxidative


    decarboxylation to 4-carbon molecule
     the 5-carbon molecule is oxidized/dehydrogenated by
    the removal of hydrogen

     release of energy: NAD+


    is reduced to NADH + H+
    by accepting the removed
    hydrogen

     decarboxylation:
    removal of carbon dioxide
    The Krebs cycle

     the 4-carbon molecule is converted into the original


    oxaloacetate and the cycle repeats
     ATP is formed: substrate
    level phosphorylation
     NAD+ is reduced to
    NADH + H+ by
    accepting the
    removed hydrogen
     FAD+ is reduced to
    FADH2 by accepting
    the removed hydrogen
    The products of the link reaction and
    Krebs cycle per glucose molecule

     8 molecules of NADH + H+

     2 molecules of FADH2

     2 molecules of ATP

     6 molecules of CO2
    The Krebs cycle
     reduced hydrogen carriers are not usable forms of
    energy
     energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the
    cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD+ and FAD+
    Electron transport chain
     using reduced hydrogen carriers to produce energy
    in the form of ATP

     by means of chemiosmosis and


    oxidative phosphorylation

     occurs only in aerobic conditions

     the proteins of the electron transport chain are


    embedded in the cristae: the inner mitochondrial
    membrane:
    Electron transport chain
     NADH + H+ carries
    energy in the form of
    hydrogen
     an electron from
    NADH + H+ is
    transferred onto the
    first electron carrier
    a proton NADH + H+
    is pumped from the
    matrix to the inter-
    membrane space
    Electron transport chain
     the electrons are passed between the carriers in the
    electron transport chain releasing energy
    Electron transport chain
     the transfer of electrons between carriers in the
    electron transport chain in the membrane of the
    cristae is coupled to proton pumping against their
    concentration gradient from the matrix to the inter-
    membrane space: protons accumulate
    Electron transport chain
     the electrons join with oxygen and free protons from
    the mitochondrial matrix to produce water at the
    end of the chain
     oxygen is the final
    electron acceptor
    ◼ allows continued flow
    of electrons along
    the chain
     freeprotons help
    to maintain the
    hydrogen gradient
    Chemiosmosis and oxidative
    phosphorylation
     chemiosmosis: the passive flow
    of protons down the
    concentration gradient from the
    inter-membrane space back
    into the matrix through ATP
    synthase to generate ATP

     oxidative phosphorylation:
    production of ATP from ADP
    and Pi by ATP synthase using
    the energy of flowing protons
    ATP production during aerobic
    respiration
    Lipids and carbohydrates as
    respiratory substrates
     higher yield of energy per gram of lipids: 2-3
    times more per mass
     lessoxygen and more oxidizable hydrogen and
    carbon

     only carbohydrates can be used as substrate in


    anaerobic respiration
     the 2C acetyl groups from the breakdown of fatty
    acids enters the pathway via acetyl-CoA to the Krebs
    cycle
    Cell respiration
     aerobic cell respiration
     glycolysis

     link reaction
     the Krebs cycle
     electron transport chain

     anaerobic cell respiration


     glycolysis

     production of lactate/ethanol
    feature anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration

    cytoplasm and
    cellular location
    mitochondria

    respiratory substrates

    need for oxygen

    ATP net production

    final products of
    pyruvate conversion
    feature anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration

    cytoplasm and
    cellular location cytoplasm
    mitochondria

    carbohydrates
    respiratory substrates carbohydrates
    or fatty acids

    need for oxygen no yes

    ATP net production small large

    final products of lactate carbon dioxide


    pyruvate conversion (lactic fermentation) and water
    Anaerobic respiration
     a series of reactions leading to the breakdown of
    glucose without using any oxygen
     pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm for processing
     small ATP yield:
    ◼ glycolysis: glucose converted to pyruvate
    ◼2 ATP
    ◼2 NADH+H+
    ◼ pyruvate converted to lactate:
    ◼ no further ATP yield
    ◼ regeneration of NAD+
    Conversion of pyruvate to lactate in
    anaerobic cell respiration
     a means of regenerating NAD
     allows glycolysis to continue with a net yield of 2 ATP
    Anaerobic cell respiration in yeast
     glycolysis
     pyruvate convertion to ethanol and carbon dioxide
     regeneration of NAD+
    feature anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration

    cytoplasm and
    cellular location cytoplasm
    mitochondria

    carbohydrates
    respiratory substrates carbohydrates
    or fatty acids

    need for oxygen no yes

    ATP net production small large

    final products of lactate (human muscle) carbon dioxide


    pyruvate conversion ethanol and CO2 (yeast) and water
    Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts
    to produce carbon dioxide in baking
     yeasts initially respire aerobically using sugar in the
    dough

     when oxygen is used up, yeasts switch to anaerobic


    respiration
     carbon dioxide is produced
    and trapped between gluten
    fibres: the dough rises
     alcohol evaporates during
    baking
    Use of anaerobic cell respiration in
    yeasts to produce ethanol
     yeasts in brewing: production of beer and wine

     produceethanol by
    anaerobic respiration

    ◼ use malt/fruit as
    a source of sugars

     resistant
    to high alcohol
    concentrations

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