Programming with Python

File I/O
Exceptions
Modules and Import

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 File I/O

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 File I/O
• Files are persistent storage

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 File I/O
• Files are persistent storage
• Allow data to be stored beyond program
lifetime

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 File I/O
• Files are persistent storage
• Allow data to be stored beyond program
lifetime
• The basic operations on files are
– open, close, read, write

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 File I/O
• Files are persistent storage
• Allow data to be stored beyond program
lifetime
• The basic operations on files are
– open, close, read, write
• Python treat files as sequence of lines
– sequence operations work for the data read
from files

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 File I/O: open and close

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 File I/O: open and close
open(filename, mode)

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 File I/O: open and close
open(filename, mode)
• While opening a file, you need to supply
– The name of the file, including the path
– The mode in which you want to open a file
– Common modes are r (read), w (write), a (append)

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 File I/O: open and close
open(filename, mode)
• While opening a file, you need to supply
– The name of the file, including the path
– The mode in which you want to open a file
– Common modes are r (read), w (write), a (append)
• Mode is optional, defaults to r

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 File I/O: open and close
open(filename, mode)
• While opening a file, you need to supply
– The name of the file, including the path
– The mode in which you want to open a file
– Common modes are r (read), w (write), a (append)
• Mode is optional, defaults to r
• open(..) returns a file object

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 File I/O: open and close
open(filename, mode)
• While opening a file, you need to supply
– The name of the file, including the path
– The mode in which you want to open a file
– Common modes are r (read), w (write), a (append)
• Mode is optional, defaults to r
• open(..) returns a file object
• close() on the file object closes the file
– finishes any buffered operations

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 File I/O: Example

• Do some writing
• How to do it?
• see the next few slides

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File I/O: read, write and append

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File I/O: read, write and append
• Reading from an open file returns the
contents of the file
– as sequence of lines in the program

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File I/O: read, write and append
• Reading from an open file returns the
contents of the file
– as sequence of lines in the program
• Writing to a file
– IMPORTANT: If opened with mode 'w', clears
the existing contents of the file
– Use append mode ('a') to preserve the
contents
– Writing happens at the end
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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples
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 File I/O: Examples
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 File I/O: Examples
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 File I/O: Examples
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 File I/O: Examples
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 File I/O: Examples
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 File I/O: Examples
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 File I/O: Examples
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Note empty line due to '\n'

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 File I/O: Examples
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Note empty line due to '\n'

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

Note the use of for ... in

for sequence

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 File I/O: Examples

Note the use of for ... in

for sequence

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 File I/O: Examples

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 Exceptions

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 Exceptions

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 Exceptions

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 Exceptions
• Exceptions are Pythons's way of telling user
that something unexpected has happened

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 Exceptions
• Exceptions are Pythons's way of telling user
that something unexpected has happened
• Most often an indication of some failure
– Access violation (writing to a read-only file)
– Missing resource (reading a non-existent file)
– Type incompatibility (multiplying two strings)
– Bound violation (accessing a string beyond
limit)

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 Exceptions
• Exceptions are Pythons's way of telling user
that something unexpected has happened
• Most often an indication of some failure
– Access violation (writing to a read-only file)
– Missing resource (reading a non-existent file)
– Type incompatibility (multiplying two strings)
– Bound violation (accessing a string beyond
limit)
• We have seen exceptions in our example

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 Exceptions

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 Exceptions

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 Exceptions

Exception when reading a closed fil

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 Exceptions can be Handled

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 Exceptions can be Handled
• To recover from unexpected operation

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 Exceptions can be Handled
• To recover from unexpected operation
• try ... except ... else ...

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 Exceptions can be Handled
• To recover from unexpected operation
• try ... except ... else ...
try:
Operations that can raise exceptions.
except [Optional list of exceptions] :
In case of exceptions, do the recovery.
else: # else is optional
If no exception then do normal things.

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 Exceptions can be Handled
• To recover from unexpected operation
• try ... except ... else ...
try:
Operations that can raise exceptions.
except [Optional list of exceptions] :
In case of exceptions, do the recovery.
else: # else is optional
If no exception then do normal things.

• try ... finally ...

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 Exceptions can be Handled
• To recover from unexpected operation
• try ... except ... else ...
try:
Operations that can raise exceptions.
except [Optional list of exceptions] :
In case of exceptions, do the recovery.
else: # else is optional
If no exception then do normal things.

• try ... finally ...

try:
Operations that can raise exceptions.
finally:
Execute irrespective of whether exception
was raised or not. Typically clean-up stuff.
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 Example

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 More about try…except

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 More about try…except
• A try statement may have more than one
except clause
▪ to specify handlers for different exceptions.

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 More about try…except
• A try statement may have more than one
except clause
▪ to specify handlers for different exceptions.
• At most one handler will be executed.

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 More about try…except
• A try statement may have more than one
except clause
▪ to specify handlers for different exceptions.
• At most one handler will be executed.
• An except clause may name multiple
exceptions as a parenthesized tuple.

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 More about try…except
• A try statement may have more than one
except clause
▪ to specify handlers for different exceptions.
• At most one handler will be executed.
• An except clause may name multiple
exceptions as a parenthesized tuple.
• The last except clause may omit the
exception name
– Catches any exception
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 Modules

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 Modules
• As program gets longer, need to organize them
for easier access and easier maintenance.

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 Modules
• As program gets longer, need to organize them
for easier access and easier maintenance.
• Reuse same functions across programs without
copying its definition into each program.

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 Modules
• As program gets longer, need to organize them
for easier access and easier maintenance.
• Reuse same functions across programs without
copying its definition into each program.
• Python allows putting definitions in a file
– use them in a script or in an interactive instance of
the interpreter

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 Modules
• As program gets longer, need to organize them
for easier access and easier maintenance.
• Reuse same functions across programs without
copying its definition into each program.
• Python allows putting definitions in a file
– use them in a script or in an interactive instance of
the interpreter
• Such a file is called a module
– definitions from a module can be imported into
other modules or into the main module

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 Modules

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 Modules
• A module is a file containing Python
definitions and statements.

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 Modules
• A module is a file containing Python
definitions and statements.
• The file name is the module name with
the suffix .py appended.

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 Modules
• A module is a file containing Python
definitions and statements.
• The file name is the module name with
the suffix .py appended.
• Within a module, the module’s name is
available in the global variable __name__.

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 Modules Example
fib.py - C:\

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 Modules Example

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 Modules Example

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 Modules Example

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 Modules Example

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 Modules Example

Within a module, the

module’s name is
available as the value of
the global variable
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__name__. 20
 Importing Specific Functions

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 Importing Specific Functions
• To import specific functions from a module

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 Importing Specific Functions
• To import specific functions from a module

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 Importing Specific Functions
• To import specific functions from a module

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 Importing Specific Functions
• To import specific functions from a module

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 Importing Specific Functions
• To import specific functions from a module

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 Importing Specific Functions
• To import specific functions from a module

• This brings only the imported functions in the current

symbol table
– No need of modulename. (absence of fib. in the example)

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 Importing ALL Functions

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 Importing ALL Functions
• To import all functions from a module, in the
current symbol table

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 Importing ALL Functions
• To import all functions from a module, in the
current symbol table

• This imports all names except those beginning

with an underscore (_).
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 __main__ in Modules

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 __main__ in Modules
• When you run a module on the command line with
python fib.py <arguments>

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 __main__ in Modules
• When you run a module on the command line with
python fib.py <arguments>
the code in the module will be executed, just as if

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 __main__ in Modules
• When you run a module on the command line with
python fib.py <arguments>
the code in the module will be executed, just as if
you imported it, but with the __name__ set to

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 __main__ in Modules
• When you run a module on the command line with
python fib.py <arguments>
the code in the module will be executed, just as if
you imported it, but with the __name__ set to
"__main__".

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 __main__ in Modules
• When you run a module on the command line with
python fib.py <arguments>
the code in the module will be executed, just as if
you imported it, but with the __name__ set to
"__main__".
• By adding this code at the end of your module
if __name__ == "__main__":
... # Some code here

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 __main__ in Modules
• When you run a module on the command line with
python fib.py <arguments>
the code in the module will be executed, just as if
you imported it, but with the __name__ set to
"__main__".
• By adding this code at the end of your module
if __name__ == "__main__":
... # Some code here
you can make the file usable as a script as well as an

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 __main__ in Modules
• When you run a module on the command line with
python fib.py <arguments>
the code in the module will be executed, just as if
you imported it, but with the __name__ set to
"__main__".
• By adding this code at the end of your module
if __name__ == "__main__":
... # Some code here
you can make the file usable as a script as well as an
importable module
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 __main__ in Modules

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 __main__ in Modules
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
print (fib_iter(int(sys.argv[1])))

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 __main__ in Modules
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
print (fib_iter(int(sys.argv[1])))
• This code parses the command line only if the
module is executed as the “main” file:
$ python fib.py 10
55

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 __main__ in Modules
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
print (fib_iter(int(sys.argv[1])))
• This code parses the command line only if the
module is executed as the “main” file:
$ python fib.py 10
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• If the module is imported, the code is not run:

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 __main__ in Modules
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
print (fib_iter(int(sys.argv[1])))
• This code parses the command line only if the
module is executed as the “main” file:
$ python fib.py 10
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• If the module is imported, the code is not run:
>>> import fib

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